For decades, geologists have been puzzled by the Denali Fault, a sprawling 620-mile geological feature in Alaska. This massive strike-slip fault system, where tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, has long hinted at a deeper story—one that shaped North America’s western edge over millions of years. Recent research has finally uncovered the truth behind this mysterious fault, revealing that three distant geological sites, once thought to be separate, were part of a unified suture zone that fused two ancient landmasses into the North American plate.

Led by Sean Regan of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, this study provides groundbreaking insights into the tectonic forces that tore these regions apart over time. Using cutting-edge analysis and a wealth of geological evidence, the team has pieced together a story of massive tectonic shifts, inverted metamorphism, and the power of Earth’s dynamic crust.

A Unified Geological History Revealed

The Denali Fault spans over 1,200 miles, cutting across Alaska and Canada’s Yukon Territory. Its geological complexity has made it a focal point for scientists seeking to understand the processes that shaped North America’s lithosphere. However, the mystery of three specific sites—Clearwater Mountains in Alaska, Kluane Lake in the Yukon, and the Coast Mountains near Juneau—remained unsolved. Were these regions formed independently, or did they share a common origin?

Sean Regan and his team’s research revealed that these sites were once part of a single terminal suture zone, the location where two tectonic plates collided and fused together. This zone, formed between 72 and 56 million years ago, marked the final integration of the Wrangellia Composite Terrane—an ancient oceanic plate—into North America. Over millions of years, tectonic forces caused horizontal movement along the fault, tearing the suture zone apart and scattering its fragments across hundreds of miles.

“Our understanding of lithospheric growth along the western margin of North America is becoming clearer,” Regan explained. “A big part of that is related to reconstructing strike-slip faults such as the Denali Fault.”

The Key Role of Inverted Metamorphism

One of the most striking pieces of evidence connecting these sites is the phenomenon of inverted metamorphism. Typically, rocks formed under higher temperatures and pressures are found deeper in the Earth’s crust, while those formed under lower conditions are closer to the surface. However, in these regions, the order is reversed—rocks formed at greater depths are found above those formed under less extreme conditions.

Regan noted: “We showed that each of these three independent inverted metamorphic belts formed at the same time under similar conditions. Not only are they the same age, but they all behaved in a similar fashion.”

By analyzing monazite, a mineral rich in rare earth elements, Regan’s team traced the geological evolution of rocks at each site. Monazite’s unique properties allowed the researchers to track changes in temperature and pressure over time, further confirming the shared history of these regions.

The Denali Fault’s Impact on North America

The Denali Fault’s significance extends beyond its geological intricacies. As a major strike-slip fault, it remains active and capable of generating powerful earthquakes. Understanding its history provides critical insights into the tectonic forces that continue to shape Alaska’s landscape today.

The fault also serves as a natural laboratory for studying plate tectonics. Its role in the accretion of the Wrangellia Composite Terrane illustrates the processes by which distant landmasses are integrated into larger continental plates. These insights are invaluable for reconstructing Earth’s tectonic history and understanding how continents evolve over time.

Decades in the Making

This breakthrough builds on decades of geological research. A 1993 study by scientists at the University of Alberta and the University of British Columbia first suggested similarities between the Denali Fault sites but stopped short of identifying them as a unified structure.

“It was amazing to me that the 1993 paper hadn’t caught more attention back in the day,” Regan remarked. “I had this paper hung up on my wall for the last four years because I thought it was really ahead of its time.”

Regan’s work combines modern techniques with earlier observations to provide a more complete picture of the fault’s history. By piecing together data from multiple regions, the team has connected the dots to reveal the larger tectonic story.

Implications for Geological Science

The Denali Fault study has significant implications for our understanding of plate tectonics and lithospheric growth. By identifying the suture zone that joined the Wrangellia Composite Terrane to North America, the research sheds light on the processes that create and reshape continents.

This work also underscores the importance of collaboration and interdisciplinary research in solving complex geological puzzles. By integrating field observations, mineral analysis, and tectonic reconstructions, Regan and his team have provided a model for studying other fault systems around the world.

“The dots don’t really get connected until you can reconstruct deformation on the Denali Fault,” Regan explained. This study serves as a reminder of the dynamic nature of Earth’s crust and the immense forces at work beneath our feet.

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The first time I gave blood in Alaska was at a bloodmobile parked at Merrill Field. The staff was cheerful and efficient. The other donors joked and bantered, racing each other to fill their pint bags.

When I’d filled mine, I accepted a juice box and chatted while I completed the waiting period. That’s when a staffer mentioned a woman who’d given 20 gallons of blood. I stopped mid-sip, certain I’d heard wrong. “Twenty gallons?” “That’s right,” was the reply, “you do the math.”

I did. Two pints to a quart, times four quarts to a gallon, times twenty gallons was 160 pints. You can only donate approximately every two months. Assuming you donated like a Swiss watch, that was 320 months — over 26 years of clockwork bloodletting.

Who would do that? Why? What kept her going through all the punctures and drainings?

I called the Blood Bank. They wouldn’t give a name, but they knew exactly who I was asking about. At my persistence, they agreed to call “the 20-gallon lady” and ask if I could contact her. And so, I met Eva Eckmann.

She stepped into the coffee shop. At 67, Eva was slim and athletic with a quick, wry smile, and glacier blue eyes. She was straightforward and laughed easily. Eva was born and grew up in Germany but came to Alaska in 1961 when she was 26, with her husband and a 7-month-old baby. She and her husband built a business, and two other children were born and raised in The Last Frontier.

I tried but Eva wouldn’t let me glorify her story. She first donated in 1971 after a friend of hers gave and she thought, “Well, geez, I can do that.” In response to my probing, she explained, “I felt that this was something I could do to help somebody else out who needs this gift.”

I thought of 160 people walking around with Eva’s gift: young people falling in love, marrying, having kids; moms and dads going to work, playing with their kids, helping them with homework; kids celebrating birthdays and soccer wins, growing up to make discoveries; elders ripe with a fine, fermented view of the world. All that living with Eva’s blood pumping through it.

Why so many times over so many years? Eva’s no-nonsense reply: “People are very friendly; you’re pampered at the Blood Bank. I’m not scared of needles. So there was really nothing that kept me from not repeating it.” She added, “I think I also have a tendency, that once I start something, I stick with it.”

“Do you feel now like you have to go?” I asked.

“Yes. I’m racing against the clock. Because 72 years is the age cut off for donating, so I thought, ‘Well I at least can get to 25 gallons!’”

“Eva, what makes you want to go for such a goal?” I asked. Her tone became serious, “For one thing, blood donations are needed more now than even 20 years ago — because of medical advances and more illnesses.”

There must be more, I thought — all those pricks and pints and years. “Has anyone in your immediate family ever had a need for blood?”

“No,” she said.

“Then why do you care? These are strangers.”

“That’s all right. They need other people’s care just as much as your own family does.”

At the end of our conversation, I asked Eva if she had any questions for me. There was just one. “Well, are you going to be a continuous donor now?”

What could I say? “Yes.”

Because of Eva, I went back to the Blood Bank. It was like a potlatch — sharing cookies, juice, and conversations with the staff and other donors. There was a sense of community.

Some months later I called Eva to see about getting together for lunch. When I asked her how she was, she answered without embellishment, “Not too good. I was having stomach aches, and the doctors say I have pancreatic cancer.” One of Eva’s first questions for the doctors was whether that would prevent her from donating blood. It did.

The cancer spread quickly. When I called again about lunch, Eva apologized, “I would like very much to see you, but I’m afraid lunch isn’t possible. I can’t keep food down, you see.”

“Oh, Eva,” was all I could manage through my tears.

“It’s not so bad,” she said, “my family is all here. My son flew in with his family, and my daughter has been helping take care of me.”

“It must be so difficult,” I choked.

There was a short silence before Eva replied, “Yes, it is difficult. But it is all very wonderful and precious, too.”

Eva died not long after that. The church where she’d taught Sunday school for 30 years was filled to overflowing, as were all the hearts in it. I thought of how Eva found wonder and preciousness even in the last days of her life. I silently prayed I might be worthy of Eva’s too brief friendship and all her grace.

Eva ran out of time before she made her goal of 25 gallons of giving. So, when I returned to the Blood Bank, I thought, “This pint’s for you, Eva.”

January is National Blood Donor month. Go to the Anchorage Blood Bank. Tell ‘em Eva sent you. Help her make 25 gallons—because, geez, you can do that.

The views expressed here are the writer’s and are not necessarily endorsed by the Anchorage Daily News, which welcomes a broad range of viewpoints. To submit a piece for consideration, email commentary(at)adn.com. Send submissions shorter than 200 words to letters@adn.com or click here to submit via any web browser. Read our full guidelines for letters and commentaries here.

A federal judge ruled Tuesday that the state must take steps to address chronic delays in processing Alaskans’ applications for food assistance, after repeated application backlogs.

U.S. District Court Judge Sharon Gleason issued a preliminary injunction ordering the state to provide to the court monthly status reports detailing its efforts to process Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program applications within 30 days as required by federal law.

The order came in a lawsuit originally filed nearly two years ago by an Alaska civil rights firm, the Northern Justice Project.

The delays overall have affected thousands of Alaskans seeking aid through SNAP. The federally funded program, commonly referred to as food stamps, provides food benefits to low-income households.

As of November, there were more than 1,200 initial SNAP applications that had not been processed within 30 days as required, and the average application processing time stood at more than 60 days, according to information provided to the court.

State data submitted to the court shows that after crisis-level delays in processing food assistance applications that began in 2022, the state made improvements in processing times but then began falling behind again after accommodations from the federal government lapsed.

In 2023, the backlog reached a peak of 15,000 applications, leading the state to appropriate more funds to food banks and take steps to speed up the application processing times, like boosting the number of staffers working on the backlog.

The processing time improved by June 2024, when 89% of initial applications were processed on time. But the most recent data provided to the court showed that processing time fell in recent months, with only 72% of initial applications filed in October processed within the required timeframe.

Federal officials, recognizing the state’s backlog, earlier in 2024 waived a requirement for all applicants to be interviewed before receiving benefits in order to expedite the processing time. That waiver lapsed in October, leading the state to again fall behind in processing applications.

In its defense, the state has argued that it is already making “considerable efforts” to remedy its backlog, including by modernizing its technology. Division of Public Assistance Director Deb Etheridge told the court that a new online system, which will streamline applications, is expected to be fully running in July 2025 after more than $54 million was appropriated in 2023 to overhaul the Division of Public Assistance online system.

Additionally, the Legislature approved a “broad based categorical eligibility” reform that will expand eligibility to food assistance and simplify the application process. However, the change has yet to be approved by federal officials who oversee SNAP programs, according to court filings.

The Department of Health also attributed the backlog to “intractable staffing shortages.” The department said in court filings that it hired a consultant to design a “new staffing pattern” to address those shortages.

Gleason said those steps were not enough.

“While these efforts are commendable, there is at present no indication that these efforts will successfully bring (the Department of Health) into full compliance with the processing deadlines,” she wrote.

Under her order, the state will be required to provide monthly reports, beginning in February 2025, detailing the status of the application backlog and the department’s efforts to process applications within the required 30 days.

Department of Health spokeswoman Shirley Sakaye said in response to questions about the court order that the department had already seen “incredible improvement” in application processing time since the height of the backlog in 2022.

Sakaye listed various steps the division has taken to improve staff efficiency, including providing staff members with larger computer monitors and higher internet speeds. She also pointed to the department’s technological advancements. Until December 2023, SNAP applicants couldn’t submit their applications online.

Sakaye did not say whether — or how — the department planned to comply with the reporting requirements imposed by the court. A spokesperson for the Department of Law did not immediately respond.

James Davis, an attorney with the Northern Justice Project, said the reporting requirement would add a layer of accountability to the state.

“Doing nothing for another three or four years while hundreds of families go hungry is just not an acceptable status quo,” said Davis.

The order came days after an Anchorage Superior Court judge found that the state has been violating a separate requirement to process applications for cash assistance from low-income elderly or disabled Alaskans. Both programs are managed by the Division of Public Assistance.