World
The Site Called ‘Machu Picchu’ Had Another Name First, Researchers Say
For many years, the breathtaking ruins which have introduced lots of of hundreds of vacationers to Peru yearly have passed by the title Machu Picchu, or “Outdated Mountain” in Quechua, the language of the Incas spoken by thousands and thousands right now.
The title is throughout indicators welcoming guests to the settlement within the Andes, above the Urubamba River valley and a practice journey from Cusco, the traditional Incan capital. The web site of Peru’s Ministry of Tradition has a web page devoted to its historical past that additionally hyperlinks to tickets.
However the title of the city, constructed by the Incas within the fifteenth century, is technically Huayna Picchu, or “New Mountain,” in keeping with researchers who pored via paperwork relationship again to the 1500s to confirm the unique moniker.
“The outcomes uniformly recommend that the Inca metropolis was initially known as Picchu, or extra possible Huayna Picchu,” wrote Donato Amado Gonzales, a historian at Peru’s Ministry of Tradition, and Brian S. Bauer, an anthropologist on the College of Illinois Chicago, in an article that was printed on-line final August in Ñawpa Pacha: Journal of Andean Archaeology. Their findings have been introduced final month by the college.
The findings proceed to “dispel the parable that Machu Picchu was an everlasting misplaced metropolis,” stated Mark Rice, a professor of historical past at Baruch School who was not concerned within the analysis. “Like a lot of the Andes, the location was, and continues to be, a dynamic place with a shifting historical past,” he stated.
The ruins turned broadly often called Machu Picchu after 1911, when Hiram Bingham, a lecturer at Yale College, started visiting the area and publishing accounts of his travels. In 1913, The New York Instances credited Bingham with discovering a “misplaced metropolis within the clouds.”
“He has simply introduced that he has had the excellent luck to find a complete metropolis,” the article learn, including that it was “a spot of splendid palaces and temples and grim encircling partitions.”
“He calls it Machu Picchu,” the newspaper reported.
Two households have been dwelling subsequent to the location when Bingham first arrived, and paperwork confirmed different folks had identified concerning the ruins earlier than he visited. However the professor was the one who instructed the remainder of the world concerning the metropolis, in keeping with historians.
Bingham apparently heard the title Machu Picchu from Melchor Arteaga, a tenant farmer who lived on the valley flooring and acted as Bingham’s information throughout his travels to the ruins, in keeping with the article.
Bingham had additionally heard it known as Huayna Picchu, the article’s co-author, Dr. Amado Gonzales, stated in an interview.
Ignacio Ferro, the son of a landowner close to the ruins, instructed Bingham that Huayna Picchu was the title of the ruined metropolis. And there have been paperwork from the Nineteenth century, together with a map of the area, that confirmed the title.
However for unknown causes, Bingham went with Arteaga’s declare.
“He accepted what they instructed him at that second,” stated Dr. Amado Gonzales.
Nonetheless, Bingham apparently was not satisfied he had the title proper. In 1922, he wrote an article cautioning that different paperwork might floor displaying that the title of the city was not Machu Picchu, Dr. Amado Gonzales stated.
Professor Bauer stated that he and Dr. Amado Gonzales had been learning such paperwork independently for not less than 10 years, poring over proof that the unique title of the city was Huayna Picchu.
“Realizing that we have been each engaged on the identical subject, we determined to mix our database,” Professor Bauer stated in an electronic mail.
Their findings are primarily based on Bingham’s notes and different supplies associated to his work on the web site, in addition to early maps and atlases that described the area and land paperwork that had been held within the regional, nationwide and Spanish archives.
One “extraordinary doc” from 1588 described the considerations of the Spanish invaders who feared the Indigenous folks of the area have been planning to go away Cusco and “reoccupy” a web site they known as Huayna Picchu, in keeping with the researchers’ article.
The findings usually are not a shock, stated Bruce Mannheim, a professor of anthropology on the College of Michigan who was not concerned within the analysis however is aware of each authors and who as soon as taught Professor Bauer.
“They’re two main, very distinguished students who’re very cautious researchers,” Professor Mannheim stated. “I take something that they write significantly.”
Anthropologists and historians who’ve studied paperwork concerning the area have come throughout writings that exposed the unique title of the city, he stated. However students had not written concerning the title or pressed the difficulty earlier than.
“There is no such thing as a share in correcting tour operators,” Professor Mannheim stated. “We’d successfully be policing different folks’s use of language and no person actually needs to do this.”
Nonetheless, it’s good to doc the unique title in a scholarly document, he stated.
Dr. Amado Gonzales stated it could be “an exaggeration” to say that it was a mistake to name the city Machu Picchu all these years.
“Town, the Inca city, is within the jurisdiction of Huayna Picchu,” he stated. However Machu Picchu is just not a time period Bingham invented — it’s the Quechuan title of the bigger mountain peak that flanks the traditional web site to the north. Huayna Picchu is the title of the smaller peak to the south.
There have been archaeological Incan stays on the summit of Machu Picchu, and Nineteenth-century paperwork point out that the folks of the area additionally known as the city Machu Picchu, Dr. Amado Gonzales stated.
In different phrases, tour operators do not need to begin correcting themselves.
“You don’t want to vary the title,” Dr. Amado Gonzales stated.
The title Machu Picchu is so ingrained with the general public, and such part of Peru’s id, that it’s unlikely to get replaced, stated Natalia Sobrevilla Perea, a professor of Latin American Historical past on the College of Kent.
“In a way, it doesn’t make that a lot distinction,” she stated. “They’re each Indigenous names. It’s not like there was a change to a Spanish title from an Indigenous title.”
The Peruvian authorities and other people within the nation are “very connected” to the title Machu Picchu as “a nationwide image and an archaeological image,” Professor Sobrevilla Perea stated.
“It’s one of many Seven Wonders of the World,” she stated. “It’s one thing that Peruvians take plenty of delight in.”
World
Influential leader of Canada's Ontario province seeks Trump, Musk meeting: US 'needs us like we need them'
OTTAWA-After President-elect Trump mused about using “economic force” to acquire Canada as the 51st state during his Mar-a-Lago news conference on Tuesday, outgoing Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau responded on social media that “there isn’t a snowball’s chance in hell that Canada would become part of the United States.”
However, as Trudeau announced on Monday his plan to resign as prime minister once the Liberal Party that he leads chooses his successor, the biggest pushback to Trump’s pitch to annex Canada – and his planned 25% tariffs on exports from the country – has come from the premier of Canada’s most populous province, Ontario.
Doug Ford, a former businessman and conservative like Trump who has served as Ontario’s 26th premier since 2018, told Fox News Digital in an interview that the president-elect’s targeting Canada is both “crazy” and “ridiculous.”
He said the bilateral focus should be on “strengthening” what the Canadian government calls a nearly trillion-dollar two-way trade relationship to “make the U.S. and Canada the richest and most prosperous jurisdiction in the world.”
WHO IS PIERRE POILIEVRE? CANADA’S CONSERVATIVE LEADER SEEKING TO BECOME NEXT PRIME MINISTER AFTER TRUDEAU EXIT
At a Toronto news conference on Monday following Trudeau’s resignation announcement, Ford chided Trump with a “counteroffer” to his Canada-as-a-51st state idea.
“How about if we buy Alaska and throw in Minnesota?” the premier said at Queen’s Park, Ontario’s legislature.
Ford jokingly told Fox News Digital that he heard from Canadians after making those remarks that he should have chosen “somewhere warmer, like Florida or California.”
“California never votes for him anyway,” he added.
At his Monday news conference, Ontario’s premier said that “under my watch,” annexing Canada “will never, ever happen.”
Ford is also taking Trump’s tariff threat seriously.
Last month, his Progressive Conservative government launched a multimillion-dollar U.S. ad campaign on television and streaming apps touting Ontario as an “ally” to generate “more workers, more trade, more prosperity, more security.”
“You can rely on Ontario for energy to power your growing economy, and for the critical minerals crucial to new technologies,” says the 60-second ad.
Ford said the 25% tariff against Canada, which Trump plans to implement on his first day in office on Jan. 20, would hurt millions of American and Canadian workers.
“Nine million Americans produce products for Ontario alone every single day,” he said. “The problem is China shipping goods into Mexico and Mexico slapping a made-in-Mexico sticker.”
JUSTIN TRUDEAU’S RESIGNATION MET WITH GLEEFUL REACTION FROM CONSERVATIVES ONLINE: ‘THE WINNING CONTINUES!’
Ontario is ready to take retaliatory measures “that will really send a message to the U.S.” in response to the imposition of U.S. tariffs, said Ford, who was involved in the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement during the first Trump administration, but would now like Canada to have separate deals with the U.S. and Mexico.
“It’s unfortunate because retaliation is not good for either country,” he offered, noting that Ontario is the top exporter to 17 states and the second largest to 11 others.
“The last thing I want to do is hurt those people,” said Ford. “I want to create more jobs in the U.S., more jobs in Canada. And we can do that by making sure that we toughen up and put tariffs on places like China.”
By way of example, he said that “someone in Texas who purchased a GM pickup truck made in Oshawa, [Ontario] might have paid between $50,000 and $60,000,” and with a tariff, “would be paying 70 some-odd thousand.”
“It just doesn’t make sense whatsoever,” Ford said.
He would like to have a face-to-face meeting with Trump and said he has reached out to U.S. senators and governors to make that happen. A sit-down with SpaceX and Tesla CEO Elon Musk – whom Trump appointed to co-lead, with former Republican presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy, the proposed “Department of Government Efficiency” – is also on Ford’s wish-list.
Ford said Trump “doesn’t realize” that Ontario is the U.S.’s third-largest trading partner, amounting to about US$344 billion in 2023, “split equally down the center.”
Ontario’s premier said he wants to ship more electricity and critical minerals to the U.S., which “needs us like we need them.”
TRUMP REACTS TO TRUDEAU RESIGNATION: ‘MANY PEOPLE IN CANADA LOVE BEING THE 51ST STATE’
In 2012, the premier and his late brother, Rob, who was mayor of Toronto at the time, met Trump, along with his daughter, Ivanka, when they were in the city to open the former Trump International Hotel and Tower, now unaffiliated with The Trump Organization and known as The St. Regis Toronto.
Ford, who ran a Toronto-based family business, Deco Labels & Flexible Packaging, before entering municipal politics as a city councilor in 2010, considers Trump “a shrewd operator” and “a smart businessperson.”
The incoming president “knows about Ontario,” the premier said.
“Not one senator, not one governor, not one congressperson or businessperson, has said that Canada is a problem,” said Ford, who opened a Deco branch in Chicago in 1999.
He said Trump has not set his sights on such other U.S. allies as the United Kingdom and France, but “wants to target” the U.S.’s “closest friend,” Canada.
“I’m not too sure if it’s personal against Trudeau, but Trudeau is on his way out, so hopefully we’ll have a better conversation,” said Ontario’s premier, who added that he would consider taking a run at federal politics in the future.
On Monday, Trump posted on Truth Social that “the United States can no longer suffer the massive Trade Deficits and Subsidies that Canada needs to stay afloat.”
“Justin Trudeau knows this, and resigned,” said the next, and 47th, U.S. president.
But Trudeau is still the prime minister, and Ford and the premiers of the other nine provinces and three territories will meet with him next Wednesday in Ottawa to address the Trump tariff issue.
Despite his departure as prime minister sometime over the next two months when the next Liberal leader is expected to be chosen, Trudeau should not think “he’s off the hook” and Canadian premiers “will hold his feet to the fire” in ensuring that Canada is ready to respond to the Trump administration’s imminent and punitive trade measure, said Ford.
He chairs the Council of the Federation – a gathering of Canada’s premiers, which has kept Canada-U.S. relations top of mind and has made avoiding U.S. tariffs “a priority,” according to a statement issued last month.
“Canada and the U.S. form one of the largest integrated markets in the world, with more than C$3.5 billion [about US$2.4 billion] worth of goods and services crossing the border each day. The U.S. sells more goods and services to Canada than it sells to China, Japan and Germany combined.”
To help assuage Trump’s concerns over border security, Ford’s government launched on Tuesday “Operation Deterrence,” to crack down on illegal crossings, and drugs and guns – 90% of which are entering Ontario from the U.S., the premier told Fox News Digital.
On drugs, he said his government is also collaborating with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to identify the source of fentanyl ingredients – and whether they originated in “China or Mexico or the U.S.”
Last month, the Trudeau government announced its own border-security plan.
World
Chad’s ruling party wins majority in controversial parliamentary election
Electoral body says President Mahamat Idriss Deby’s party secured 124 of 188 National Assembly seats in vote boycotted by opposition.
Chad’s governing party has taken the majority of seats in last month’s parliamentary election that was mostly boycotted by opposition parties, according to provisional results.
President Mahamat Idriss Deby’s party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement, has secured 124 of the 188 seats at the National Assembly, Ahmed Bartchiret, head of the electoral commission, announced late on Saturday.
The participation rate was put at 51.56 percent, which opposition parties said showed voter doubts about the validity of the contest.
The December 29 election was presented by Deby’s party as the last stage of the country’s transition to democracy after he took power as a military ruler in 2021.
The takeover followed the death of Deby’s father and longtime President Idriss Deby Itno, who spent three decades in power. Mahamat Deby eventually won last year’s disputed presidential vote.
The vote, which also included municipal and regional elections, was Chad’s first in more than a decade.
Deby had said the election would “pave the way for the era of decentralisation so long-awaited and desired by the Chadian people”, referring to the distribution of power beyond the national government to the various provincial and municipal levels.
‘Charade’
The election was boycotted by more than 10 opposition parties, including the main Transformers party, whose candidate, Succes Masra, came second in the presidential election.
The main opposition had called the election a “charade” and expressed worries that it would be a repeat of the presidential vote, which election observers said was not credible.
Last month’s vote came at a critical period for Chad, which is battling several security challenges – from attacks in the Lake Chad region by the Boko Haram armed group to ending decades-long military cooperation with France, its former colonial power.
The severing of military ties echoes recent moves by Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso, which all kicked out French troops and fostered closer ties with Russia after a string of coups in West and Central Africa’s Sahel region.
This week, security forces foiled an attack on the presidency that the government referred to as a “destabilisation attempt”.
World
Sudan’s Military Recaptures Key City From Paramilitary Accused of Genocide
The Sudanese military recaptured a key city in Sudan’s breadbasket region on Saturday, chasing out a paramilitary group that the United States accused last week of genocide.
Sudan’s information minister said the army had “liberated” the city, Wad Madani, while the military said that its troops were working to “clear the remnants of the rebels” from the area.
If the army can hold on to the city, it would be its most significant victory since the war started nearly two years ago. Experts said it would most likely shift the focus of the war northward to Khartoum, the capital.
Videos circulating online showed the army entering Wad Madani, which lies about 100 miles south of the capital. Local media reported that fighters with the paramilitary group, known as the Rapid Support Forces, or R.S.F., were fleeing the city.
The group’s leader, Gen. Mohamed Hamdan, admitted defeat but vowed to soon recapture the city. “Today we lost a round; we did not lose the battle,” he said in an audio address to his fighters and the Sudanese people.
The victory brought joyous scenes in army-held parts of the country among Sudanese who hoped it might signal a turning point in a ruinous civil war that has led to massacres, ethnic cleansing and a spreading famine in one of Africa’s largest countries.
People massed on the battle-scarred streets of Khartoum, while church bells pealed in Port Sudan, the wartime de facto capital where many Sudanese have fled the fighting. Celebrations also erupted among exiled Sudanese in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
The R.S.F. defeat came just over a year after the group seized Wad Madani in a victory that forced tens of thousands of people to flee and sent shock waves across Sudan. The group’s fighters went on to capture swaths of the country, far from their stronghold in Darfur in western Sudan.
But much of the most brutal fighting was in Darfur, where R.S.F. fighters massacred members of rival ethnic groups, according to human rights groups and the United Nations. Last week the United States formally determined that those killings constituted genocide, and it imposed sanctions on the R.S.F.’s leader, General Hamdan, who is widely known as Hemeti.
The United States also imposed sanctions on seven companies in the United Arab Emirates that it accused of trading gold and buying weapons on behalf of the R.S.F.
In recent months, the tide of the fight appeared to turn as the R.S.F. ceded territory in Khartoum and in parts of the east of the country. The military launched a counteroffensive in the area around Wad Madani, culminating in the recapture of the city on Saturday.
Still, it was too early to say if the victory would fundamentally change the course of the conflict. Since the first shots were fired in April 2023, the momentum of the fighting has swung back and forth, sometimes wildly.
The army and the R.S.F. were once allies, and their leaders joined to mount a military coup in 2021. But in the war between them, they have enjoyed the backing of different foreign powers.
The R.S.F. is supported by the United Arab Emirates, a wealthy Gulf sponsor that has supplied it with weapons and powerful drones, mostly smuggled into Sudan from neighboring countries.
The Sudanese military has obtained or bought weapons from Iran, Russia and Turkey. Both sides mine the country’s vast reserves of gold to finance the fight.
For ordinary Sudanese, the war has brought only misery, death and destruction, killing tens of thousands of people, scattering 11 million from their homes and setting off one of the world’s worst famines in decades.
The global authority on hunger, known as the I.P.C., reported last month that famine had spread to five areas in Sudan and was expected to reach another five in the coming months. In all, 25 million Sudanese suffer from acute or chronic hunger.
Both sides have committed atrocities and war crimes, according to the United Nations and American officials, although only the R.S.F. has been accused of ethnic cleansing.
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