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BIA boarding schools' devastating legacy continues to echo in Alaska • Alaska Beacon

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BIA boarding schools' devastating legacy continues to echo in Alaska • Alaska Beacon


There was only one purpose for the boarding school system in Alaska. In fact, there was only one purpose for the Bureau of Indian Affairs educational program in America.

It was all about white power. White supremacy. Assimilate the savage Natives by force.

The Inupiat people of our Bering Straits region, first subjugated by the Swedish Covenant Church in Unalakleet in 1887 under a missionary named Axel Karlsson, became the norm for the Bering Straits Inupiat from that point on. Every village was dominated by the church and the BIA school system. 

In tandem with the BIA objectives, the accompanying church contracts with the U.S. government system also added their layer of rules about who the masters were over our people. 

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The unholy remnants of that system remain to this day.

All of the villages in my region, now served by Bering Straits Native Corp., have locked themselves into a system to leave their cultural roots behind. Damage was done to the arts, the languages, the heritage of Inupiat song and dance, the storytelling as my Grandma Kipo used to do and along with that, the 10,000 years of respect for elders. 

She was the last of her roots. She passed on in 1953. 

The Washington Post in an August 2023 report said that life was not easy for Native students. 

Forced by the federal government to attend the schools, Native American children were sexually assaulted, beaten and emotionally abused. They were stripped of their clothes and scrubbed with lye soap. Matrons cut their long hair. Speaking their tribal language could lead to a beating.Taken from their homes on reservations, Native American children — some as young as 5 — were forced to attend Indian boarding schools as part of an effort by the federal government to wipe out their languages and culture and assimilate them into white society. 

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As the Post reported: 

“For nearly 100 years, from the late 1870s until 1969, the U.S. government, often in partnership with churches, religious orders and missionary groups, operated and supported more than 400 Indian boarding schools in 37 states. 

“Government officials and experts estimate that tens of thousands of Native children attended the schools over several generations, though no one knows the exact number. Thousands are believed to have died at the schools.” 

There were at least a dozen combination church-government schools in Alaska that sprang up as a result of the thousands of parents that died from the Spanish flu and along with it the push to expand the boarding programs across America. 

Their charge was to completely and utterly assimilate the children. 

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The schools in Alaska included the Eklutna Vocational School, the Mt. Edgecumbe High School, the White Mountain U.S. Government School, Wrangell Institute, the Tanana Orphanage, the St. Mary’s Orphanage, the Holy Cross Orphanage and the Dillingham Tutorial School. Several of these schools were operated by churches under contracts with the federal government.

The number of Native students that attended all of these schools is unknown. 

Each and every institution had their rules and regulations handed down from officials of the federal government. Students at Wrangell Institute for example, were not always called by their names. Instead, each was given a number. If you attended Wrangell Institute from the first grade on, you were called “number so and-so,” for the next 12 years. “None of the school staff knew our names.” 

Some Alaska Native grandpas and grandmas to this day remember their numbers, like 124, “that was my name,” one said. 

A system of federal, private and religious-run boarding schools over more than 150 years did its best to wipe out thousands of years of Native languages, cultures and family ties. The damage done to these children, and to the generations that followed, is immense. 

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Somewhere in Alaska are the remnants of more than 2,000 boarding home students who have never said a word about their experiences. The fabric is still torn. I myself was abused in Shaktoolik Day School by a BIA teacher bent on something so terroristic that I still can’t understand the inhumanity. 

I was almost killed at the age of 6 for speaking Inupiat. And the teacher was making an example of me by violently washing my mouth out with a bar of Fels-Naptha soap. 

One thing I cannot yet forget is the 12-year-old girl in my classroom who sobbed as she was ordered to explain in English that I was being punished because I spoke my God-given language in class. 

I can’t remember the girl’s name. She cried so hard that day. 

Our parents did nothing. Not a word was said. And neither did anyone from the village. Nothing was done. Why? 

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At that time the word of a white man was absolute law. 

When the teacher was done washing my mouth out, he dropped me on the hardwood floor. I landed on my hands and knees with the bar of soap still in my mouth. 

I was choking, but I knew I had to live. I fought to live. I fought hard to catch a breath. Finally, the bar of soap popped out along with a mouth full of bubbles. 

That violence has never been forgotten by me. It will never leave my presence. At 81 years of age, I still take a medication for post-traumatic stress disorder once a day. 

I am not the only one in my family who was victimized by federal and church policies that have caused eternal harm. 

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One day in July, a hot summer afternoon, I met a Tlingit man I had known for years, sitting on a bench at the former Sears Mall in Anchorage. There he told me an incredible story I never knew about.

He spoke of how he came to know my parents. He said the captain of the Alaska Bureau of Indian Affairs supply ship had dropped off four little Inupiat children on the Hoonah beach on its voyage back to Seattle sometime in the 1920s. 

“They were all alone, just standing on the beach, four little ones about 4, 5, 6 years old. We saw them from our house and went down and took them home with us.” 

He allowed me to know how his father and mother raised them from then on as their own. 

The four were my dad’s siblings: Ann, George, Edward, and Axel Jackson. The captain said he put them on his ship in Nome, Alaska, to see if he could find them a home and family on his way south to Seattle. The captain also said he stopped at every village and town along the way. No one volunteered. 

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Alaska was in the midst of the Spanish flu epidemic at the time and people were dying by the thousands. Tuberculosis was also rampant. A report from that time told of people dying in every village, with at least 10 a day in the Nome area gold fields where my father’s dad, Erick Jackson, worked as a mining engineer. 

Jackson was from Finland, and was one of many who trekked across the Chilkoot Pass on his way north to the Nome gold mines. 

The Spanish flu and TB took many lives, with some villages entirely wiped out. The Tetpon family of Shaktoolik later adopted my father Eric Jackson Tetpon Sr. when he was 2 years old. 

The other four were left in Hoonah. 

Hoonah is located in Southeast Alaska and was the last stop on the supply ship’s voyage back to the Pacific Northwest. The four grew up as family members of the Mercer family in Hoonah and later, Anne, George, Edward and Axel were sent to Chemawa Indian School in Salem, Oregon. 

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Three of the four did well and survived the hell they experienced at Chemawa Indian School. Axel Jackson did not make it. The word is that Axel was so badly abused at the school that he was admitted to the Morningside Hospital, a psychiatric facility in Portland. 

My father said he never spoke another word for about 30 years. Axel passed away there. 

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Alaska

Alaska Supreme Court gives city of Valdez partial win in effort to unlock Hilcorp financial secrets

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Alaska Supreme Court gives city of Valdez partial win in effort to unlock Hilcorp financial secrets


The Alaska Supreme Court on Friday granted the city of Valdez a partial win in its effort to force the release of financial data that oil company Hilcorp was allowed to keep secret when it acquired BP’s Alaska assets for $5.6 billion in 2020.

The 30-page unanimous decision will allow the Southcentral Alaska city to take up arguments in state Superior Court in its quest to have that financial data released.

The city seeks the disclosure in an effort to ensure that the Houston, Texas-based oil company, operator of Alaska’s largest oil field, has the financial wherewithal to, for example, clean up a major oil spill should one occur.

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Valdez is located at the end of the trans-Alaska pipeline, where massive amounts oil are placed into giant tanks and oceangoing ships take on crude oil for shipment to refineries. The city is located near the site of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.

Hilcorp’s financial information is “highly relevant to Valdez’s ability to assess and comment on Harvest Alaska’s fitness to operate” the trans-Alaska pipeline system, the court said.

Valdez lost on a second matter, an effort to force a public hearing on conditions associated with the transfer to Hilcorp of BP’s ownership in the 800-mile trans-Alaska pipeline that delivers the oil to market. The public hearing could address conditions that could be applied to the transfer, including to strengthen public protections for the eventual dismantling, removal and cleanup of the pipeline, said Robin Brena, the city’s lead attorney, in an interview Friday.

Valdez plans to quickly ask the Supreme Court for a rehearing on that issue, Brena said.

“It’s a good result,” Brena said of the case.

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But it could have been better, he said.

“This is Alaskans’ oil, and we need to be sure that its development, production and transportation are safely and prudently conducted,” he said.

Valdez has never sought to undo the deal that allowed Hilcorp to take over BP’s assets in Alaska, he said.

The bonanza oil field agreement involved the largest transfer of Alaska oil field assets in decades. It made Hilcorp the operator of the state’s Prudhoe Bay oil field and gave it the largest stake in the 800-mile trans-Alaska pipeline.

The hearing in the case before the Supreme Court took place last summer. It attracted a large audience of spectators. Dozens of people also protested outside Anchorage’s Boney Courthouse. They called for the disclosure of Hilcorp’s financial records and faulted the company for a long list of safety violations cited by state oil field regulators.

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Past transfers of oil field assets in Alaska have involved publicly traded companies that are required to disclose their financial information. But Hilcorp, based in Houston, is privately owned.

The case pit the city of Valdez against the Regulatory Commission of Alaska, which had permitted Hilcorp to keep its financial statements out of the public eye. Hilcorp and BP were defendants in the case alongside the state regulatory agency.

The Alaska Department of Law and the state regulatory commission are reviewing the decision, spokespeople said Friday.

Representatives with Hilcorp could not immediately be reached for comment early Friday.

During last summer’s hearing, lawyers for the state regulatory commission and the oil companies argued that Valdez had not adequately followed procedures at the state agency before the agency agreed to transfer regulatory approvals in the deal.

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The defense also argued that the city had not been harmed, and therefore did not have standing in the case. They argued that Valdez’s appeals were moot.

They said the Superior Court properly dismissed the city’s case on those and other grounds in 2021. That decision led to the appeal by the city.

The state Supreme Court decision, written by Justice Jude Pate, said that Valdez in fact does have standing. The court said the city’s appeals to the Supreme Court were not moot.

It is “difficult to imagine any individual or entity that has a greater direct interest” than Valdez in the transfer, and in the capacity of Hilcorp subsidiary Harvest Alaska to safely operate the pipeline, the decision said.

But in the city’s effort to challenge the procedures related to the transfer of trans-Alaska pipeline assets, “Valdez was required to exhaust administrative remedies,” the decision said.

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It “failed to do so without a valid excuse,” the decision said. As a result, the Superior Court’s dismissal of that part of the case stands.





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Canada West to East Kicks Off From Alaska Border » Explorersweb

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Canada West to East Kicks Off From Alaska Border » Explorersweb


Nicolas Roulx and Catherine Chagnon have set off on their monster six-month, 6,500km west-to-east journey through Canada. The duo’s entire trip will take place north of the 60th parallel.

Chagnon and Roulx had planned to set off by bicycle from near Beaver Creek on the Alaska-Yukon border on April 18 but left a few days later on April 21. By May 1, they had covered 900km along the Alaska Highway. As the pair transition to the dirt Nahanni Range Road, their 120km per day pace may slow. Camping as they go, they’ve had good weather and encountered some wildlife, but no grizzlies.

The full 6,500km route. The section in red highlights the cycling segment. Photo: Expedition AKOR

 

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They will ride the dirt road for around a week before reaching the village of Tungsten. Here, they will meet friends Mathieu Beland and Guillaume Moreau. The foursome will then begin the meaty 2,800km canoe section of their expedition on the Nahanni River.

Will it be warm enough to paddle?

It will be interesting to see how much paddling they manage on the lakes and rivers of the Northwest Territories. Much of the route could still be frozen, though Roulx told ExplorersWeb they did not expect it to be a major problem before setting off.

“It’s an El Nino year, so it should be a little warmer,” Roulx explained.

These opening few weeks are a vital warm-up for Roulx. He suffered a nasty accident not long after his 2021 Canada north-to-south expedition. He broke his leg while bouldering and has endured a long road to recovery. So far Roulx’s knee is holding up well, though he does report “suffering from some knee pain, but nothing serious or abnormal.”

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Bronson, LaFrance offer different views and priorities in Alaska Public Media-ADN mayoral runoff debate

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Bronson, LaFrance offer different views and priorities in Alaska Public Media-ADN mayoral runoff debate



Anchorage Mayor Dave Bronson (left) asks a question to his opponent Suzanne LaFrance (right) during a mayoral runoff debate held at the Alaska Public Media Building on Thursday, May 2, 2024. (Matt Faubion/Alaska public Media)

Anchorage mayoral candidates Dave Bronson and Suzanne LaFrance faced off in a debate hosted by Alaska Public Media and the Anchorage Daily News Thursday night. 

The two sparred over competing ideologies and priorities. 

Bronson, the incumbent, made homelessness a centerpiece of his debate performance, mentioning his proposed East Anchorage homeless shelter in six different answers. The shelter was rejected by the Assembly after his administration broke city code by proceeding with construction without Assembly approval. He also described homelessness as a major driver of pedestrian deaths and high rates of violence against women. 

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“We need to protect these women by putting them into a shelter,” Bronson said. “And that’s why for three years, I’ve been trying to build a shelter. And somehow this shelter got political. I don’t know how, but at the end of the day, that’s the path forward.”

Meanwhile, former Assembly Chair Suzanne LaFrance focused on providing basic services during the debate. She said she’d prioritize local governance, rather than divisive state and national politics. 

“We’ve got to get the basics right,” LaFrance said. “And right now, you know, we’ve got a APD staffing shortage of over 50 sworn officers. We don’t have a plan on homelessness. And we’ve got to figure out a way to plow our streets of snow in the winter.”

The moderators asked both candidates questions specifically tailored to them. Bronson was asked about comments he’d made at an Anchorage Chamber debate this week where he described himself as “normal”, and his opponent as “woke.”

Bronson described wokeness as a harmful left-wing platform. 

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“It’s a political ideology of the far left,” Bronson said. “I don’t think it’s healthy. I don’t think it reflects science. I don’t think it reflects, certainly, good public policy.”

Meanwhile, LaFrance was asked about concerns that she’s too closely aligned with the current Assembly. She said checks and balances would continue if she becomes mayor, and when she was on the Assembly, there were disagreements. 

“That is exactly what I would expect as mayor from the Assembly,” LaFrance said. “Because you’ve got 12 different people who are working to do their best to stand up for their constituents. And there’s going to be some healthy disagreement.”

A poll of debate viewers and listeners found that about 90 percent had already decided who they would vote for, with about nine percent saying they were undecided and one percent saying they weren’t voting.

Ballots for the mail-in runoff election are due May 14.

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