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Rare ‘porcelain gallbladder’ found in 100-year-old unmarked grave at Mississippi mental asylum cemetery

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Rare ‘porcelain gallbladder’ found in 100-year-old unmarked grave at Mississippi mental asylum cemetery


About 100 years ago, a woman at Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum died with a condition so rare, it puzzled modern-day archaeologists who were excavating the asylum’s unmarked graves. 

But soon, thanks to help from their medical collaborators, the team determined the hard egg-shaped object in the skeletal remains of the woman’s torso was a “porcelain gallbladder” — a condition never before found in an archaeological skeleton.

In a study published March 30 in the International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, researchers detailed the rare discovery of a gallbladder that had been preserved for a century. While organs normally decay completely over time after a person’s death, in this case, the gallbladder had calcified, a process in which calcium builds up in the muscular wall of the organ, causing it to harden.

The preserved organ, often called a porcelain gallbladder in the medical literature, was associated with the skeleton of a middle-aged woman who was buried in the asylum’s cemetery. Founded in 1855 and closed in 1935, the asylum treated tens of thousands of patients, around 7,000 of whom died while in residence and were buried in simple pine boxes with wooden markers. 

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The cemetery was rediscovered in 2012 during development of the land, which is now on the grounds of the University of Mississippi Medical Center. Exhumations by the Asylum Hill Project began in 2022, led by UMMC bioarchaeologist Jennifer Mack.

Centuries-old skeleton with massive, crippling bone growth unearthed in Portugal

“Gallbladder disease is fairly common in modern American populations, though rates have increased in the last few decades,” Mack told Live Science in an email. But although tiny gallstones have occasionally been found in archaeological contexts, this is the first reported discovery of a porcelain gallbladder in a cemetery burial.

In modern medical studies, porcelain gallbladder is considered a rare condition resulting from chronic inflammation of the organ, a disease called cholecystitis. The exact reason that porcelain gallbladder forms is unknown, but it is clear that the wall of the organ mineralizes. People with this condition are usually asymptomatic, and it affects women five times more than men. 

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A microCT image that shows the structure of the preserved porcelain gallbladder and the gallstone within.  (Image credit: Department of Biomedical Materials Science, UMMC)

Measuring 1.8 inches (46 millimeters) long and 1.1 inches (28.5 mm) wide, the object in the burial weighed just over half an ounce (16.1 grams). It was identified as a porcelain gallbladder through X-rays and micro-CT scans carried out at UMMC because, underneath the irregular surface of the calcified rim, the research team found a single large gallstone.

“It’s funny that the object was initially an exciting mystery for the bioarchaeologists,” Mack said, “whereas it was identified almost at a glance by the retired surgeon on our project.”

Within the first 100 burials recovered by the Asylum Hill Project, the researchers noted in their study, they found five people with gallstones in addition to the woman with porcelain gallbladder. “The apparent high proportion of asylum patients with cholecystitis is coincidental,” they wrote, “as there is no association between gallbladder disease and mental illness or physiological diseases causing neuropsychiatric symptoms.”

Francesco Maria Galassi, a paleopathologist at the University of Lodz in Poland who was not involved in the study, told Live Science in an email that he finds this collaborative research interesting and agrees with the diagnosis. However, Galassi wonders whether medication used in the past could have put these asylum patients at greater risk of gallbladder disease.

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“For example,” Galassi said, “opium use is known to contribute to the spasm of the sphincter of Oddi,” a muscle that opens and closes so bile and pancreatic juice can flow into the small intestine, resulting in the slowing or stoppage of bile in the tube connecting the liver and gallbladder. Galassi suggested that, if possible, “it would make sense to investigate the drugs administered to the patients of this lunatic asylum and evaluate potential health correlations.”

While the asylum closed prior to the beginning of the antibiotic era, Mack said, “It’s too early in the process of historical records research to really say anything about what pharmaceutical treatments were being regularly provided for physiological or mental illnesses.”

Additional testing of the contents of the porcelain gallbladder may happen in the future, the researchers wrote in the study. The goal would be to create a chemical composition database that will help archaeologists better identify gallstones, Mack said. 



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NCAA Asks State Supreme Court to End Chambliss’ Ole Miss Career

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NCAA Asks State Supreme Court to End Chambliss’ Ole Miss Career


Ole Miss shouldn’t have starting quarterback Trinidad Chambliss on its roster this fall, the NCAA asserts in an appeal filed with the Supreme Court of Mississippi on Thursday. 

In a petition authored by J. Douglas Minor, Jr. and other attorneys from Holland & Knight, the NCAA warns that unless the state Supreme Court intervenes, there could be a “flood of litigation” involving college athletes whose schools are denied medical waivers to let them keep playing. The NCAA also says the appeal needs to be adjudicated prior to April 23 so that Chambliss—if the NCAA can enforce its eligibility rules to render him ineligible—would “have the opportunity to participate in the upcoming NFL draft.”

The appeal faces hurdles. For starters, it is an interlocutory appeal, meaning an appeal before a final judgment in a case and one where the appellate court can decline. Interlocutory appeals are disfavored because appellate courts prefer to review cases only after a final judgment on the merits—i.e., after a trial verdict—because the record is complete by that point. An interlocutory appeal concerns only a preliminary or incomplete matter. Interlocutory appeals are ordinarily denied unless the petitioner can persuasively explain that an injustice would otherwise occur.

Last month Judge Robert Whitwell of the Lafayette County (Miss.) Chancery Court granted Chambliss—who will enter his sixth year of college this fall—a preliminary injunction to bar the NCAA from rendering Chambliss ineligible in the coming season. The NCAA limits eligibility to four seasons of intercollegiate competition, including junior college and Division II competition, within a five-year period. Chambliss exhausted his NCAA eligibility in 2025–26.

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The center of the dispute concerns the 2022 season, when Chambliss, now 23, was on the roster of D-II Ferris State but didn’t accumulate passing or rushing statistics. 

During that season, Chambliss suffered from post-COVID complications including chronic tonsillitis and adenoiditis. The NCAA maintains that a waiver application filed by Ole Miss on Chambliss’ behalf failed to include sufficient medical documentation establishing that Chambliss couldn’t play in 2022. The association insists it consistently applies a standard for waivers that requires contemporaneous medical records from health care professionals unambiguously establishing an athlete can’t play due to health reasons.

The NCAA says Ole Miss came up short on that front. 

As the NCAA tells it, although the Ole Miss application “was voluminous,” it offered only limited contemporaneous medical documents. The NCAA says that the treatment notes of one doctor recommended that Chambliss not have surgery and that medication, including Flonase, “was prescribed to enable [Chambliss] to participate in football.” That narrative suggests that Chambliss was healthy enough to play.

To be clear, Chambliss’ legal team contests this account and argues the medical documentation was sufficient to show he was unable to play in 2022. The appeal, as the NCAA acknowledges, also doesn’t call for a review of the findings of fact, which Whitwell found persuasive enough to grant the injunction.

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In its petition to the state Supreme Court, the NCAA argues that Chambliss—who is represented by attorneys Tom Mars, William Liston III and W. Lawrence Deas—tried to “circumvent” case precedent in Mississippi. That precedent, the NCAA maintains, holds that judicial review of athletic association decisions is highly deferential to the association. Chambliss allegedly “circumvented” this precedent by insisting he is a third-party beneficiary of the contractual relationship between the NCAA and Ole Miss as a member institution.

A third-party beneficiary enjoys enforceable legal interest in the contract being performed, and Chambliss asserts the NCAA harmed him by how it reviewed the “total circumstances” of Ole Miss’ application. He used that theory to claim the NCAA breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, which collectively require parties to treat other contracting parties’ situations in a fair and honest way.

The NCAA maintains that the applicable standard of review under Mississippi law for review of an athletic association’s eligibility decision is arbitrary and capricious. This standard, which was established in the state Supreme Court case Mississippi High School Activities Association v. Hattiesburg High School (2015), is extremely favorable to the association. Per this precedent, an athletic association’s eligibility decision can be upheld even if it is unreasonable and arguably wrong so long as it is not arbitrary and capricious. As the NCAA tells it, Whitwell—a University of Mississippi School of Law graduate and an elected official—failed to apply the standard as it was intended.

Mindful that interlocutory appeals are disfavored since the record is incomplete, the NCAA insists that the Supreme Court ought to review the matter because of the case’s broader implications and the timing of the situation.

The NCAA explains that, as a membership organization, it has a contractual duty to “ensure a level playing field among” all competing schools. The NCAA suggests it must seek appeals to block courts from “intervening in NCAA eligibility decisions to provide special treatment to favored athletes.” If trial judges meddle with the NCAA’s administration of eligibility rules, the NCAA’s petition argues, that meddling poses an “existential threat to the NCAA’s administration of collegiate sports.”

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To corroborate that point, the NCAA warns that unless Chambliss is deemed ineligible, there will be a “flood of litigation” involving athletes whose schools are denied medical waivers. The NCAA points out that UVA quarterback Chandler Morris recently sued the NCAA in Virginia in hopes of obtaining a seventh year of eligibility, and the basis of his case is the denial of a medical waiver.

The NCAA also advises the state Supreme Court that the risk of “spillover effect” has been borne out through the aftermath of former Vanderbilt quarterback Diego Pavia’s eligibility litigation against the NCAA to play a sixth season of college football.

“Since Pavia,” the NCAA writes, “over 60 lawsuits by over 100 student-athletes have raised similar challenges.” This litigation, the NCAA maintains, has caused “uncertainty” as to NCAA eligibility.

The NCAA knows that if Whitwell’s injunction isn’t lifted, the case is effectively over: The injunction will let Chambliss play for Ole Miss in 2026 and then he’ll move on to the NFL or other pursuits. Whether Chambliss would prevail in a trial, which might not be scheduled until 2027 or beyond, could be rendered irrelevant if Chambliss decides to drop the case after the 2026 season.

Chambliss v. NCAA is a reminder of the unique features of the post-House settlement world. It now pays to stay in school, given that athletes can receive full athletic scholarships, NIL deals and direct payments from their schools through revenue shares. According to ESPN, Chambliss could earn about $6 million at Ole Miss if he plays there this fall.

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Leaders throughout Mississippi remember JSU’s Elayne Hayes-Anthony

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Leaders throughout Mississippi remember JSU’s Elayne Hayes-Anthony


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  • Dr. Elayne Hayes-Anthony, a trailblazing journalist and educator, has died at the age of 72.
  • She served as a longtime professor at Jackson State University and was its acting president in 2023.
  • Hayes-Anthony broke barriers as the first Black woman to be an anchor, producer, and reporter at WJTV in Jackson.
  • Mississippi leaders, including the governor and Jackson’s mayor, are remembering her significant contributions to education and media.

Mississippi leaders and educators are remembering Dr. Elayne Hayes-Anthony as a trailblazing journalist, educator and public servant following news of her death Thursday, March 5.

Hayes-Anthony, a longtime professor and chair of the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at Jackson State University and former acting president of the university, spent decades mentoring students and shaping communications education throughout Mississippi.

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Jackson State University officials announced her passing in a statement Thursday morning. She was 72. A cause of death was not provided.

Hayes-Anthony served as interim president for eight months in 2023, between former President Thomas Hudson and Marcus Thompson. She became the first Black woman to work as an anchor, producer and reporter at WJTV in Jackson and later spent 17 years as chair of the communications department at Belhaven University. Hayes-Anthony also served as assistant superintendent of communications for Jackson Public Schools and served as the first Black woman and journalism educator to become president of the Mississippi Association of Broadcasters.

Jackson Mayor John Horhn praised Hayes-Anthony in a statement as a “proud daughter of Jackson and a distinguished graduate of Jackson State University who returned home to pour her knowledge back into this community.” Horhn also extended condolences to Hayes-Anthony’s husband, family, colleagues and former students.

“Our city mourns the loss of a trailblazer whose life’s work helped shape generations of communicators, educators, and leaders,” Horhn said in a statement. “As a pioneering journalist and the first African American woman to serve as anchor, producer, and reporter at WJTV-12, she broke barriers in Mississippi media and opened doors for countless Black journalists. Her leadership at Jackson State, from the classroom to the president’s office, reflected her commitment to excellence. Jackson is better because she chose to live, work, and lead here. We honor her legacy, celebrate her remarkable life, and pray for comfort and strength for all who are grieving this tremendous loss.”

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Ward 4 Councilman and Jackson City Council President Brian Grizzell, a long time educator and alumnus of JSU, said he remembered Hayes-Anthony from several points in her life and career.

“I remember Dr. Elayne Hayes-Anthony from several stages of her remarkable journey,” Grizzell said. “I first knew her as a student in Jackson Public Schools, later as a student at Jackson State University, and we reconnected years later during her time serving as acting president of Jackson State University.”

Grizzell called Hayes-Anthony a pioneer in education whose work helped shape the lives of many students across the community.

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Longtime Mississippi Congressman Bennie Thompson, also a JSU alum, honored Hayes-Anthony as a “a trailblazer in every sense of the word.”

See his post on Facebook below:

Mississippi Governor Tate Reeves also offered condolences Thursday via X, formerly known as Twitter.

U.S. Sen. Roger Wicker also shared the following statement on Hayes-Anthony passing:

“Mississippi has lost a leader and pioneer, my friend Dr. Elayne Anthony. Jackson State benefited from her steady hand during a time of transition. She was revered by its students. The Mississippi Association of Broadcasters recognized her leadership by electing her chair. Elayne’s legacy of kindness, servant-leadership, and community service will impact generations to come.”

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Investigative journalist Jerry Mitchell reflected on Hayes-Anthony’s impact on journalism in Mississippi.

“What a loss. Dr. Anthony was truly a champion for journalism. Her work produced so many talented journalists we have today in Mississippi and beyond,” Mitchell said.

State Rep. Zakiya Summers and Sen. David Blount, both of whom represent parts of Jackson in the Mississippi Legislature, also paid tribute to Hayes-Anthony.

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Officials with the Mississippi State Department of Health and the Mississippi State Board of Health also shared condolences, noting Hayes-Anthony served on the Board of Health for nearly two decades.

“I personally grieve the loss of a very important Mississippian who cared deeply about education at all levels, public health, and very importantly the need for the health of our population to improve,” said Dan Edney, state health officer and executive director of the Mississippi State Department of Health. “She was a strong supporter of MSDH and for my work as State Health Officer and was one of our greatest cheerleaders. Her passing is a loss to public health and higher education leadership, but her service has helped to make our state a better place.”

Lucius Lampton, chairman of the Board of Health, said Hayes-Anthony’s service on the board began in 2007.

“Dr. Elayne Anthony’s long service on the Board of Health, which began in 2007, was exceptional and benefited the public’s health in countless ways. She led always with intellect, creativity and integrity. The Board of Health and our agency will so miss her gracious presence. I also will miss her dear friendship.”

Charlie Drape is the Jackson beat reporter. You can contact him at cdrape@gannett.com.

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Gas prices on Mississippi Gulf Coast jump nearly 60 cents in one day

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Gas prices on Mississippi Gulf Coast jump nearly 60 cents in one day


BILOXI, Miss. (WLOX) — Gas prices along the Mississippi Gulf Coast have jumped to nearly $3 a gallon, up from $2.41 just two days ago, according to AAA.

AAA said the increase is driven by two factors: the U.S.-Iran conflict, which has shut down a key Middle East oil route and prompted attacks on refineries, and a seasonal fuel blend switch that adds up to 15 cents a gallon on its own.

AAA said the increase is driven by two factors: the U.S.-Iran conflict, which has shut down a key Middle East oil route and prompted attacks on refineries, and a seasonal fuel blend switch that adds up to 15 cents a gallon on its own.(WLOX)

Uber Eats driver James Adams said he noticed the increase immediately.

“It actually jumped like 50 to 60 cents in one day,” Adams said.

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Adams said the higher cost to fill his tank cuts directly into his delivery earnings.

“We’re working basically for pennies on the dollar already — and once you factor that in with traffic and the mileage you have to go — the gas is outrageous,” Adams said.

DoorDash driver Daniel Yelle said the spike will strain his weekly budget.

“I fill up about twice a week going to and from work and DoorDash — and that’s going to hurt my budget,” Yelle said.

FedEx driver Cecil Banks said there is little that workers can do about the rise in prices.

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“As long as there is wars — the price of gas is going to go up for everybody — so it’s just an unfortunate situation,” Banks said.

Banks noted that even though Mississippi’s prices remain below the national average, not driving is not an option for working families.

“What can you do? A lot of people have families — they have to go get their kids — they have to go back and forth to work,” Banks said.

Yelle echoed that sentiment.

“They don’t pay us enough for the higher gas prices,” Yelle said.

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