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Can toxic algae blooms be predicted? La Jolla scientists think so

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Can toxic algae blooms be predicted? La Jolla scientists think so


A harmful algae bloom off the California coast created a neurotoxin called domoic acid that killed hundreds of sea lions and about 60 dolphins in a short period last year.

Soon after, scientists at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla started studying the process of how such masses of algae develop so researchers, industries, officials and communities can be better prepared for future outbreaks.

As part of a study funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Bradley Moore, a professor of marine biology, marine chemistry and geochemistry at Scripps Oceanography, worked to determine how domoic acid is produced with the hope of creating a predictive model.

Now, a team of researchers from SIO, La Jolla’s J. Craig Venter Institute and other organizations appear to have done it.

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In September, the group published a study on predicting harmful algae blooms that contain high levels of domoic acid by tracking a single gene that serves like a canary in a coal mine — an early detector of danger.

The study provides new insights into the mechanisms that drive harmful blooms and offers potential ways to forecast and mitigate their effects.

“We are witnessing a barrage of highly toxic and impactful domoic acid events in California, creating an urgent need for better predictions and forewarning that a harmful algal bloom is imminent,” said Clarissa Anderson, director of the Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System at Scripps Oceanography and a co-author of the study.

Moore said that while blooms happen nearly annually, not all of them become toxic. According to NOAA, rapid growth of an algae called pseudo-nitzschia causes the production of domoic acid.

“In the last several years, we have had these harmful events in Santa Barbara, which is very disturbing,” Moore said. “Some years it happens, other years it is really minor. The vast majority are not toxic, but some are. And when they are, they really are.

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“So we sought out to use our knowledge to make that kind of prediction … so industries and communities that would be affected can prepare accordingly. If there is a bloom coming, will it be toxic? And can I prepare? Because these events can be devastating to fishing industries and communities.”

The minor type of blooms, he said, are needed to produce phytoplankton that serve as part of the ocean food web.

To explore what makes some algae blooms toxic, scientists started studying water conditions before, during and after a harmful bloom. In pouring through tens of thousands of genes and cells appearing in the ocean, they found one — dubbed dabA — that was “highly expressed” about a week before the neurotoxin appeared.

“It was the telltale signal,” Moore said. “We could measure that and there was no toxin in the water, and a week later the toxin would appear. It was a one-week look ahead.”

Armed with that knowledge, “having the ability to forecast these harmful algal blooms is going to happen,” Moore said. “These toxic blooms are global events. We think this … will be impactful.”

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Work to develop such a model has been going on since 2015, when the largest recorded harmful algae bloom occurred in the northeast Pacific, causing nearly $100 million in damage to fisheries and killing many marine mammals.

During such blooms, shellfish such as clams, mussels and scallops filter-feed on algae and accumulate the toxin in their tissue.

Contaminated shellfish are dangerous to humans when consumed, often causing vomiting, diarrhea, headache, abdominal cramps, dizziness and disorientation, and in more severe cases, difficulty breathing, seizures, loss of short-term memory, irregular heartbeat and more. The toxin cannot be detected by sight or taste.

Following the 2015 bloom, researchers collected water samples from Monterey Bay nearly every week for a year, recording available nutrients and domoic acid concentrations.

Three years later, a published study first implicated the dabA gene in the production of domoic acid. Though scientists discovered the genetic mechanism for production, they didn’t understand the biological or environmental drivers involved.

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With the role of dabA now better understood, and with data from the past three years of water samples, Moore and his collaborators are now working to create a test kit that can identify the gene.

“It is expensive and time-consuming to find the dabA signal, so we are looking to … make diagnostic kits that would simplify things tremendously,” Moore said.

The team also is looking to test the model in other areas of the world.

The issue is important for sea animals that frequent the waters off California.

In 2023, NOAA Fisheries reported that the Channel Islands Marine & Wildlife Institute fielded more than 1,000 reports of sick or dead marine mammals between June 8 and 14 that were thought to have been exposed to the toxic algae bloom.

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“Responders believe domoic acid is behind the deaths, given the neurological symptoms exhibited by the animals,” NOAA said. Tissue samples were collected for testing to confirm.

Because the toxin may cause animals to experience seizures, disorientation and hyper-reactivity, the bloom also led to a surge of sick and potentially aggressive sea lions onshore, including in San Diego.

During that time, sea lions sickened by the algae bit and injured at least two people at beaches in Orange County. The Channel Islands institute, which serves Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, recorded five incidents of marine animals biting beach-goers both in the water and on land. ♦



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San Diego, CA

Roger Lee Kaehler

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Roger Lee Kaehler



Roger Lee Kaehler


OBITUARY

Roger Lee Kaehler passed away on December 2, 2024, with family by his side. He was born in 1940 as the youngest of four, and at three years old, his family moved from Minnesota to the San Francisco Bay Area to find work in the shipyards. After graduating from UC Berkeley, Roger spent two years in the National Guard and two years in the Peace Corps (serving in Nigeria), before teaching math and coaching boys basketball at Kennedy High School in Richmond, CA. In the 1990s, Roger formed a partnership with a friend in Scheller Construction in Novato, CA, and started a new career in real estate development. In his semi-retirement, he and his wife Aggie returned to San Diego County, and Roger spent as much time as possible in his happy place in the Anza-Borrego desert.

Roger is survived and remembered by his wife Aggie; daughter Patsy West; daughter Tammy Kaehler and son-in-law Chet Johnston; daughter Desiree West and son-in-law Vicente Bacilio; granddaughter Isabel Bacilio; honorary grandchildren RJ and Ashley Engler; and dozens of other family and friends who keep his spirit and legacy alive. We will forever remember him as a man with a huge heart, a sharp mind, a smart mouth, a mischievous smile, and more than his fair share of optimism. He usually managed to find the humor in any situation, and in doing so, he brightened the lives of those around him.

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What did Kevin McCallister’s parents do for a living? ‘Home Alone’ director speaks out

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What did Kevin McCallister’s parents do for a living? ‘Home Alone’ director speaks out


Originally appeared on E! Online

“Home Alone” director Chris Columbus finally put an end to the incessant wondering as to where Kevin McCallister’s parents got the funds to afford their beautiful—and massive — Chicago mansion.

“Back then, John [Hughes] and I had a conversation about it,” Columbus explained to The Hollywood Reporter in an interview published Dec. 24, “and we decided on what the jobs were.”

So what did Kevin McCallister’s parents do exactly? Well, the movie actually included a few hints. If you took note of the dancing mannequins Kevin (Macaulay Culkin) placed in the window to ward off the criminals Harry (played by Joe Pesci) and Marv (played by Daniel Stern), you may have guessed that Catherine O’Hara’s Kate McCallister “was a very successful fashion designer,” according to the director.

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As for John Heard’s Peter McCallister, the details are a bit more fuzzy.  

“The father could have, based on John Hughes own experience, worked in advertising,” the 66-year-old noted, “but I don’t remember what the father did.”

He did, however, know one thing for sure: Peter did not have a talent for forensics.

“Not organized crime,” he added, “even though there was, at the time, a lot of organized crime in Chicago.”

And with the mystery solved, you can finally practice your “Kevin!” pose in peace. After all, Culkin and Brenda Song’s sons are already doing the same.

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“He thinks he’s Kevin,” Culkin recently told E! News of his oldest Dakota, 3. “I’m like, ‘Do you remember going down that down the stairs on the sled?’ He’s like, ‘Mmhmm, yep. Sure do.’ I’m like, ‘Do you remember when he had yellow hair?’ And he’s like, ‘Uh-huh, yep.’”

“‘You’re a lying liar who lies,’” he recalled joking to his son. “That was me!’”

But Culkin’s brother Kieran Culkin — who shares daughter Kinsey, 5, and son Wilder, 3, with wife Jazz Charton—hasn’t quite had the same experience with his kids. In fact, he recently revealed that his children have yet to even see the movie.

“There’s still some scary parts,” the 42-year-old explained to E! News earlier this month. “For the 3-year-old, there’s the tarantula [and] there’s the guy at the end who said, ‘I’m gonna bite off all your fingers.’ That’s scary for a 3-year-old.”

However, the “Succession” star did tease that the first-ever family screening may be coming soon.

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“We think they might be ready for “Home Alone” this year,” he revealed. “If not, next year.”



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Got a medical question? This East County library has answers.

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Got a medical question? This East County library has answers.


Everyone has medical questions at one time or another, and it’s tempting to search the internet for answers instead of making a doctor’s appointment.

But that doesn’t always lead to the best information, said Holland Kessinger, head librarian at the Health and Wellness Library in La Mesa.

“Anybody can put anything out on the internet,” she cautioned. “We want people to really develop their health literacy and discern what quality and authoritative, reliable health information looks like, and Google is not always it.”

Kessinger said good advice can be found online, and staff at the library can help lead people to reliable sources such as MedLine Plus. For people who want hands-on material, the library has a collection of almost 5,000 items, including books on specific diseases, cookbooks in a nutrition section and children’s material with a play area.

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There’s also a DVD section of health-related movies and TV shows plus stations where people can check their blood pressure for free and small offices for patrons to research in private.

“We’re often stressed and emotional when we receive information about our health,” Kessinger said. “And so giving people quality information is really, really key to helping them stay healthy and get help.”

The library is at 9001 Wakarusa St., La Mesa, and was opened in 2002 by the Grossmont Healthcare District, which still runs it.

The district includes Alpine, El Cajon, Harbinson-Crest, Jamul, La Mesa, Laguna-Pine Valley, Lakeside, Lemon Grove, Mountain Empire, Santee, and Spring Valley. District residents can get a library card and check out material, while the library itself is open to anyone for on-site research.

Holland Kessinger is the head librarian at Grossmont Healthcare District’s Health & Wellness Library in La Mesa, shown here on Thursday, Dec. 19, 2024. (K.C. Alfred / The San Diego Union-Tribune)

Residents in the district also get priority to participate in programs such as fitness classes and Wellness Wednesday talks, and Kessinger said the library had just over 9,000 visitors in 2023 and about 3,100 in the last quarter.

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For district residents who can’t make it to the brick and mortar building, a mobile version will be coming to them sometime in the spring.

Grossmont Healthcare District CEO Christian Wallis, who has referred to the library as the best-kept secret in the county, said a van is being retrofitted and will bring library material to different areas of the district when it is up and running.

“Our library is a unique community resource and one of only a few consumer health libraries in the country,” he said. “The number of users from the immediate surrounding area has grown over the years. The Board of Directors’ intention in developing the mobile outreach library is to ensure everyone in East County has access to high quality, reliable health information.”

Kessinger said the library is not unlike any public library, although this one has just one section.

“It’s consumer health written for the average person,” she said. “Not for a medical professional, not doctors, not nurses, but for the average consumer. So there are very, very few public libraries that focus just on consumer health.”

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People take part in a fitness class outside the Grossmont Healthcare District's Health & Wellness Library in La Mesa on Thursday, Dec. 19, 2024. (K.C. Alfred / The San Diego Union-Tribune)
People take part in a fitness class outside the Grossmont Healthcare District’s Health & Wellness Library in La Mesa on Thursday, Dec. 19, 2024. (K.C. Alfred / The San Diego Union-Tribune)

The library, the only one of its kind in the county, includes an art gallery that is changed quarterly and currently features work created by participants in Family Health Center’s PACE (Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly) program. In January, the gallery will feature work created by the San Diego River Artists Alliance.

One section is for health careers and used by many students in Grossmont Union School District’s Health Pathways program. Students and other visitors can find books on dental schools, medical emergency dispatching and how to become a nurse or a certified nursing assistant, among other subjects.

The library also has sections on men’s and women’s health, a display a vintage medical equipment and plastic models of human organs.

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