Fitness
Exercise Scientist Reveals His System for Ranking Muscle-Building Supplements
Dr. Eric Trexler, PhD – researcher, coach, and professional bodybuilder – recently appeared on the Renaissance Periodization podcast to share his evidence-based tier system for ranking muscle-building supplements. He emphasised that supplement rankings are goal-dependent, varying based on what you’re aiming to achieve with your training and supplementation.
Dr. Trexler then outlined his tiered approach specifically for those focused on gaining muscle and building strength, categorising supplements into five distinct tiers and providing examples of each along the way.
Tier-1 Supplements
‘Tier-1 basically means we have strong evidence. We know what this thing does, and what it does is good,’ says Dr. Trexler, who explains that for muscle-building, tier-1 supplements are in a class of their own. ‘It’s a short list – it’s creatine [assuming you’re not a non-responder] and it’s protein.’
Dr. Trexler caveats that protein supplements could be redundant if you’re able to get enough of the macronutrient from your diet. ‘If you’re eating enough from your food, who cares, forget it.’
Tier-2 Supplements
Dr. Trexler believes tier-2 supplements are the most interesting. ‘There is some evidence related to the supplement for the outcome we’re interested in, and it actually looks pretty good, but it’s not on tier-one because it has some shortcoming,’ he says. ‘Maybe the initial evidence is pretty good, but I’d like to see more of it before I get super stoked.’
He adds that in some cases, the evidence for a supplement may be very strong, but in the real world, its effects are small and inconsistent, or only work in people with deficiencies. ‘You can have a really solid evidence-based justification for this. However, you’re likely going to have to acknowledge this is a really marginal effect. Maybe this only matters for a competitive athlete.’
The supplements Dr. Trexler would include in tier-2 are: sodium bicarbonate, citrulline malate and nitric oxide supplements.
Controversially, Trexler says he would also put caffeine, one of the most heavily relied-on ergogenic aids in existence, into tier-2. ‘There are meta-analyses and umbrella reviews indicating it should have a positive effect on things like strength, strength endurance, and power. But caffeine is probably better for endurance sport than it is for resistance exercise.’
He does point out the potential dark side of becoming too reliant on the pre-workout shot of espresso. ‘We don’t know when you get to that point when you say, “I wouldn’t dare work out without my pre-workout.” Is that because it’s still giving you an ergogenic [performance-enhancing] effect? Or is it because caffeine withdrawal gives you an ergolytic effect and your performance sucks?’
(Ergolytic is science-talk for something that negatively impacts your performance.)
Tier-3 Supplements
‘Tier-3 is where the vast majority of supplements live’, Trexler says. ’It’s the tier where I tell someone I do not have enough evidence to say that there is a defensible use case for this but I also don’t have enough hard evidence to tell you there is no way this will work.’
So, if it’s not in any of the other tiers, with enough evidence for or against it’s use, consider it tier-3.
While Dr. Trexler doesn’t clearly define tier-3 supplements as he does with other tiers, examples might include Beta-alanine, which shows some promise for improving endurance but has inconsistent effects on muscle-building and strength, or Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Once highly popular, recent research suggests their benefits are limited compared to complete proteins or essential amino acids, placing them in the tier-3 category.
Tier-4 Supplements
Dr. Trexler believes tier-4 is a tricky one – it’s the first category where we should consider actively swerving the compounds in question. ‘This is where we have evidence of a null effect. I can look at studies on it and say this is not going to achieve what you want it to achieve,’ says Dr. Trexler. His host, Dr. Mike Israetel, also an exercise scientist, offers a more concise and memorable definition: ‘It’s not hurting you; it just doesn’t do shit
When it comes to building strength and size, Trexler would include previously popular supplements like glutamine in tier-4. ‘For getting jacked and performing better, I think we’ve pretty much shut the book on glutamine.’
He’d also place arginine – an amino acid that was once popular in pre-workout mixtures and touted as a ‘pump enhancer’ – in tier-4, alongside some testosterone boosters and modern ‘new-and-improved’ creatines like ethyl ester and alkaline varieties, saying they don’t justify their cost when tier-1’s cheaply available creatine monohydrate is an option.
Tier-5 Supplements
Tier-5 is the group that Dr. Trexler strongly advises you avoid. ‘[These are] supplements where we have evidence that one of two things is going to happen – either this is going to literally harm your performance, or it is going to harm you.’
Trexler says he would include compounds like DMAA, a chemical extract previously included in now-banned pre-workout supplements such as the highly-memed JACK-3D. He jokes that although these compounds were widely available and not previously banned, the aim of manufacturers at the time seemed to be to get as close as possible to the effects of methamphetamine.
Another tier-5 chemical that was once the stimulant of choice for many bodybuilders is ephedrine. ‘It was the era of [high stimulant] pre-workouts. However, there were serious adverse events reported. I believe that there were a couple of deaths.’ Thankfully, sporting organisations and federations have helped to pave the way to a slightly safer supplement industry. ‘Once it’s banned by all the big federations, I say all right, we’re going to tier-5…’
With almost 18 years in the health and fitness space as a personal trainer, nutritionist, breath coach and writer, Andrew has spent nearly half of his life exploring how to help people improve their bodies and minds.
As our fitness editor he prides himself on keeping Men’s Health at the forefront of reliable, relatable and credible fitness information, whether that’s through writing and testing thousands of workouts each year, taking deep dives into the science behind muscle building and fat loss or exploring the psychology of performance and recovery.
Whilst constantly updating his knowledge base with seminars and courses, Andrew is a lover of the practical as much as the theory and regularly puts his training to the test tackling everything from Crossfit and strongman competitions, to ultra marathons, to multiple 24 hour workout stints and (extremely unofficial) world record attempts.
You can find Andrew on Instagram at @theandrew.tracey, or simply hold up a sign for ‘free pizza’ and wait for him to appear.
Fitness
The exercise more important than walking – especially if you’re older
Walking is brilliant. It’s accessible, affordable and enjoyable, plus it comes with many health benefits, which is why it forms the backbone of most government exercise guidance.
But it is strength that underpins all movement. If you don’t have the strength to get out of your chair and put one foot in front of the other, what good is being told to walk more?
This was the key takeaway from recent research led by Dr Michael LaMonte and his team at the University at Buffalo, which shows the immense value of building skeletal muscle with strength training. It found that, in more than 5,000 women aged 63 to 99, greater strength levels were strongly linked to a lower risk of death from any cause.
Maintaining muscle should be seen as a savvy investment. Muscle allows you to stand, move and remain independent, all while offering further perks that extend far beyond physical function. It powers our breath, regulates blood sugar levels, emits anti-inflammatory myokines and constantly chats with other bodily systems to keep things running smoothly. In short, muscle is the medical marvel you already own.
Here is how to maintain your body’s largest, and in some ways smartest, organ for decades to come.
Why strength training matters
There is a wealth of research on the merits of aerobic exercise, such as walking, running, swimming and cycling. This is a major reason why it dominates government physical activity guidelines. There is far less research into strength training, and much of the data available centres around young, fit men.
By looking at the impacts of strength training in previously understudied demographics, such as women aged 60 and above, studies like this one from the University at Buffalo could change future exercise recommendations for the better.
“When women go through menopause and lose their body’s own secretion of oestrogen, the loss of skeletal muscle mass increases rapidly,” says Dr LaMonte. “We typically see a change in their body composition, where they start losing muscle and holding fat in the belly area, particularly. That’s not healthy.”
Both men and women also tend to become less active as they grow older, which can contribute to sarcopenia – the age-related loss of strength and muscle. Both menopause and sarcopenia are inflammatory processes, Dr LaMonte says.
Read more: Sitting all day wreaks havoc on your hips and spine – here’s how to stop that from happening
This shift impacts fitness. “Muscle strength is fundamental for getting the body from point A to point B, especially when you’re working against gravity.” But it also throws off chemical signalling between skeletal muscle and other systems in the body, such as the heart.
“Fat tissue tends to secrete chemicals called cytokines that are pro-inflammatory,” Dr LaMonte explains. “There’s quite a bit of evidence to show that, when skeletal muscle contracts, it secretes counterbalancing cytokines that are anti-inflammatory.
“This was discovered by a scientist named Bente Pedersen in the 2000s. She published a compelling series of papers showing that these cytokines, which she called myokines, had regulatory functions outside the muscle itself.”
Exactly how skeletal muscle interacts with other crucial systems in our body is unclear, Dr LaMonte says. But it is constantly in deep discussions with them, and it is looking to help out where it can. For this reason, if you can keep your muscles strong and healthy, they can be a powerful force for good.
Read more: Expert warns why this daily habit is shortening your life – even if you exercise
3 simple ways to gauge your strength
Dr LaMonte’s research used a series of simple tests to assess the strength levels of 5,472 women aged 63 and above:
- Grip strength: a dynamometer was used to assess grip strength, with people asked to hold their upper arm at their side, elbow bent at a right angle, then squeeze the machine as hard as possible. This is an indication of upper-body strength.
- Sit-to-stand: people were timed to see how quickly they could stand up from a chair, then sit back down again five times with their arms across their chest. This is an indication of lower body strength.
- Gait speed: a timer was used to see how long it took subjects to walk 2.5m.
Women with greater grip strength – a good signifier of overall strength levels – and faster sit-to-stand times had a “significantly lower death risk over an eight-year follow-up”, the study discovered.
“Gait speed is another one of the most potent predictors of mortality,” Dr LaMonte adds.
“I’d like to see the health care profession embrace functional health as much as they do the things they can prescribe drugs for – because you can’t prescribe a drug for this. It’s a behaviour, and I think that’s why it probably doesn’t get the same kind of attention. Nobody makes money from this, but people do die from it.”
Dr LaMonte also suggests another bonus test anyone can use as a sign they need to work on their strength levels:
- The pickle jar test – this is a proxy for any everyday task. If you notice it starts to feel more difficult, this is a good indication that your fitness has decreased, and it would be beneficial to gain strength and muscle through exercise.
“When you can’t open the pickle jar any more, don’t just assume they’re making the jars harder to open,” Dr LaMonte says. “That’s a good indicator that you might be at a phase of life where your strength levels have changed unknowingly.
“The same applies when you go to pick up a grandchild or climb the stairs, and you find you’re huffing and puffing – it could simply be that you’re getting more out of shape, or in the worst case scenario, it could be indicative of disease.
“Be mindful of your body. It’s going to tell you where you’re at, and we don’t want an injury to be that indicator.”
Read more: Four things you can do to reduce inflammation and cut heart disease risk, according to the experts
How to start strength training at any age
The human body is a representation of the life it has lived, informed by genetics and altered by myriad interventions along the way. A robust life, filled with challenging physical tasks, often builds a robust body. As a result, someone who has always been active will likely find it easier to remain more active as they age.
“I wouldn’t want to convey a message that age becomes a constraint for people doing what they enjoy,” says Dr LaMonte. “I know people in their late, late years who still enjoy going to gyms and lifting weights. It’s effective for their strength goals, and the social aspect keeps them healthy in other ways.”
However, if you are new to strength training and exercise generally, you need to start more conservatively. As with any new skill, there is an obligatory learning curve that allows your mind and body to adapt to the fresh stimulus without being overwhelmed.
“You can use simple bodyweight exercises like press-ups against a wall or sit-to-stands – US adults in their 70s and 80s spend around nine-and-a-half hours each day sitting down, so you could break this up by doing a few sit-to-stands every hour, or each time there is an advert if you are watching television,” Dr LaMonte says.
“Resistance bands are another good option, or even using soup cans or books as a form of resistance provides stimulus to skeletal muscles.”
The common denominator behind these exercises is the act of overcoming resistance. That resistance needs to be slightly challenging, relative to your individual strength levels, to trigger an increase in muscle and strength levels. By consistently doing a task that requires you to be stronger, you are telling your body you want it to adapt to handle it better. If the task feels easy, the body has no reason to make any changes.
“If someone finds that lifting a soup can or book [for example, pressing it overhead 10 times] challenges them, that’s probably the level they should be working at, and they should not be trying to do more,” says Dr LaMonte. As you grow stronger, you can then gradually progress to slightly heavier items to continue to increase your strength levels.
“Older adults in particular should consult with their health care provider about the safety of beginning muscle-strengthening exercises,” Dr LaMonte adds.
In short, building and maintaining strength is important at any age. And if you do fall below this study’s 63-99 demographic, any strength and muscle you can develop now will likely serve you well for the rest of your life.
“We want to live as long as we can healthily, and I think resistance exercises are a part of that,” Dr LaMonte concludes. “When we can no longer get out of the chair and move around, we are in trouble.”
Read more: After 50, you need to train smarter – the eight rules for strength training in midlife, according to experts
Read more: The science-backed two-minute daily workouts for improving heart health
Fitness
How much exercise is enough? A local doctor says you only need 15 minutes a day – WTOP News
Exercise is part of a healthy lifestyle and its benefits are well known and have been for a long time. What is only recently proven by doctors is just how much exercise makes a difference for one’s longevity.
By now, most people understand that exercise is part of a healthy lifestyle; its benefits are well known and have been for a long time. What is only recently proven by doctors is just how much exercise makes a difference for one’s longevity.
For most people who sit at desks or behind the wheel all day, the problem is often finding time to work out. The good news, according to Dr. Julie Chen, an internal medicine and lifestyle medicine doctor at Kaiser Permanente in Gaithersburg, is that a daily exercise routine can be broken down into brief segments.
“The general recommendation is for 150 minutes of moderate activity per week,” Dr. Chen said. “So that is roughly about 30 minutes a day, five days a week. But the important point is it does not have to all be done at once. You can break it up into shorter segments of exercise and still get the same great benefits.”
And those benefits can be tremendous. Chen said that studies have shown going from no exercise a day to only 15 minutes of total exercise a day can “can actually decrease their risk of death, death from all causes, by about 14%.”
“Any movement is actually better than being sedentary,” she said.
Movement can be divided up into short segments throughout the day instead of in one long, strenuous workout and it can still offer the same reductions in the risk of certain diseases.
Now, you might understand there are benefits of exercising for short periods of time, several times per day; but you might be wondering how you can get in the gym several times a day.
Chen advocates for what she calls “exercise snacks” — “small bursts of physical activity that you can get in, two to three minutes at a time throughout the day.”
For example, taking the stairs or doing squats while putting groceries away, walking around the office on a phone call or planking while your dinner is in the microwave. Chen said try to do whatever it takes to get a few minutes of movement in a few times a day.
Chen is also a big fan of fitness apps, including the ones that come built into our smartphones and watches: “Studies have shown that that is really motivating that you can actually track your progress in your app. You can see your trends.”
“Consistency is a really big goal of this effort, and so if you look at your trends over time, that’s going to be a really rewarding aspect of trying to improve your health,” she added.
Beginning an exercise regimen doesn’t need to be complicated or time-consuming. You don’t need to splurge on workout clothes or a gym membership; you just need a few minutes, several times a day, to start reaping the benefits.
Get breaking news and daily headlines delivered to your email inbox by signing up here.
© 2026 WTOP. All Rights Reserved. This website is not intended for users located within the European Economic Area.
Fitness
Adults hop on viral ‘rebounding’ trend to make exercise fun again — ‘I feel like a kid’
Forget boring home workouts, on-demand HITT classes and cold winter runs.
The latest wellness trend bouncing around TikTok involves a workout you might not even realize you’re doing, and that’s the point. It’s called rebounding. This low-impact exercise involves jumping on a mini fitness trampoline — called a rebounder — to get your heart pumping and support lymphatic drainage.
On Amazon, this best-selling model is currently on sale for just $129. It measures in at just 40 inches, making it ideal for small spaces while still offering room for an adult to jump, squat and jog in place. Users swear it gives them a seriously effective full-body workout, and many remark that it’s “so much fun” to use.
Clinical trials also back the benefits: a 12-week rebounding program for overweight women showed significant improvements in body composition as well as a decrease in diastolic blood pressure.
Ready to jump on the rebounding trend, too? You’d better hop on this Amazon deal fast.
This sleek rebounder by BCAN is sturdy and easy to set up, thanks to pre-assembled bungees and simpel video tutorial.
Reviewers say it’s completely changed their workouts, with one remarking they “feel like a little kid again.” Others have also noted it’s much easier on their joints than higher-impact exercises.
“It absorbs impact well and allows for a nice, smooth rebound that is gentle on the joints, making it perfect for a low-impact cardio workout,” one person explained. “Whether I’m doing high-intensity intervals or simply bouncing for fun, the movement feels fluid and responsive.
The BCAN model features an upgraded handlebar for added stability. It’s 8mm premium bungee — with a durable woven outer layer and a 350-strand natural latex core — delivers smooth, quiet bounces, so you can enjoy your workout without disturbing others.
This article was written by Miska Salemann, New York Post Commerce Writer/Reporter. As a health-forward member of Gen Z, Miska seeks out experts to weigh in on the benefits, safety and designs of both trending and tried-and-true fitness equipment, workout clothing, dietary supplements and more. Taking matters into her own hands, Miska intrepidly tests wellness products, ranging from Bryan Johnson’s Blueprint Longevity Mix to the viral Oura Ring to Jennifer Aniston’s favorite workout platform – often with her adorable toddler by her side. Before joining The Post, Miska covered lifestyle and consumer topics for the U.S. Sun and The Cannon Beach Gazette.
-
World3 days agoExclusive: DeepSeek withholds latest AI model from US chipmakers including Nvidia, sources say
-
Massachusetts4 days agoMother and daughter injured in Taunton house explosion
-
Montana1 week ago2026 MHSA Montana Wrestling State Championship Brackets And Results – FloWrestling
-
Louisiana6 days agoWildfire near Gum Swamp Road in Livingston Parish now under control; more than 200 acres burned
-
Denver, CO3 days ago10 acres charred, 5 injured in Thornton grass fire, evacuation orders lifted
-
Technology1 week agoYouTube TV billing scam emails are hitting inboxes
-
Technology1 week agoStellantis is in a crisis of its own making
-
Politics1 week agoOpenAI didn’t contact police despite employees flagging mass shooter’s concerning chatbot interactions: REPORT