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‘It looks like the end of the world’: The Alaska earthquake that generated the largest tsunami in recorded history

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‘It looks like the end of the world’: The Alaska earthquake that generated the largest tsunami in recorded history


A part of a seamless weekly collection on Alaska historical past by native historian David Reamer. Have a query about Anchorage or Alaska historical past or an concept for a future article? Go to the shape on the backside of this story.

On July 25, 1917, the primary documented earthquake in settler-era Anchorage struck. This was a brand new expertise for a lot of residents of the younger city, to the purpose that some weren’t positive what had occurred. Because the native newspaper declared, “What’s believed to have been an earthquake shock was reported by varied workers of the (railroad) fee yesterday afternoon.” The article continued, “Not too long ago related shocks have been skilled, in keeping with these engaged on the railroad reserve, however nothing has been heard of tremors being felt within the metropolis correct.”

Arduous because it is likely to be to imagine now, information of the 1917 quake was buried on the sixth web page of a 10-page paper. At the moment, earthquakes dominate information cycles and discussions. Ask an Alaskan about earthquakes, and they’ll in all probability identify one in every of three such occasions. Older or traditionally educated residents will recall the 1964 Good Friday earthquake, a defining and harrowing occasion for many who lived by way of it. The 2018 Anchorage earthquake was a much less lethal however newer touchstone. Then there’s the newest earthquake, whichever one that’s on the time, that sends Alaskans dashing to their computer systems, refreshing web sites till there are particulars on magnitude and epicenter. Extra forgotten is the tragic 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and its accompanying megatsunami.

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Lituya Bay is a seven-mile lengthy, two-mile broad fjord on the southeast shoreline of Alaska, roughly 100 miles southeast of Yakutat. The identify derives from the Tlingit Ltu.aa, that means “lake inside the level.” The bay has been the positioning of a number of earlier big waves and tragedies. Essentially the most notable pre-1958 incidents concerned the French scientific expedition dispatched by King Louis XVI and led by Jean François de Galaup, Comte de Lapérouse.

On July 13, 1786, three of his boats tried to go out by way of the slender entrance to the bay. Lapérouse had ordered them to keep away from the breakers and watch for a calmer passage, however their captains charged for the hole with out hesitation. The waves and currents wrecked the boats; all 21 males aboard died. Lapérouse searched for his or her our bodies however discovered none. In a letter dispatched again to France, he wrote, “the fury of the waves in that place left no hope of their return.” He added, “Nothing remained for us however to give up with velocity a rustic that had proved so deadly.”

Although he survived Alaska, Lapérouse by no means returned to France. His expedition was mysteriously misplaced in 1788 whereas navigating the South Pacific. Certainly one of Louis XVI’s final questions earlier than his 1793 execution in the course of the French Revolution was reportedly, “Any information of Lapérouse?”

In his surviving papers, Lapérouse described shores in Lituya Bay stripped of vegetation, proof of an earlier huge wave. Pictures of the world recommend two different big waves probably occurred within the bay between 1853 and 1916. On Oct. 27, 1936, one other colossal wave swept away the bushes as much as roughly 500 toes above sea stage.

On July 9, 1958, round 10:15 p.m., a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck, centered close to Lituya Bay. Three boats had been anchored within the bay: the Badger with Invoice and Vivian Swanson aboard, the Edrie with Howard Ulrich and seven-year-old Sonny (Howard Ulrich Jr.), and the Sunmore with Orville and Mickey Wagner.

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The Badger was anchored close to the doorway to the bay. Invoice Swanson recalled, “With the primary jolt, I tumbled out of the bunk and regarded towards the top of the bay the place all of the noise was coming from. The mountains had been shaking one thing terrible, with slide of rock and snow.”

He continued, “what I seen largely was the glacier, the north glacier, the one they name Lituya Glacier. I do know you’ll be able to’t ordinarily see that glacier from the place I used to be anchored. Folks shake their heads once I inform them I noticed it that night time. I can’t assist it in the event that they don’t imagine me. I do know the glacier is hidden by the purpose whenever you’re in Anchorage Cove, however I do know what I noticed that night time, too. The glacier had risen within the air and moved ahead so it was in sight. It will need to have risen a number of hundred toes. I don’t imply it was simply hanging within the air. It appears to be strong, but it surely was leaping and shaking like loopy. Huge chunks of ice had been falling off the face of it and down into the water. That was six miles away, they usually nonetheless regarded like massive chunks. They got here off the glacier like a giant load of rocks spilling out of a dump truck.”

Round one to 3 minutes after the earthquake started, the individuals on the boats might see the wave, a large wave sweeping by way of the bay. Invoice famous, “abruptly, the glacier dropped again out of sight, and there was a giant wall of water going over the purpose. The wave began for us proper after that, and I used to be too busy to inform what else was taking place up there.”

When the earthquake hit, the Ulrichs had been making an attempt to sleep on the Edrie, which was anchored in 5 fathoms of water nearly two miles from the doorway. The sudden pitching of the boat woke up them. Howard later mentioned, “Collectively we watched the peaks which rise steeply from the water’s edge … these nice snow-capped giants shook and twisted and heaved. They gave the impression to be struggling insufferable inside tortures. Have you ever ever seen a 15,000-foot mountain twist and shake and dance?”

The sight froze them in place till they noticed the large wave heading towards them. Howard sprung into motion, threw a life jacket onto Sonny, began the engine, and tried to tug the anchor. To his horror, the anchor caught, so he launched the remainder of the chain and hoped the roughly 38-foot boat might experience the wave. He shouted into his radio microphone, “Christ, it appears like the tip of the world in right here. The noise is horrible, and it appears like there’s a fifty-foot tidal wave heading towards me. It’s a strong wall of water coming at me. I’m going to attempt to head into it and see if I can experience up excessive of it.”

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The earthquake prompted an enormous rockslide. An estimated 40 million cubic yards of largely intact stone slid a whole lot of toes earlier than crashing into the water. The resultant wave was not only a tsunami however the largest tsunami ever recorded, a megatsunami. At an estimated 1,720 toes excessive at its highest, it will have dwarfed each constructing in Anchorage. The second largest recorded tsunami surprisingly occurred inland, in Washington. The Could 18, 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption additionally triggered a landslide. A lot of that particles fell into Spirit Lake, inflicting an 820- to 860-foot-high tsunami.

The wave that hit the three boats was a fraction of the tsunami’s peak peak however barely much less intimidating in individual. When the wave hit the Edrie, the anchor chain snapped and whipped across the pilothouse. Howard later mentioned, “As we had been swept alongside by the wave, over what had just lately been dry land and a timber-covered shore, I used to be positive that the of the world had come for Sonny and me and our boat. I wished my spouse, again in Pelican, to know the place and the way her husband and her first-born son had been misplaced, and I grabbed the handset of my radiophone and yelled into it: ’Mayday! Mayday! That is the Edrie in Lituya Bay. All hell has damaged unfastened in right here. I believe we’ve had it. Goodbye.’”

Miraculously, they and the Edrie survived. Previous the wave, they discovered themselves surrounded by new icebergs and shattered timbers. Howard cautiously maneuvered his boat freed from the particles.

From first sight, it took the tsunami round 4 minutes to hit the Badger. The wave carried the ship out over the spruce bushes on the La Chaussee Spit that blocks many of the entrance to the bay. Previous the barrier, the wave broke, and the boat cracked towards the seafloor. Invoice described it as “like being in a tin can with somebody shaking it.” The Swansons escaped in a skiff and had been rescued just a few hours later.

The Wagners reacted quicker to the hazard than the Ulrichs and Swansons. Simply earlier than the wave hit the Badger, Invoice Swanson noticed the Sunmore at full velocity, racing towards the doorway, nonetheless pulling up its anchor because it went. That meant the wave hit the Sunmore’s stern, a tragic error. The Wagners died, their our bodies by no means recovered, and solely an oil slick as proof their ship had existed.

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The human value of the catastrophe was not restricted to Lituya Bay. Robert Tibbles, his spouse Eveline Tibbles, and cannery proprietor Jeanice Welsh Walton had been on a berry-picking tour to Khantaak Island, off Yakutat, when the earthquake struck. The land rose and fell into the ocean, taking the three mates. Just like the Wagners, their our bodies had been by no means discovered.

The lack of life, horrible because it was, might have simply been worse. Earlier on July 9, 10 Canadian mountain climbers, recent off an ascent of close by Mount Fairweather, wearily arrange camp on the shores of the bay. Their pilot efficiently pressed them to return to Juneau that night time, a day early and simply over an hour earlier than the earthquake. One other group of 10 mountain climbers due that day was delayed. In any other case, the megatsunami would have definitely additionally killed them. John Williams, the Yakutat postmaster, and his spouse left Khantaak Island shortly earlier than the earthquake and will see the wreckage of the island behind them.

Geologist Don Miller eagerly arrived at Lituya Bay the following morning with pilot Kenneth Loken. Miller had studied the proof of earlier tsunamis within the bay however was nonetheless shocked by the scene. He might simply see the lengthy rockslide scar on the unnamed mountain that created the tsunami. Logs and icebergs choked the bay, making it impassable to ships looking for the Wagners. The particles discipline continued for a mile into open water. For a whole lot of toes up and out, the vegetation had been destroyed. Miller estimated that the violent waves had scraped away a foot of soil. He wrote, “Giant areas of bedrock had been left as naked and clear as if washed down with a hose.”

After that horrific expertise, Vivian Swanson’s hair reportedly turned grey, and he or she refused to go fishing. On Could 26, 1962, Invoice Swanson returned to Lituya Bay for the primary time. Quickly after he handed by way of the doorway, he had a coronary heart assault and died.

Key sources:

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Caldwell, Frances E. Land of the Ocean Mists: The Wild Ocean Coast West of Glacier Bay. Edmonds, WA: Alaska Northwest Pub. Co., 1986.

“Earthquake Felt in Anchorage Yesterday.” Anchorage Day by day Occasions, July 26, 1917, 6.

Fradkin, Philip L. Wildest Alaska; Journeys of Nice Peril in Lituya Bay. Berkeley, CA: College of California Press, 2001.

“Geologist Merges Science with Eyewitness Interviews of Mount St. Helens’ 1980 Eruption.” WSU Press, Washington State College, January 14, 2016.

Mader, Charles L., and Michael L. Gittings. “Modeling the 1958 Lituya Bay Mega-Tsunami, II.” Worldwide Journal of the Tsunami Society 20, no. 5 (2002): 241-250.

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Miller, Don J. “The Alaska Earthquake of July 10, 1958: Big Wave in Lituya Bay.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 50, no. 2 (1960): 253-266.

“Seek for 5 Quake Victims Proves Futile.” Anchorage Day by day Occasions, July 12, 1958, 1.





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Alaska

‘Prolonged’ internet outage in North Slope & Northwest: Quintillion blames optic cable break

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‘Prolonged’ internet outage in North Slope & Northwest: Quintillion blames optic cable break


ANCHORAGE, Alaska (KTUU) – The president of Quintilian blamed an optic cable break for a North Slope & Northwest Alaska internet outage that will take an undefined amount of time to fix.

“It appears there was a subsea fiber optic cable break near Oliktok Point, and the outage will be prolonged,” Quintillion President Michael “Mac” McHale said in a short statement provided by a company spokesperson. “We are working with our partners and customers on alternative solutions.”

The statement mirrored what the company released Saturday morning on social media.

So far, the company has not provided a specific timeline for the repair’s next steps.

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See a spelling or grammar error? Report it to web@ktuu.com



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Opinion: Alaska’s court system has had solutions for expensive, unnecessary delays since 2009. What’s lacking is accountability.

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Opinion: Alaska’s court system has had solutions for expensive, unnecessary delays since 2009. What’s lacking is accountability.


As a former prosecutor, I was shocked and saddened to read reporter Kyle Hopkins’ recent reporting in the Anchorage Daily News and ProPublica on pervasive, unconstitutional, heartbreaking delays of violent felony cases. Judges granting continuances 50 to 70 times over seven to 10 years — with “typically” no opposition from the prosecution, and no mention of the victims. Victims and their families suffering years before the closure that a trial can bring, some even dying during the delays.

Hopkins’ reporting is recent. The problem isn’t. The Office of Victims’ Rights (OVR) has been covering delays for years in annual reports to the Legislature, beginning in 2014. In 2018, after monitoring nearly 200 cases, OVR said judges were mostly to blame.

Other causes have been noted: understaffed public defender and prosecutor offices; the incentive for defendants to delay because witnesses’ memories fade. But in 2019, OVR said, “It is up to the judges to control the docket, to adhere to standing court orders, to follow the law and to protect victims’ rights as well as defendants’ rights.”

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In 1994, 86% of Alaskans who voted supported a crime victims’ rights ballot. That overwhelming mandate was enshrined in our state constitution. It includes victims’ “right to timely disposition of the case.” For years, Anchorage Superior Court judges have ignored this right.

After reading the recent coverage, I began searching. Maybe other jurisdictions had found solutions to similar delays. What I discovered shocked me even more.

In 2008, a working group co-chaired by an Alaska Supreme Court justice determined the average time to disposition for felony cases in Anchorage had nearly quadrupled. “This finding amounted to a ‘call to arms’ for improvements …(.)”

In November 2008, the state paid to send three judges, two court personnel, the Anchorage district attorney, the deputy attorney general and three public defenders to a workshop in Arizona about causes of delays, and solutions. David Steelman was a presenter. He worked with the Alaska group in Phoenix and Anchorage. That work resulted in a 59-page report dated March 2009.

I found Steelman’s report online (“Improving Criminal Caseflow Management in the Alaska Superior Court in Anchorage”). His findings are revealing.

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Delays resulted from informal attitudes, concerns and practices of the court, prosecutors and public defense lawyers. To change this “culture of continuances,” it was critical the court exercise leadership and the attorneys commit to change. Judges and the public-sector lawyers must recognize they were all responsible for making prudent use of the finite resources provided by taxpayers. Unnecessary delays wasted resources.

Steelman recommended the judges and lawyers agree to individual performance measurements, and the court engage in ongoing evaluation of his Caseflow Improvement Plan. The plan included a “Continuance Policy for Anchorage Felony Cases.”

I found an unsigned Anchorage court order dated May 1, 2009. It included Steelman’s Continuance Policy recommendation that the court log every requested continuance in the court file, name the party requesting it, the reasons given, whether the continuance was granted, and the delay incurred if it was granted.

More telling, it omitted Steelman’s recommendation that, “Every six months, the chief criminal judge shall report to the Presiding Judge on the number of continuances requested and granted during the previous period(.)”

That provision might have ensured accountability.

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After years of only bad news, in 2018, OVR reported a glimmer of “good news” — a pre-trial delay working group was formed by Anchorage Presiding Judge Morse and the court system. In September 2018, Judge Morse issued a Felony Pre-Trial Order. Its goals included reducing delays of felony case dispositions and minimizing the number of calendaring hearings. (Sound familiar?)

But, OVR added, “The real test will be whether judges will hold to the new plan and hold parties accountable for delays. The jury is out on whether the will to change is actually present, but the court ultimately will be responsible for improving this problem unless the legislature steps in and passes new laws to resolve this continuing violation of victims’ rights.”

The jury has been out since 2009. The court failed that test. Based on the ADN/ProPublica reporting, the court failed the test of 2018. Things are worse than ever.

And the court’s response? A spokesperson told Kyle Hopkins there was “new” training for judges on managing case flows, as well as an Anchorage presiding judge’s order limiting when postponements may be used. (Sound familiar?)

I also reached out to the court. I requested documentation of this “new” training and a copy of the latest order. I also asked about the unsigned May 2009 court order. I’ve received no response. Similarly, when Hopkins reached out to Anchorage Superior Court judges, none of the criminal docket judges responded directly.

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There are two things courts and judges will respond to: their budget and retention elections.

First, the Alaska Senate and House Judiciary and Finance Committees should hold the court system accountable for its proposed budget. Require it to cost out delays from past years. According to a 2011 report by Steelman, just two Anchorage cases (each with over 70 scheduling hearings), “(M)ay have cost the State of Alaska the full-time equivalent of an extra prosecutor or public defender attorney.”

The court system has proven, since 2008, it can’t be trusted to not waste money on unnecessary delays. It must finally be held accountable by the Legislature.

Second, retention elections. Superior Court judges are appointed by the governor, but they must stand election for retention by the voters every six years. The Alaska Judicial Council evaluates each judge before their election and makes that information public. The council incorporates surveys of attorneys, law enforcement, child services professionals, court employees and jurors.

The Judicial Council does not survey victims, or those who assist them, such as OVR or Victims for Justice. It should. Other than the defendant, victims are the only ones with a constitutional right to a speedy trial. That right is being ignored by judges. Alaska voters who issued a mandate should know which judges are ignoring it.

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Val Van Brocklin is a former state and federal prosecutor in Alaska who now trains and writes on criminal justice topics nationwide.

The views expressed here are the writer’s and are not necessarily endorsed by the Anchorage Daily News, which welcomes a broad range of viewpoints. To submit a piece for consideration, email commentary(at)adn.com. Send submissions shorter than 200 words to letters@adn.com or click here to submit via any web browser. Read our full guidelines for letters and commentaries here.





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Seattle offers much more than a connection hub for Alaska flyers

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Seattle offers much more than a connection hub for Alaska flyers


Lately I’ve spent too much time at the Seattle airport and not enough time exploring the Emerald City.

It’s not just about downtown Seattle, either. I’ve been catching up with friends in the area and we shared stories about visiting the nearby San Juan Islands or taking the Victoria Clipper up to Vancouver Island (bring your passport).

There are some seasonal events, though, that make a trip to Seattle more compelling.

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First on the list is Seattle Museum Month. Every February, area museums team up with local hotels to offer half-price admission.

There is a catch. To get the half-price admission, stay at a downtown hotel. There are 70 hotels from which to choose. Even if you just stay for one night, you can get a pass which offers up to four people half-price admission.

It’s very difficult to visit all of the museums on the list. Just visiting the Seattle Art Museum, right downtown near Pike Place Market, can take all day. There’s a special exhibit now featuring the mobiles of Alexander Calder and giant wood sculptures of artist Thaddeus Mosley.

But there are many ongoing exhibits at SAM, as the museum is affectionately known. Rembrandt’s etchings, an exhibit from northern Australia, an intricate porcelain sculpture from Italian artist Diego Cibelli, African art, Native American art and so much more is on display.

It’s worth the long walk to the north of Pike Place Market to visit the Olympic Sculpture Park, a free outdoor exhibition by SAM featuring oversized works, including a giant Calder sculpture. The sweeping views of Elliott Bay and the mountains on the Olympic Peninsula are part of the package.

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My other favorite art museum is the Burke Museum at the University of Washington. What I remember most about the Burke Museum is its rich collection of Northwest Native art.

But the term “museum” covers an incredible array of collections. A visit to the Chihuly Garden and Glass Museum is a chance to see the most fanciful creations of renowned glass blower Dale Chihuly. It’s right next to the Space Needle.

You have to go up to the top and see the new renovations.

“They took out most of the restaurant,” said Sydney Martinez, public relations manager for Visit Seattle.

“Then they replaced the floor with glass. Plus, they took the protective wires off from around the Observation Deck and put up clear glass for an uninterrupted view,” she said.

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If you visit the Space Needle in February, there’s hardly ever a line!

Getting from the airport to downtown is easy with the light rail system. There’s a terminal adjacent to the parking garage in the airport. The one-way fare for the 38-minute train ride is $3. From downtown, there are streetcars that go up Capitol Hill and down to Lake Union.

Martinez encourages travelers to check out the Transit Go app.

“All of the buses require exact change and sometimes that’s a hassle,” she said. “Just add finds to your app using a credit card and show the driver when you get on.”

Pike Place Market is a downtown landmark in Seattle. Fresh produce, the famous fish market, specialty retailers and restaurants — there’s always something going on. Now there’s even more to see.

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Following the destruction of the waterfront freeway and the building of the tunnel, the Seattle Waterfront project has made great strides on its revitalization plan. The latest milestone is the opening of the Overlook Walk.

The Seattle Waterfront project encompasses much more than the new waterfront steps. Landscaping, pedestrian crossings and parks still are being constructed. But you cannot miss the beautiful staircase that comes down from Pike Place Market to the waterfront.

“There’s a really large patio at the top overlooking Elliott Bay,” said Martinez. “The stairs go down to the waterfront from there, but there also are elevators.”

Tucked under one wall is a completely new exhibit from the Seattle Aquarium, which is right across the street on the water. The Ocean Pavilion features an exhibit on the “Indo-Pacific ecosystem in the Coral Triangle.” I want to see this for myself!

Wine lovers love Washington wines. And Seattle shows up to showcase the increasing variety of wines available around the state. Taste Washington brings the region’s food and wines together for an event in mid-March.

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Hosted by the WAMU Center near the big sports stadiums, Taste Washington features 200 wineries and 75 restaurants for tastings, pairings and demonstrations. There are special tastings, special dinners (plus a Sunday brunch) and special demonstrations between March 13 and 17.

There’s another regionwide feasting event called Seattle Restaurant Week, where participating restaurants offer a selected dinner for a set price. No dates are set yet, but Martinez said it usually happens both in the spring and the fall.

It’s not downtown, but it’s worth going to Boeing Field to see the Museum of Flight. This ever-expanding museum features exhibits on World War I and II, in addition to the giant main hall where there are dozens of planes displayed. I love getting up close to the world’s fastest plane, the black SR-71 Blackbird. But take the elevated walkway across the street to see the Concorde SST, an older version of Air Force 1 (a Boeing 707) and a Lockheed Constellation.

One of the most interesting exhibits is the Space Shuttle Trainer — used to train the astronauts here on the ground. There’s an amazing array of space-related exhibits. Don’t miss it.

Some travelers come to Seattle for sports. Take in home games from the Seattle Kraken hockey team or the Seattle Sounders soccer team this winter.

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Other travelers come to see shows. Moore Theatre is hosting Lyle Lovett on Feb. 19 and Anoushka Shankar on March 13. Joe Bonamassa is playing at the Climate Pledge Area on Feb. 16. There are dozens of live music venues throughout the area.

It’s easy to get out of town to go on a bigger adventure. The Victoria Clipper leaves from the Seattle Waterfront for Victoria’s Inner Harbour each day, starting Feb. 16. If you want faster passage, fly back on Kenmore Air to Lake Union.

The Washington State Ferries offer great service from downtown Seattle to the Olympic Peninsula. Or, drive north to Anacortes and take the ferry to the San Juan Islands. Or, just drive north to Mukilteo and catch a short ferry over to Whidbey Island.

There are fun events all year in Seattle. But I’m circling February on the calendar for Museum Month. Plus, I need to see that grand staircase from Pike Place Market down to the water!





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