Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are fairly below a microscope however devastating to marine ecosystems.M. I. Walker/UPPA through ZUMA
This story was initially printed by Hakai and is reproduced right here as a part of the Local weather Desk collaboration.
Lifeless fish had been in every single place, speckling the seaside close to city and lengthening onto the encircling shoreline. The sheer magnitude of the October 2021 die-off, when tons of, presumably hundreds, of herring washed up, is what sticks within the minds of the residents of Kotzebue, Alaska. Fish had been “actually all around the seashores,” says Bob Schaeffer, a fisherman and elder from the Qikiqtaġruŋmiut tribe.
Regardless of the dramatic deaths, there was no obvious wrongdoer. “We do not know what brought about it,” says Alex Whiting, the environmental program director for the Native Village of Kotzebue. He wonders if the die-off was a symptom of an issue he’s had his eye on for the previous 15 years: blooms of poisonous cyanobacteria, generally known as blue-green algae, which have turn out to be more and more noticeable within the waters round this distant Alaska city.
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Kotzebue sits about 40 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, on Alaska’s western shoreline. Earlier than the Russian explorer Otto von Kotzebue had his identify connected to the place within the 1800s, the area was known as Qikiqtaġruk, which means “place that’s virtually an island.” One facet of the two-kilometer-long settlement is bordered by Kotzebue Sound, an offshoot of the Chukchi Sea, and the opposite by a lagoon. Planes, boats, and four-wheelers are the principle modes of transportation. The one highway out of city merely loops across the lagoon earlier than heading again in.
In the course of city, the Alaska Business Firm sells meals that’s widespread within the decrease 48—from cereal to apples to two-bite brownies—however the ocean is the true grocery retailer for many individuals on the town. Alaska Natives, who make up about three-quarters of Kotzebue’s inhabitants, pull tons of of kilograms of meals out of the ocean yearly.
“We’re ocean folks,” Schaeffer tells me. The 2 of us are crammed into the tiny cabin of Schaeffer’s fishing boat within the just-light hours of a drizzly September 2022 morning. We’re motoring towards a water-monitoring system that’s been moored in Kotzebue Sound all summer season. On the bow, Ajit Subramaniam, a microbial oceanographer from Columbia College, New York, Whiting, and Schaeffer’s son Vince have their noses tucked into upturned collars to defend towards the chilly rain. We’re all there to gather a summer season’s price of details about cyanobacteria that may be poisoning the fish Schaeffer and plenty of others rely upon.
Big colonies of algae are nothing new, they usually’re usually helpful. Within the spring, for instance, elevated mild and nutrient ranges trigger phytoplankton to bloom, making a microbial soup that feeds fish and invertebrates. However not like many types of algae, cyanobacteria could be harmful. Some species can produce cyanotoxins that trigger liver or neurological injury, and maybe even most cancers, in people and different animals.
Many communities have fallen foul of cyanobacteria. Though many cyanobacteria can survive within the marine atmosphere, freshwater blooms are likely to garner extra consideration, and their results can unfold to brackish environments when streams and rivers carry them into the ocean. In East Africa, for instance, blooms in Lake Victoria are blamed for enormous fish kills. Individuals may also endure: in an excessive case in 1996, 26 sufferers died after receiving remedy at a Brazilian hemodialysis middle, and an investigation discovered cyanotoxins within the clinic’s water provide. Extra usually, people who find themselves uncovered expertise fevers, complications, or vomiting.
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When phytoplankton blooms decompose, complete ecosystems can take a success. Rotting cyanobacteria rob the waters of oxygen, suffocating fish and different marine life. Within the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea, cyanobacterial blooms contribute to deoxygenation of the deep water and hurt the cod business.
As local weather change reshapes the Arctic, no person is aware of how—or if—cyanotoxins will have an effect on Alaskan folks and wildlife. “I strive to not be alarmist,” says Thomas Farrugia, coordinator of the Alaska Dangerous Algal Bloom Community, which researches, displays, and raises consciousness of dangerous algal blooms across the state. “However it’s one thing that we, I believe, are simply not fairly ready for proper now.” Whiting and Subramaniam need to change that by determining why Kotzebue is taking part in host to cyanobacterial blooms and by making a speedy response system that might ultimately warn locals if their well being is in danger.
Whiting’s cyanobacteria story began in 2008. Someday whereas using his bike house from work, he got here throughout an arresting web site: Kotzebue Sound had turned chartreuse, a colour not like something he thought existed in nature. His first thought was, The place’s this paint coming from?
The story of cyanobacteria on this planet goes again about 1.9 billion years, nevertheless. As the primary organisms to evolve photosynthesis, they’re usually credited with bringing oxygen to Earth’s environment, clearing the trail for advanced life kinds resembling ourselves.
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Over their lengthy historical past, cyanobacteria have advanced methods that permit them proliferate wildly when shifts in circumstances resembling nutrient ranges or salinity kill off different microbes. “You may consider them as form of the weedy species,” says Raphael Kudela, a phytoplankton ecologist on the College of California, Santa Cruz. Most microbes, for instance, want a posh type of nitrogen that’s generally solely out there in restricted portions to develop and reproduce, however the predominant cyanobacteria in Kotzebue Sound can use a easy type of nitrogen that’s present in just about limitless portions within the air.
Cyanotoxins are probably one other software that assist cyanobacteria thrive, however researchers aren’t certain precisely how toxins profit these microbes. Some scientists assume they deter organisms that eat cyanobacteria, resembling greater plankton and fish. Hans Paerl, an aquatic ecologist from the College of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, favors one other speculation: that toxins defend cyanobacteria from the doubtless damaging astringent byproducts of photosynthesis.
Across the time when Kotzebue noticed its first bloom, scientists had been realizing that local weather change would probably enhance the frequency of cyanobacterial blooms, and what’s extra, that blooms may unfold from contemporary water—lengthy the main focus of analysis—into adjoining brackish water. Kotzebue Sound’s blooms in all probability type in a close-by lake earlier than flowing into the ocean.
The newest science on cyanobacteria, nevertheless, had not reached Kotzebue in 2008. As a substitute, officers from the Alaska Division of Fish and Recreation examined the chartreuse water for petroleum and its byproducts. The exams got here again damaging, leaving Whiting stumped. “I had zero thought,” he says. It was biologist Lisa Clough, then from East Carolina College and now with the Nationwide Science Basis, with whom Whiting had beforehand collaborated, who instructed he think about cyanobacteria. The next yr, water pattern evaluation confirmed she was appropriate.
In 2017, Subramaniam visited Kotzebue as a part of a analysis group learning sea ice dynamics. When Whiting realized that Subramaniam had a long-standing curiosity in cyanobacteria, “we simply instantly clicked,” Subramaniam says.
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The 2021 fish kill redoubled Whiting and Subramaniam’s enthusiasm for understanding how Kotzebue Sound’s microbial ecosystem may have an effect on the city. A pathologist discovered injury to the useless fish’s gills, which can have been attributable to the exhausting, spiky shells of diatoms (a kind of algae), however the reason for the fish kill continues to be unclear. With so most of the city’s residents relying on fish as one in all their meals sources, that makes Subramaniam nervous. “If we don’t know what killed the fish, then it’s very tough to handle the query of, Is it protected to eat?” he says.
I watch the newest chapter of their collaboration from a crouched place on the deck of Schaeffer’s precipitously swaying fishing boat. Whiting reassures me that the one-piece flotation swimsuit I’m sporting will save my life if I find yourself within the water, however I’m not eager to check that principle. As a substitute, I maintain onto the boat with one hand and the cellphone I’m utilizing to report video with the opposite whereas Whiting, Subramaniam, and Vince Schaeffer haul up a white-and-yellow contraption they moored within the ocean, rocking the boat within the course of. Lastly, a metallic sphere concerning the diameter of a hula hoop emerges. From it initiatives a meter-long tube that accommodates a cyanobacteria sensor.
The sensor permits Whiting and Subramaniam to beat a limitation that many researchers face: a cyanobacterial bloom is intense however fleeting, so “should you’re not right here on the proper time,” Subramaniam explains, “you’re not going to see it.” In distinction to the remoted measurements that researchers usually depend on, the sensor had taken a studying each 10 minutes from the time it was deployed in June to this chilly September morning. By measuring ranges of a fluorescent compound known as phycocyanin, which is discovered solely in cyanobacteria, they hope to correlate these species’ abundance with adjustments in water qualities resembling salinity, temperature, and the presence of different types of plankton.
Researchers are enthusiastic concerning the work due to its potential to guard the well being of Alaskans, and since it may assist them perceive why blooms happen all over the world. “That type of excessive decision is de facto precious,” says Malin Olofsson, an aquatic biologist from the Swedish College of Agricultural Sciences, who research cyanobacteria within the Baltic Sea. By combining phycocyanin measurements with toxin measurements, the scientists hope to supply a extra full image of the hazards dealing with Kotzebue, however proper now Subramaniam’s precedence is to know which species of cyanobacteria are most typical and what’s inflicting them to bloom.
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Farrugia, from the Alaska Dangerous Algal Bloom Community, is worked up about the potential for utilizing comparable strategies in different components of Alaska to realize an general view of the place and when cyanobacteria are proliferating. Exhibiting that the sensor works in a single location “is certainly step one,” he says.
Understanding the situation and potential supply of cyanobacterial blooms is barely half the battle: the opposite query is what to do about them. Within the Baltic Sea, the place fertilizer runoff from industrial agriculture has exacerbated blooms, neighboring nations have put quite a lot of effort into curbing that runoff—and with success, Olofsson says. Kotzebue shouldn’t be in an agricultural space, nevertheless, and as an alternative some scientists have hypothesized that thawing permafrost could launch vitamins that promote blooms. There’s not a lot anybody can do to stop this, wanting reversing the local weather disaster. Some chemical substances, together with hydrogen peroxide, present promise as methods to kill cyanobacteria and convey momentary reduction from blooms with out affecting ecosystems broadly, however to this point chemical therapies haven’t offered everlasting options.
As a substitute, Whiting is hoping to create a speedy response system so he can notify the city if a bloom is popping water and meals poisonous. However this may require build up Kotzebue’s analysis infrastructure. For the time being, Subramaniam prepares samples within the kitchen on the Selawik Nationwide Wildlife Refuge’s workplace, then sends them throughout the nation to researchers, who can take days, generally even months, to investigate them. To make the work safer and sooner, Whiting and Subramaniam are making use of for funding to arrange a lab in Kotzebue and presumably rent a technician who can course of samples in-house. Getting a lab is “in all probability the very best factor that might occur up right here,” says Schaeffer. Subramaniam is hopeful that their efforts will repay throughout the subsequent yr.
Within the meantime, curiosity in cyanobacterial blooms can be popping up in different areas of Alaska. Emma Pate, the coaching coordinator and environmental planner for the Norton Sound Well being Company, began a monitoring program after members of native tribes seen elevated numbers of algae in rivers and streams. In Utqiaġvik, on Alaska’s northern coast, locals have additionally began sampling for cyanobacteria, Farrugia says.
Whiting sees this work as filling a essential gap in Alaskans’ understanding of water high quality. Regulatory companies have but to plan techniques to guard Alaskans from the potential menace posed by cyanobacteria, so “any individual must do one thing,” he says. “We will’t all simply be bumbling round in the dead of night ready for a bunch of individuals to die.” Maybe this sense of self-sufficiency, which has let Arctic folks thrive on the frozen tundra for millennia, will as soon as once more get the job accomplished.
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The reporting for this text was partially funded by the Council for the Development of Science Writing Taylor/Blakeslee Mentored Science Journalism Undertaking Fellowship.
Lately I’ve spent too much time at the Seattle airport and not enough time exploring the Emerald City.
It’s not just about downtown Seattle, either. I’ve been catching up with friends in the area and we shared stories about visiting the nearby San Juan Islands or taking the Victoria Clipper up to Vancouver Island (bring your passport).
There are some seasonal events, though, that make a trip to Seattle more compelling.
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First on the list is Seattle Museum Month. Every February, area museums team up with local hotels to offer half-price admission.
There is a catch. To get the half-price admission, stay at a downtown hotel. There are 70 hotels from which to choose. Even if you just stay for one night, you can get a pass which offers up to four people half-price admission.
It’s very difficult to visit all of the museums on the list. Just visiting the Seattle Art Museum, right downtown near Pike Place Market, can take all day. There’s a special exhibit now featuring the mobiles of Alexander Calder and giant wood sculptures of artist Thaddeus Mosley.
But there are many ongoing exhibits at SAM, as the museum is affectionately known. Rembrandt’s etchings, an exhibit from northern Australia, an intricate porcelain sculpture from Italian artist Diego Cibelli, African art, Native American art and so much more is on display.
It’s worth the long walk to the north of Pike Place Market to visit the Olympic Sculpture Park, a free outdoor exhibition by SAM featuring oversized works, including a giant Calder sculpture. The sweeping views of Elliott Bay and the mountains on the Olympic Peninsula are part of the package.
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My other favorite art museum is the Burke Museum at the University of Washington. What I remember most about the Burke Museum is its rich collection of Northwest Native art.
But the term “museum” covers an incredible array of collections. A visit to the Chihuly Garden and Glass Museum is a chance to see the most fanciful creations of renowned glass blower Dale Chihuly. It’s right next to the Space Needle.
You have to go up to the top and see the new renovations.
“They took out most of the restaurant,” said Sydney Martinez, public relations manager for Visit Seattle.
“Then they replaced the floor with glass. Plus, they took the protective wires off from around the Observation Deck and put up clear glass for an uninterrupted view,” she said.
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If you visit the Space Needle in February, there’s hardly ever a line!
Getting from the airport to downtown is easy with the light rail system. There’s a terminal adjacent to the parking garage in the airport. The one-way fare for the 38-minute train ride is $3. From downtown, there are streetcars that go up Capitol Hill and down to Lake Union.
Martinez encourages travelers to check out the Transit Go app.
“All of the buses require exact change and sometimes that’s a hassle,” she said. “Just add finds to your app using a credit card and show the driver when you get on.”
Pike Place Market is a downtown landmark in Seattle. Fresh produce, the famous fish market, specialty retailers and restaurants — there’s always something going on. Now there’s even more to see.
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Following the destruction of the waterfront freeway and the building of the tunnel, the Seattle Waterfront project has made great strides on its revitalization plan. The latest milestone is the opening of the Overlook Walk.
The Seattle Waterfront project encompasses much more than the new waterfront steps. Landscaping, pedestrian crossings and parks still are being constructed. But you cannot miss the beautiful staircase that comes down from Pike Place Market to the waterfront.
“There’s a really large patio at the top overlooking Elliott Bay,” said Martinez. “The stairs go down to the waterfront from there, but there also are elevators.”
Tucked under one wall is a completely new exhibit from the Seattle Aquarium, which is right across the street on the water. The Ocean Pavilion features an exhibit on the “Indo-Pacific ecosystem in the Coral Triangle.” I want to see this for myself!
Wine lovers love Washington wines. And Seattle shows up to showcase the increasing variety of wines available around the state. Taste Washington brings the region’s food and wines together for an event in mid-March.
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Hosted by the WAMU Center near the big sports stadiums, Taste Washington features 200 wineries and 75 restaurants for tastings, pairings and demonstrations. There are special tastings, special dinners (plus a Sunday brunch) and special demonstrations between March 13 and 17.
There’s another regionwide feasting event called Seattle Restaurant Week, where participating restaurants offer a selected dinner for a set price. No dates are set yet, but Martinez said it usually happens both in the spring and the fall.
It’s not downtown, but it’s worth going to Boeing Field to see the Museum of Flight. This ever-expanding museum features exhibits on World War I and II, in addition to the giant main hall where there are dozens of planes displayed. I love getting up close to the world’s fastest plane, the black SR-71 Blackbird. But take the elevated walkway across the street to see the Concorde SST, an older version of Air Force 1 (a Boeing 707) and a Lockheed Constellation.
One of the most interesting exhibits is the Space Shuttle Trainer — used to train the astronauts here on the ground. There’s an amazing array of space-related exhibits. Don’t miss it.
Some travelers come to Seattle for sports. Take in home games from the Seattle Kraken hockey team or the Seattle Sounders soccer team this winter.
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Other travelers come to see shows. Moore Theatre is hosting Lyle Lovett on Feb. 19 and Anoushka Shankar on March 13. Joe Bonamassa is playing at the Climate Pledge Area on Feb. 16. There are dozens of live music venues throughout the area.
It’s easy to get out of town to go on a bigger adventure. The Victoria Clipper leaves from the Seattle Waterfront for Victoria’s Inner Harbour each day, starting Feb. 16. If you want faster passage, fly back on Kenmore Air to Lake Union.
The Washington State Ferries offer great service from downtown Seattle to the Olympic Peninsula. Or, drive north to Anacortes and take the ferry to the San Juan Islands. Or, just drive north to Mukilteo and catch a short ferry over to Whidbey Island.
There are fun events all year in Seattle. But I’m circling February on the calendar for Museum Month. Plus, I need to see that grand staircase from Pike Place Market down to the water!
A key public-sector union and some Democratic state lawmakers are calling on Gov. Mike Dunleavy to release the results of a million-dollar study on how competitive the state’s salaries are. The study was originally due last summer — and lawmakers say that delays will complicate efforts to write the state budget.
It’s no secret that the state of Alaska has struggled to recruit and retain qualified staff for state jobs. An average of 16% of state positions remain unfilled as of November, according to figures obtained by the Anchorage Daily News. That’s about twice the vacancy rate generally thought of as healthy, according to legislative budget analysts.
“The solution, it’s not rocket science,” said Heidi Drygas, the executive director of the union representing a majority of rank-and-file state of Alaska employees, the Alaska State Employees Association/American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees Local 52. “We have to pay people fairly, and we’re underpaying our state workers right now.”
Drygas says the large number of open jobs has hobbled state services. At one point, half of the state’s payroll processing jobs were unfilled, leading to late and incorrect paychecks for state employees.
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“This is a problem that has been plaguing state government for years, and it is only getting worse,” she said.
Alaskans are feeling the effects, said Sen. Bill Wielechowski, D-Anchorage.
“We’ve been unable to fill prosecutor jobs. We’ve been unable to fill snowplow operator jobs, teaching jobs, of course, on the local level, clerk jobs for the courts, which backs up our court system, and so on and so forth,” Wielechowski said.
So, in 2023, the Legislature put $1 million in the state budget to fund a study looking to determine whether the state’s salaries were adequate. The results were supposed to come in last June.
Wielechowski said he’s been hearing from constituents looking for the study’s findings. He’s asked the Department of Administration to release the study. And so far, he said, he still hasn’t seen it.
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“This has just dragged on, and on, and on, and now we’re seven months later, and we still have nothing,” he said. “They’re refusing to release any documents at all, and that’s very troubling, because this is a critical topic that we need before we go ahead and go into session.”
Dunleavy’s deputy chief of staff emailed the heads of state agencies in early December with an update: The study wasn’t done yet. The governor’s office had reviewed drafts of the study and found them lacking.
They sent the contractor back to the drawing board to incorporate more data: salaries from “additional peer/comparable jurisdictions”, plus recent collective bargaining agreements and a bill that raised some state salaries that passed last spring.
“Potential changes to the State’s classification and pay plans informed by the final study report could substantially impact the State’s budget, and additional due diligence is necessary, especially as we look at the State’s revenue projections,” Deputy Chief of Staff Rachel Bylsma wrote to Dunleavy’s Cabinet on Dec. 6.
Though the final study has not been completed, blogger Dermot Cole filed a public records request for any drafts of the study received to date. But state officials have thus far declined to release them, saying they’re exempt from disclosure requirements under Alaska law.
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“The most recent salary study draft records the state received have been withheld under the Alaska Public Records Act based on executive and deliberative process privileges,” Guy Bell, a special project assistant in the governor’s office who deals with records requests, said in an email to Alaska Public Media. “Any prior drafts that may have been provided are superseded by the most recent drafts, so they no longer meet the definition of a public record.”
To Wielechowski, that’s absurd.
“It’s laughable. It’s wild,” he said. “That’s not how the process works.”
The deliberative process privilege under state law protects some, but not all, documents related to internal decision-making in the executive branch, according to a 1992 opinion from the state attorney general’s office. It’s intended to allow advisors to offer their candid recommendations, according to the opinion.
“The deliberative process privilege extends to communications made in the process of policy-making,” and courts have applied the privilege to “predecisional” and “deliberative” documents, Assistant Attorneys General Jim Cantor and Nancy Meade wrote. However, “courts have held that factual observations and final expressions of policy are not privileged,” they continued.
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Lawmakers are about to get to work on the state budget, and Wielechowski said it’s hard to do that without a sense of how, if at all, state salaries should be adjusted.
“Nobody knows how it’s going to turn out,” he said. “Maybe salaries are high. But it will certainly give us an indication of whether or not this is something we should be looking at as a Legislature.”
Wielechowski sent a letter to the agency handling the study in December asking for any of the drafts that the contractor has handed in so far. He said he’s concerned that the Dunleavy administration may be trying to manipulate the study’s conclusions.
“We didn’t fund a million dollars to get some politically massaged study,” he said. “We funded a million dollars so that we could get an objective organization (to) go ahead and look at this problem and to tell us what the numbers look like to tell us how competitive we are.”
An ally of the governor, Sen. Mike Shower, R-Wasillia, said he, too, would like to see the results — but he said he sees the value in waiting to see the whole picture.
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“I think that in this particular case, it is important that the administration, or even the legislature or the judicial branch, all of which commission studies, ensure that they are appropriately finished (and) vetted,” Shower said. “Sometimes you don’t get back everything you were looking for.”
Though he’s the incoming Senate minority leader, Shower emphasized that he was speaking only for himself. He said the caucus hasn’t discussed it as a group.
But majority-caucus lawmakers say they’re not interested in waiting. Incoming House State Affairs Committee chair Ashley Carrick, D-Fairbanks, said she plans to take a look at the issue as the session begins.
“I think that there are a lot of questions that are unanswered, and we will be spending the first week of the House State Affairs Committee, in part, addressing the lack of a response from the Department of Administration,” she said.
Drygas, the union leader, sent a letter to her membership on Wednesday asking them to sign a petition calling for the state to release the draft study. It quickly amassed more than a thousand signatures. She said the union is “eagerly awaiting the results,” which she said would provide helpful background for contract negotiations.
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“Our membership is fired up,” she said. “We’re not going to just let this go.”
On any clear, dark night you can see them, gliding through the sky and reflecting sunlight from the other side of the world. Manmade satellites now orbit our planet by the thousands, and it’s hard to stargaze without seeing one.
The inky black upper atmosphere was less busy 68 years ago, when a few young scientists stepped out of a trailer near Fairbanks to look into the cold October sky. Gazing upward, they saw the moving dot that started it all, the Russian-launched Sputnik 1.
Those Alaskans, working for the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, were the first North American scientists to see the satellite, which was the size and shape of a basketball and, at 180 pounds, weighed about as much as a point guard.
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The Alaska researchers studied radio astronomy at the campus in Fairbanks. They had their own tracking station in a clearing in the forest on the northern portion of university land. This station, set up to study the aurora and other features of the upper atmosphere, enabled the scientists to be ready when a reporter called the institute with news of the Russians’ secret launch of the world’s first manmade satellite.
Within a half-hour of that call, an official with the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., called Geophysical Institute Deputy Director C. Gordon Little with radio frequencies that Sputnik emitted.
“The scientists at the Institute poured out of their offices like stirred-up bees,” wrote a reporter for the Farthest North Collegian, the UAF campus newspaper.
Crowded into a trailer full of equipment about a mile north of their offices, the scientists received the radio beep-beep-beep from Sputnik and were able to calculate its orbit. They figured it would be visible in the northwestern sky at about 5 a.m. the next day.
On that morning, three of them stepped outside the trailer to see what Little described as “a bright star-like object moving in a slow, graceful curve across the sky like a very slow shooting star.”
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For the record, scientists may not have been the first Alaskans to see Sputnik. In a 1977 article, the founder of this column, T. Neil Davis, described how his neighbor, Dexter Stegemeyer, said he had seen a strange moving star come up out of the west as he was sitting in his outhouse. Though Stegemeyer didn’t know what he saw until he spoke with Davis, his sighting was a bit earlier than the scientists’.
The New York Times’ Oct. 7, 1957 edition included a front-page headline of “SATELLITE SEEN IN ALASKA,” and Sputnik caused a big fuss all over the country. People wondered about the implications of the Soviet object looping over America every 98 minutes. Within a year, Congress voted to create NASA.
Fears about Sputnik evaporated as three months later the U.S. launched its own satellite, Explorer 1, and eventually took the lead in the race for space.
Almost 70 later, satellites are part of everyday life. The next time you see a satellite streaking through the night sky, remember the first scientist on this continent to see one was standing in Alaska. And the first non-scientist to see a satellite in North America was sitting in Alaska.