A part of a seamless weekly sequence on Alaska historical past by native historian David Reamer. Have a query about Anchorage or Alaska historical past or an thought for a future article? Go to the shape on the backside of this story.
The frigid sea lapped on the shores of Tee Harbor, about 15 miles northwest of Juneau. At first, there was simply the suggestion of motion, a small wake directed towards the shore. Because it approached, particulars got here into focus. No matter it was, it was coated in oil. It was a canine, starved and exhausted. Half-crazed from worry, it dragged itself onto the seashore and pulled away from the water as rapidly because it might. Beneath the crud, it had white fur with darkish, liver-colored spots. Alaskans throughout the territory quickly discovered in regards to the canine, whose title was later revealed as Tommy. For Tommy was the only real survivor from the wreck of the SS Princess Sophia in 1918, the deadliest maritime catastrophe in Alaska historical past.
For a lot of causes, 1918 was a horrible yr for Alaska. The promise of the varied gold rushes, from Juneau to the Prepare dinner Inlet to the Klondike to Nome to Fairbanks to Iditarod, had lengthy since pale. Fortune hunters deserted the territory by the 1000’s. The 1917 American entry to World Struggle I drained extra of the populace away, raised the prices in Alaska for important provides and depleted federal funding for the territory. The delicate financial system and improvement of Alaska have been practically shattered.
The worldwide influenza pandemic, popularly often called the Spanish influenza, additionally reached Alaska in 1918. Alaska was one of many areas of the world hardest hit. From 1918 to 1919, roughly half of all Alaska deaths have been resulting from influenza. Solely 10% of the residents survived at Brevig Mission, close to Nome. Because of outmigration and excessive dying charges, Alaska’s inhabitants declined by 14.5% from 1910 to 1920. Amid these horrors was the sinking of the Princess Sophia.
The Princess Sophia was a 245-foot-long, 44-foot-wide steamship ordered by the Canadian Pacific Railway Coastal Service in 1911. It was the latest addition to their princess fleet, a set of smaller ocean liners, all with “princess” of their names. Different notable ships within the fleet included the Princess Louisa, Princess Adelaide and Princess Could. The Princess Sophia was in-built Scotland and launched in 1911, with its maiden voyage a yr later after outfitting. It and two sister ships then sailed from Scotland round Cape Horn and north alongside the west coast of the Americas. As soon as the steamer reached its new house base in British Columbia, it was transformed from coal-burning to grease. At a peak velocity of round 13 knots, she was considerably sluggish however sturdy, able to dealing with the frequent storms of the Pacific Northwest.
As launched, the steamship was licensed for 250 passengers, although simply obtained permissions allowed her to hold extra, and her most capability was twice that. The very best-quality staterooms included two berths, working water, a sink and electrical lights. Exterior the sleeping lodging, there was an remark room and a separate smoking room with a staffed bar, each completed in maple. The central social location on board was the expansive eating saloon that might seat greater than 100 individuals. The saloon was completed in wealthy mahogany with maple panels. Because the Victoria Each day Colonist famous, “the entire vessel exhibits that nothing has been left undone to offer for the consolation of the traveler.”
The steamer ran up and down the coast with out notoriety for many of its comparatively transient existence. No ship in Alaska throughout that period was with out accidents, given the fog, wind, storms, few navigational aids, questionable charts, sturdy tides and quite a few submerged hazards. Nevertheless, the Princess Sophia efficiently prevented the worst of them for seven years. In April 1913, she hit a reef at Sentinel Island close to Juneau however didn’t breach the bulkhead and was in a position to proceed the journey. She equally survived beaching throughout a January 1914 snowstorm and a September 1918 collision with one other vessel.
With some breaks brought on by World Struggle I, the Princess Sophia ran an everyday route between Vancouver and Skagway starting in 1913. On Oct. 19, 1918, the steamer left Vancouver and turned north. Whereas diminished from its gold rush peak, Skagway remained a key transportation hub for vacationers from Yukon and Alaska to factors south. The late fall-early winter timing meant a larger-than-average crowd of passengers keen to flee to hotter climes. Ice had already closed the Yukon River for the season, eradicating one different route out of the Klondike and Inside Alaska.
On Oct. 23, 1918, at 10:10 p.m., the steamer pulled out of Skagway with Juneau as the subsequent deliberate vacation spot. About an hour later, the climate turned tough, a blinding snowstorm mixed with heavy winds. On the helm was Capt. Leonard Locke, a veteran of the princess fleet. He was neither a fearless navigator from legend nor a dunce carried upwards by luck. As an alternative, he was someplace in that broad vary in between, a person who did his job and perhaps little extra.
Some individuals, by their selections and habits, go away outsized footprints upon the historic file. Others don’t. Capt. Locke was the latter. There are not any grand, colourful anecdotes about him. He was described as “fastidious and punctilious,” that are widespread and probably even admirable traits in a ship’s captain. Some crew members thought of him useless, declaring that he wore a toupee to cover his baldness. One shipmate later testified that the married Locke spent a lot of his time on board entertaining feminine passengers privately in his cabin. Useless philanderers are maybe much more widespread than fastidious captains.
On the fateful evening, Capt. Locke saved the ship working at round 11-12 knots regardless of the poor visibility. Firm coverage and finest practices steered that he ought to have lowered the velocity to about 7 knots. The Princess Sophia was late in leaving Skagway, and he conceivably was attempting to maintain as near the schedule as doable. Within the rush, the Princess Sophia veered off target within the Lynn Canal, steaming straight down the center when it ought to have been within the deeper water on the aspect.
At about 2:10 a.m., the steamer struck the Vanderbilt Reef, a rocky outcropping northwest of Juneau practically totally coated by water. A number of passengers panicked, and one girl ostentatiously become a black costume, however there was initially little to fret about. Most significantly, the hull was not leaking, they usually have been in a position to ship a misery name to Juneau. Capt. Locke informed the passengers the ship would float free from the rocks at excessive tide.
The steamship remained in place for the remainder of the day, Oct. 24. Excessive tide that morning didn’t carry the ship free. Although a number of ships answered the decision for assist, they might not method. Quite than abating, the storm had, if something, worsened. The identical swells and rocks that battered the Princess Sophia threatened to wreck them as effectively.
The morale among the many passengers different. Some have been afraid, some have been hopeful, and a few merely felt inconvenienced by the delay. A few of them penned letters, of which not less than two have been later recovered. Auris McQueen was nonetheless hopeful when he wrote, “(we) have run out smooth sugar. However the pipe is mounted so we’re getting warmth and lights now, and we nonetheless have lump sugar and water for ingesting.”
John “Jack” Maskell was ready for the worst in a letter to his fiancé later printed world wide. He wrote, “I’m penning this my expensive lady whereas the boat is in grave hazard. We struck a rock final evening which threw many from their berths, ladies rushed out of their evening apparel, some have been crying, some too weak to maneuver, however the lifeboats have been swung out in all readiness however owing to the storm can be insanity to launch till there was no hope for the ship.”
He continued, “The boat would possibly go to items, for the pressure of the waves are horrible, making terrible noises on the aspect of the boat, which has fairly an inventory to port. Nobody is allowed to sleep, however imagine me expensive Dorrie it may need been a lot worse. Simply hear there’s a massive steamer coming.” The tip of the letter contained his will, which said, “My insurance coverage, funds, and property I go away to my spouse (who was to be) Miss Dorothy Burgess.”
The storm continued, and the day rolled over into the subsequent. That afternoon, the mix of wind and tides briefly lifted the strict. The ship spun and fell towards the rocks, which gouged and ripped aside the hull. After practically 40 hours perched upon the reef, the steamer started to tackle water.
Amid the storm, not one of the ships within the space witnessed the Princess Sophia’s closing moments. At 5:20 p.m., Oct. 25, wi-fi operator David Robinson despatched, “For God’s sake, hurry, the water is coming into my room.” A lighthouse tender replied, “We’re coming. Save your batteries.” Robinson then despatched the final message from the doomed steamer, “Alright, I’ll. You discuss to me, so I do know you might be coming.”
Inside a half hour to an hour, everybody on board, apart from Tommy the canine, was useless. Some have been trapped on the boat and drowned. Some made it to the lifeboats, which have been swamped by the waves or smashed towards the rocks. Others tried to swim for it within the icy water, with and with out life preservers. When full, the steamer carried 2,900 barrels of oil, which spilled out of the wreck and choked these attempting to flee. Most of the watches discovered on the our bodies registered instances round 5:50 p.m., when the seawater or oil stopped them.
Nobody is aware of precisely how many individuals died that day. Passenger and crew lists weren’t precise; they included some who had not boarded and excluded some who had. Among the recovered our bodies have been by no means recognized. After many years of analysis, the perfect estimates recommend there have been between 364 to 368 on board.
The attract of Alaska and the Yukon attracted fortune hunters from throughout the globe, and the passengers of the Princess Sophia have been representatively various. Political borders have shifted within the century since, extraordinarily so in some areas. The nations of origin for the deceased included what’s now Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Eire, Italy, Japan, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, Syria and the USA.
The Canadian Pacific Railway provided a reward of $50, greater than $900 in 2023 cash, for each recovered physique, however the grisly work took over a yr. In October 1919, a yr after the wreck, the stays of Joseph Santine washed ashore at Mud Bay close to Haines. By then, he was a skeleton wrapped in garments, although nonetheless in possession of his bankbook and naturalization papers. Alan Winchell employed his personal salvage firm to recuperate his spouse. Different victims have been washed away and by no means discovered.
Out of grief and horror, some accused Capt. Locke of failing in his responsibility, that the passengers and crew might have been taken off the ship throughout the lengthy day of Oct. 24. Since he died with everybody else, Locke couldn’t reply to his critics. The ship’s log was by no means discovered. The courtroom battles lasted greater than a decade, however all official inquiries exonerated the crew.
[A Gambell dog walked 166 miles across sea ice to Wales and made it home safely, save for 2 big bite marks]
Of the 5 canines, a horse and different animals aboard the steamship, solely Tommy survived. He swam 15 miles south to Tee Harbor, then made his method round to Auke Bay. Two days after the catastrophe, locals discovered him practically frozen, starved and nonetheless coated in oil. Newspapers on the time recognized him as an English setter belonging to James and Louisa Alexander. A century later, newly found proof steered he was, in actual fact, a Chesapeake Bay retriever, a Chessie. As with many Princess Sophia particulars, nobody will ever know for positive. Nevertheless, Chessies are famend swimmers resulting from their waterproof coats and webbed paws, which could be how Tommy managed to outlive the place others didn’t.
Cannery staff at Auke Bay adopted Tommy for some time, however the canine had developed a extreme worry of the water. In response to an Alaska Each day Empire article, when crossing a footbridge, Tommy would “crawl throughout, with its head lowered between its fore paws, and look neither to the left nor proper.” Each Alexanders died on the steamer, however Tommy was finally returned to kin within the Vancouver space.
Key sources:
Coates, Ken, and Invoice Morrison. The Sinking of the Princes Sophia: Taking the North Down with Her. Toronto: Oxford College Press, 1990.
“Lengthy Search is Rewarded for Physique of Spouse.” (Juneau) Alaska Each day Empire, July 11, 1919, 6.
“Solely Survivor of Sophia is a Canine.” Anchorage Each day Instances, April 3, 1919, 5.
“Solely Survivor of Sophia is Recognized.” (Juneau) Alaska Each day Empire, March 14, 1919, 2.
“Brief Tales About Alaska Occurrences.” Cordova Each day Instances, October 28, 1919, 2.
Thompson, Judy, and David R. Leverton. These Who Perished: SS Princess Sophia, the Unknown Story of the Largest Shipwreck Catastrophe Alongside the Pacific Northwest Coast. Victoria, BC: Maritime Museum of British Columbia Society, 2018.
“Witnesses in Princess Sophia Case Declare Vessel Not Correctly Manned.” Anchorage Each day Instances, January 27, 1921, 1.