Finance
Climate finance billions at stake at COP29
Rich nations will be under pressure at this month’s UN COP29 conference to substantially increase the amount of money they give to poorer countries for climate action.
But there is deep disagreement over how much is needed, who should pay and what should be covered, ensuring that “climate finance” will top the agenda at COP29 in Baku.
– What is climate finance? –
It is the buzzword in this year’s negotiations, which run from November 11 to 22, but there is not one agreed definition of climate finance.
In general terms, it is money spent in a manner “consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development”, as per phrasing used in the Paris Agreement.
That includes government or private money for clean energy like solar and wind, technology like electric vehicles, or adaptation measures like dykes to hold back rising seas.
But could a subsidy for a new water-efficient hotel, for example, be counted? It is not something the COP summits have addressed directly.
At the annual UN negotiations, climate finance has come to refer to the difficulties the developing world faces getting the money it needs to prepare for global warming.
– Who pays? –
Under a 1992 UN accord, a handful of rich countries most responsible for global warming were obligated to provide finance.
In 2009, the United States, the European Union, Japan, Britain, Canada, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, New Zealand and Australia agreed to pay $100 billion per year by 2020.
They only achieved this for the first time in 2022. The delay eroded trust and fuelled accusations that rich countries were shirking their responsibility.
At COP29, nearly 200 nations are expected to agree on a new finance goal beyond 2025.
India has called for $1 trillion a year and some other proposals go higher, but countries on the hook want other major economies to chip in.
They argue times have changed and the big industrialised nations of the early 1990s represent just 30 percent of historic greenhouse gas emissions today.
In particular, there is a push for China — the world’s largest polluter today — and the oil-rich Gulf countries to pay. They do not accept this proposal.
– What’s being negotiated? –
Experts commissioned by the UN estimate that developing countries, excluding China, will need $2.4 trillion per year by 2030.
But the line between climate finance, foreign aid and private capital is often blurred and campaigners are pushing for clearer terms that specify where money comes from, and in what form.
In an October letter to governments, dozens of activist, environment and scientific groups called on rich nations to pay developing countries $1 trillion a year in three clear categories.
Some $300 billion would be government money for reducing planet-heating emissions, $300 billion for adaptation measures and $400 billion for disaster relief known as “loss and damage” funds.
The signatories said all the money should be grants, seeking to redress the provision of loans as climate finance that poorer countries say compounds their debt woes.
Developed countries do not want money for “loss and damage” included under any new climate finance pact reached at COP29.
– Where will they find the money? –
Today, most climate finance aid goes through development banks or funds co-managed with the countries concerned, such as the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility.
Campaigners are very critical of the $100 billion pledge because two-thirds of the money was given as loans, not grants.
Even revised upwards, it is likely any new pledge from governments will fall well short of what is needed.
But this commitment is viewed as highly symbolic nonetheless, and crucial to unlocking other sources of money, namely private capital.
Financial diplomacy also plays out at the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the G20, where this year’s host Brazil wants to craft a global tax on billionaires.
The idea of new global taxes, for example on aviation or maritime transport, is also supported by France, Kenya and Barbados, with the backing of UN chief Antonio Guterres.
Redirecting fossil fuel subsidies towards clean energy or wiping the debt of poor countries in exchange for climate investments are also among the options.
COP29 host Azerbaijan, meanwhile, has asked fossil fuel producers to contribute to a new fund that would channel money to developing countries.
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As the oldest members of Generation X (those born between 1965 and 1980) approach retirement, financial experts warn that many in this group may not be as prepared as they think. Generation X faces unique challenges as they prepare for retired life, from shortfalls in savings to unexpected costs that may arise.
Here’s what experts say Gen Xers need to know to avoid these key pitfalls and ensure a more secure retirement.
Many Gen Xers are significantly behind in their retirement savings. A recent study by Northwestern Mutual found that only 7% of Gen X respondents have saved more than 10 times their annual income–the amount most experts recommend for a comfortable retirement.
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Perhaps even more concerning, over half of Gen X respondents say they have only saved three times their annual income or less. Fidelity recommends having at least three times your annual salary by age 40, six times your salary by age 50 and eight times your salary by age 60 to stay on track for a comfortable retirement.
This shortfall in savings is compounded by the fact that many Gen Xers do not have a retirement income plan. According to Allianz, only 30% of Gen Xers have mapped out how they will fund their post-work years, the lowest rate among all generations surveyed.
A common misconception among Americans is that taxes decrease in retirement. However, financial experts caution that many Gen Xers could face higher-than-expected tax burdens. The reason? Most have their retirement savings in tax-deferred accounts, like 401(k)s and IRAs, which require taxes to be paid upon withdrawal.
“The big problem is that a lot of them are going to be faced with a lot of taxes in retirement,” Jonathan Dane, founder and chief investment officer for Defiant Capital Group in Pittsburgh, told U.S. News. He says one way to mitigate this is to stop putting money in tax-deferred accounts and transition to Roth accounts, which allow for tax-free withdrawals.
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Another concern is healthcare costs. While Medicare provides comprehensive coverage starting at age 65, it doesn’t cover everything. Long-term care expenses, like assisted living, typically aren’t included. Experts suggest considering long-term care insurance or using a health savings account (HSA) to prepare for these costs.
Bank of New York Mellon (BK) CEO Robin Vince joins Yahoo Finance Executive Editor Brian Sozzi at the 2025 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, to discuss US President Donald Trump’s return to the White House and his expectations for the president’s second term and the impact on the financial sector.
“To see a government that’s really focused on growth and being able to make the economy everything that it can be, because ultimately, as one of America’s leading banks, we are focused on helping our customers to be able to grow and thrive. You know, that’s what our platforms are all about,” Vince says.
As deregulation under Trump is expected to benefit the financial sector, Vince says he’s “not that concerned” about the risks associated with loose regulation. “We have to be vigilant that that doesn’t happen. We need a strong, healthy financial system,” he says, explaining, ” We’ve seen how the strong banks have been able to actually help the system over the course of the events … We’ve been a force for strength in the economy, and that’s actually the role that we should be playing.”
The CEO underlines, “I’m looking forward. I’m thinking about the innovation. I’m thinking about the investment. I’m thinking about helping to make economies grow and our clients be successful.”
Watch the video above to hear more from the BNY CEO on tariff expectations, a potential uptick in merger and acquisition (M&A) activity, and his crypto outlook.
Click here for more of Yahoo Finance’s coverage from the World Economic Forum in Davos.
Check out Yahoo Finance’s Davos interview with Bank of America (BAC) CEO Brian Moynihan here.
This post was written by Naomi Buchanan.
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