Providing reliable air transportation in Alaska is a challenging business.

Flying in and out of Anchorage and Fairbanks is one thing. But servicing destinations off the road system is more complicated. Much of the traffic is seasonal. Otherwise, there are not a lot of travelers. The weather often is horrible. Everything is more expensive.

Aleutian Airways started flying one route about four years ago: Anchorage-Dutch Harbor, using a Saab 2000 twin-prop plane.

In many ways, Aleutian, which is owned by Orlando-based Sterling Airways, rose from the ashes of Peninsula Airways, or PenAir. Sterling Airways is owned by Wexford Capital. Wexford’s senior vice president is Wayne Heller, who is CEO of Sterling Airways.

It was PenAir that worked for a long time to get the Saab 2000 certified to fly out to Dutch Harbor. Many of the aircraft that Aleutian Airways now fly used to be part of the PenAir fleet.

Aleutian Airways has five Saab 2000s in its fleet. According to Brian Whilden, Aleutian’s general manager, the carrier has two more of the planes on order.

Since the carrier started flying to Dutch Harbor four years ago, it has added several new destinations from Anchorage. During the busy crab fishing season, Aleutian can operate as many as four scheduled flights per day. The flights are not cheap: up to $1,039 one-way on the airline’s website.

Part of the equation for flying out to Dutch Harbor is the weather. Recently, storms blew through Dutch Harbor and flights were canceled. Hundreds of travelers were stuck in Anchorage, waiting for the weather to clear. Earlier this week, many of the stranded travelers eventually were able to land safely in Dutch Harbor.

The first additions were other destinations on the Alaska Peninsula: Cold Bay and Sand Point. Also, Aleutian began seasonal flights for the salmon season in King Salmon. Again, on the busiest days, three or four flights were scheduled.

Anchorage-King Salmon is the one route where Aleutian competes with Alaska Airlines, which flies the route year-round in conjunction with its regional airline subsidiary, Horizon Air.

The next markets Aleutian targeted were on the Kenai Peninsula: Kenai and Homer.

The carrier’s Homer service was interrupted while Alaska’s Department of Transportation and Public Facilities resurfaced the runway. Currently, Aleutian flies between Anchorage and Homer once a day, leaving at 7:30 a.m. Whilden said they plan to add a second daily flight next month. Tickets cost about $200 one-way.

Aleutian also flies to Kenai once each day. By contrast, Grant Aviation flies 27 times per day. There’s a big difference, though. Aleutian flies the route in a 46-passenger ATR42-600 twin-prop. Grant operates nine-passenger Cessna 208s on the route.

Earlier this month, Aleutian Airways took delivery of its first ATR aircraft. This aircraft actually is operated by another air carrier owned by Sterling Airways: Argentum Airways. Aleutian Airways pays Argentum to fly the Anchorage-Kenai and Anchorage-Homer routes using the ATR plane, which is painted in Aleutian Airways’ colors.

This seems like a fancy shell game to me. But the ATR aircraft is on a separate operating certificate, from Silver Airways, a now-defunct Florida-based air carrier acquired by Sterling Airways.

According to Whilden, two more ATR72-600 planes are planned for the Argentum fleet to fly for Aleutian Airways. The ATR72s are larger than the ATR42, with a capacity of as many as 78 passengers.

However, Whilden said there will be “fewer” seats on the aircraft, to avoid setting up TSA screening stations at the carrier’s airports. Both the Saab 200s and the ATR42s are exempt from TSA metal-detector screening at the terminal in Anchorage and at the carrier’s stations around the state.

While the ATR aircraft can operate quickly and easily on routes to the Kenai Peninsula, the plane was essential for Aleutian Airways in its quest to provide service to St. Mary’s in Western Alaska.

St. Mary’s, on the banks of the Andreafsky River near the confluence with the Yukon River, is a village of about 500 people. It has a gravel runway. Aleutian Airways’ fleet of Saab 2000s, with its “wing-under” configuration, was not suitable to land on gravel. The ATR42 — and the ATR72 — featured a “wing-over” design and is better-suited for St. Mary’s.

There’s another big factor in Aleutian’s growth plan for its next three markets: St. Paul Island, Unalakleet and St. Mary’s.

For the first time in Alaska, Sterling Airways has applied for and was approved for Essential Air Service subsidies to serve these markets.

Aleutian Airways already is flying from Anchorage to Unalakleet three times per week, with fares from $199 one-way.

Scheduled service to St. Paul Island and St. Mary’s does not happen overnight.

Particularly to St. Paul Island, there are extensive modifications necessary for the Saab 2000 to operate over water. Seating is limited to 30 passengers. Once the modifications are complete, the FAA must approve them before revenue flights can begin.

In the meantime, travelers in St. Paul are restricted to one of just eight seats on a Learjet operated by Security Aviation two or three times per week. Aside from that, travelers must hire a private charter.

In St. Mary’s, until the ATR42 is certified to fly there, Ryan Air is operating nonstop flights to Anchorage three times per week.

Aleutian Airways had planned to inaugurate regular scheduled service to all three destinations sooner. But Whilden faults the lengthy government shutdown for the delays.

“People don’t realize how many things were impacted by the shutdown,” he said.

For example, the ATR42 arrived in Anchorage on Jan. 6. But it wasn’t authorized to fly for another two weeks, on Jan. 20.

The Essential Air Service subsidy for St. Paul Island, St. Mary’s and Unalakleet starts at $14.9 million for the first year, increasing to $16.7 million in the fourth year.

Service to these three markets places Sterling Airways and its brands Aleutian Airways and Argentum Airways as the No. 2 recipient of Essential Air Service money in the state.

The No. 1 recipient of EAS money is Alaska Airlines. Alaska receives more than $17 million per year to fly to Adak, Cordova, Yakutat, Wrangell and Petersburg.

The quest to provide safe, reliable passenger transportation is a complex puzzle. Major players include the EAS program, the FAA, meteorologists, operational navigational aids, pilots, crews and well-maintained aircraft.

The equation also includes certificated aviation operators, including Sterling Airways. Sterling and its subsidiaries are “part 121” air carriers, which means they can operate larger aircraft. They also must adhere to more rigorous safety, maintenance and documentation standards, just as Alaska Airlines does.

Sterling’s larger aircraft offer a level of comfort and convenience to Bush travelers that we in Anchorage take for granted. Safe, reliable passenger transportation is essential to connect Alaska’s far-flung communities for work, for commerce and business, for health care and for family connections. But it’s not cheap.

Arizona head coach Brent Brennan and his staff have been making waves in the 2027 recruiting cycle. So far, the Wildcats have secured commitments from two three-star prospects and are making progress with several other recruits.

One of those recruits is a three-star linebacker from California, and a recruiting analyst recently reported that Arizona is among the programs competing to land him.

Anu Koiv emerged from her Gunbarrel home in the middle of January and spotted something she hadn’t seen in the seven years she’s lived there: pink flowers blooming on a backyard viburnum shrub. In winter.

As the 72-year-old retiree was admiring the unexpected burst of color, she noticed bees dancing on the flowers. The sun was out, and temperatures in Boulder County hovered in the mid-50s.

“The weather is pulling the pollinators out of their dormancy,” Koiv said enthusiastically. “A multitude of bees.”

A few miles away in Arvada, Susan Burgmaier was headed to the outdoor pickleball courts at the Simms Street Recreation Center for a match. The weather was heavenly, and Burgmaier, 61, had been playing the game al fresco once a week for much of the fall and early winter.

“The only thing that stops us is the gazillion-mile-per-hour winds,” she said.

The warm, snow-free weather that many in the city have enjoyed for weeks — extending the active season for cyclists, hikers and runners — is bringing less joy to the high country, where the nearly $5 billion-a-year Colorado ski industry is struggling to salvage its season.

“We haven’t had many powder nirvana days this year,” said Melanie Mills, the president and CEO of Colorado Ski Country USA, a trade association representing 20 of the state’s ski areas. “Visits are down enough that they will not recover, even if the rest of the season is very snowy.”

Colorado is getting a break with this weekend’s arctic blast — with forecasts of accompanying mountain snow — but the broader dry-weather pattern that’s set to return in coming days is raising worries not only about the ski season but also about impacts this summer for Colorado’s water supply and the farms and industries it sustains.

Despite the thrill of playing pickleball outdoors on a January day, Burgmaier fears the darker implications of what’s happening with the weather.

“It’s nice to be outside, but what’s happening is not good for the environment,” she said. “That one time it snowed this season, I was thrilled. I can get my exercise shoveling — and I’m happy about it.”

State Climatologist Russ Schumacher said figuring out the ramifications of a dry and mild end of fall and start of winter is a complicated thing.

Colorado just clocked its warmest December since records started being kept in 1895, while Denver had its second-warmest final month of the year. The city broke daily temperature records seven times last month, including on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. It also documented 21 days where the average temperature was more than 6 degrees above normal, according to the National Weather Service.

The balmy days have extended into 2026, with Jan. 4 setting a new high-temperature record of 67 degrees for metro Denver for that date.

“What makes this year so unusual is it’s been so warm for so long,” said Schumacher, who is also a professor in the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University.

In the high country, the warm temperatures have claimed the Rotary Park Ice Rink in Ouray for the season. Last week, the city announced its closure because there hadn’t been “the necessary cold days or snow pack to produce the level of ice our community deserves.”

Closer to the Front Range, Dillon Reservoir was creeping towards its latest freeze-over on record. The current record was set on Jan. 31, 1981. Denver Water, which owns and operates the Summit County lake, estimated last week that ice cover was around 60% — not sufficient for ice fishing or cross-country skiing enthusiasts.

Conditions may have briefly flipped this weekend, with a deep freeze settling over the state and heavy snow — up to 10 inches or more — forecast for many mountain locations as of late last week, according to OpenSnow.

But it will take more than that to make up for the dearth of snow so far this season.

“You need February and March to be nonstop snowstorms,” Schumacher said.

Temps on an upward march

The reasons behind the rise in temperatures and the increase in dryness are fiercely debated, with a mix of focus on the impacts coming from global climate change and those that are attributable to the weather variability that has long shaped what is experienced on the ground.

Globally, the 10 warmest years on record have occurred in the last decade, according to the World Meteorological Organization. The same group determined that the global average concentration of carbon dioxide in 2024 surged to the highest level since modern measurements began in 1957.

Carbon dioxide is a pollutant that scientists say helps lock heat in Earth’s atmosphere.

“That’s where the climate change signal really comes out,” Schumacher said.

According to a series of scientific studies published last year and collated by the Yale Center for Environmental Communication, researchers determined that climate change is complicit in the drying and warming of the American Southwest. The studies found emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are driving an ongoing 25-year shortfall in winter rains and mountain snows across the region.

Dryness has accompanied the elevated temperatures felt by Coloradans this fall and winter, with the state tallying its 34th-driest December in 130 years of record-keeping, according to the Colorado Climate Center. Much of the state is in some level of drought, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor, though a broad swath of the Eastern Plains is not.

Denver had its second-latest first accumulating snow — on Nov. 29. As of Thursday, mountain snowpack was at 56% of the median for that date, according to data collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Water and Climate Center.

The snowpack was well below the lowest level recorded at this point in the season in records that go back to 1987.

But Schumacher said aridity in Colorado within a shorter window of time is tough to pin on global warming, given the complexity and interplay of major weather systems and cycles, like El Niño and La Niña.

“Changes in precipitation in Colorado are harder to connect to global climate change because the natural variability can be so big,” he said.

It’s not like anemic snowpacks are new to Colorado. Nearly half a century ago, during the winter of 1976-1977, the state endured one of its worst winters for snow paucity in memory, prompting then-U.S. Sen. Floyd Haskell to urge President Gerald Ford to declare Colorado’s snow-starved high country a disaster area eligible for economic relief.

Just four winters later, in 1980-1981, it happened again.

Jason Ullmann, the state engineer for the Colorado Division of Water Resources, said that despite the recent dry conditions, water storage levels across the state were in pretty good shape.

“We’re in an OK position with reservoir storage on average statewide,” he said.

But Ullmann noted that if things didn’t ramp up significantly on the storm front over the next two months or so, a different conversation could be in the offing by spring.

“It’s not time for panic — there is time for it to improve,” he said. “One of our snowiest months, March, is still to come.”

High country woes

Rick “The Pup” Ascher has seen “really good” years and some “less-than-good” years in his nearly 50 years in Summit County.

He moved to Breckenridge from Minnesota in 1979, at age 18. For the past two decades, he’s owned the ski and snowboard business Pup’s Glide Shop, just off Main Street on Ski Hill Road.

“This year started out pretty slow,” Ascher said, “and it just continued really slow.”

Snowmaking equipment, he said, has done “an incredible job of putting snow on the main trails for the general public” at Breckenridge Ski Resort, but he knows a truly successful ski season can’t be had without the real stuff coating the slopes at some point.

That’s where Ascher puts on his optimist hat.

“Records show it’s going to snow,” he said. “It always has.”

Sonja Chavez, the general manager of the Upper Gunnison Water Conservancy District, which covers Crested Butte and Gunnison, said the snow water equivalent in the Upper Gunnison River Basin was at 67% of average. Snow water equivalent is a crucial measurement of the amount of liquid water contained within the snowpack.

“Right now, I would say I’m moderately concerned,” she said. “If you talk to me in the spring and we still haven’t seen any significant snowfall, I would characterize my state of mind as highly concerned. If we go into another year with poor snowpack, or below-average snowpack, we’re going to be in a world of hurt.”

Joel Gratz, founding meteorologist of the OpenSnow reporting and forecasting service — which is relied upon by diehard skiers and snowboarders — said temperatures have been rising over the last 60 years. But blaming climate change for current conditions in Colorado, he said, is a facile calculation that fails to account for other meteorological factors at play.

A persistent high-pressure ridge over the West and a low-pressure trough over the eastern United States have been deflecting storms to the north of Colorado, he said.

And while the La Niña weather cycle now occurring over the Pacific Ocean tends to dry and warm the American Southwest, he said, its effects are felt more strongly north and south of the state.

“The atmosphere has multiple factors that create storm tracks. Sometimes they’re not in our favor, sometimes they are. And sometimes it’s a little bit of both,” Gratz said. “There is low to zero confidence that there have been any long-term changes in storm tracks or the amount of precipitation that falls here in Colorado.

“This is not climate change. This is simply bad luck.”

Ski resorts try to ‘stay nimble’

Regardless of the cause, the impacts of this season’s dismal conditions in the high country are indisputable.

Weekend traffic through the Eisenhower-Johnson Memorial Tunnels in November was down 3.6% from the previous November, according to the Colorado Department of Transportation. Traffic thinned even more in December, with 11.6% fewer weekend warriors transiting the tunnels compared to December 2024.

Room bookings in Breckenridge this season have slipped 7.8% compared to last year, with February’s numbers alone down 13% year over year, according to the Breckenridge Tourism Office.

Earlier this month, Vail Resorts reported to investors that skier visits to its destinations across North America have fallen 20% for the season. The publicly held, Broomfield-based company owns Vail, Beaver Creek, Breckenridge, Keystone and Crested Butte in Colorado, plus 32 other resorts in North America.

Chief Executive Rob Katz told investors that in the Rockies, “snowfall was down nearly 60% versus the historical 30-year average, resulting in approximately 11% of terrain being opened in December.”

Alan Henceroth, CEO of Arapahoe Basin, told The Denver Post that the season has “asked all of us to stay nimble, both on and off the mountain.” While hours have been cut, no employees have been fired or furloughed, the resort said.

Away from the busy Interstate 70 corridor, the challenges are no different. Said Andrew Sandstrom, executive director of the Gunnison-Crested Butte Tourism Association: “We’re hanging in there.”

The mostly north-facing slopes at Crested Butte Mountain Resort have meant less melting of the snow that is there. And with a 13-day ski patrol strike at Telluride Ski Resort that ended in early January, Sandstrom said Crested Butte saw “a little bit of a boost, last minute, of people shifting here.”

“Many destinations are facing similar things. The remainder of the season is certainly much more snow-dependent. Folks are deciding now, ‘Do I take a ski trip for spring break, or do I go to the beach for spring break?’ ” he said. “With the lack of snow, it’s certainly impacting us.”

Mills, the Colorado Ski Country USA head, said while skier visits are “down sizable double digits” this season, she is not giving up.

“We’re starting to see colder weather,” she said. “There’s a lot of season left, and we know that skiers and snowboarders, when it snows, they want to get out and ski. I think there is a lot of pent-up demand that will still turn out this season.

“We’re not writing it off, by any means.”

Snowpack means water for farms, cities

Nearly 10,000 feet downhill from A-Basin’s 13,000-foot peak sits Dale Mauch’s 4,000-acre farm in Prowers County, which borders Kansas. There, the 65-year-old Colorado native grows corn, hay, wheat and oats. He started farming at age 18.

Mauch credits an early January snowstorm for putting southeast Colorado in fairly good shape water-wise — for now. But he knows the Arkansas River watershed has a snow water equivalent that is just 44% of average. The river is critical to irrigating the farm fields in the area.

If the snowpack doesn’t build in the next two months, Mauch said, farmers on the Eastern Plains will have to tap big water sources — like the John Martin and Pueblo reservoirs — earlier and harder than they’d like.

“So lake water that would last you into September could be done by July,” he said. “Then your crop burns up.”

As crucial as snowpack is to a productive field, Mauch said, farmers can look to the heavens as a backup. He is hoping that monsoon rains materialize this summer.

“If you get the afternoon thunderstorms, you can have a river from rain that makes up for the lack of a river on the snow side,” he said. “Our life is hope — because you have a lot of reasons to say, ‘Why do I do this?’ ”

Nathan Elder’s life is maintaining resilience in Denver Water’s system, which serves 1.5 million people in metro Denver.

As manager of the utility’s water supply, he keeps a close eye on Denver Water’s reservoir system, which sprawls across 4,000 square miles and into more than a half-dozen counties west of Denver.

Denver Water taps all or part of 17 reservoirs — which, all told, hold a capacity of 708,000 acre-feet of water. An acre-foot, the amount of water it takes to cover an acre in a foot of water, can supply up to two single-family households’ needs for a year.

Almost all of the water the utility disperses comes from snowmelt.

Elder said the system is at 82% of capacity, which is just 4 percentage points below its normal level of 86% of capacity for this time of year.

“Our snowpack is not the worst we’ve seen for this time of the year, but it’s close to the bottom,” he said.

Elder projects Denver Water’s storage system will be at 90% of capacity at its peak on July 1.

“Denver Water plans for these types of things,” he said. “No one should go out and buy emergency tubs of water.”

But a longer-term concern for water managers is developing in terms of the quality of Colorado’s snowpack, Elder said. Because of rising temperatures, evaporation increases at the surface and desiccated soils suck up more water before it flows downhill.

“We just can’t expect our snowpack to produce as much as in past years,” he said. “We’re on a trend that we don’t want to be on right now.”