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Thin Blue Warning: How Arizona law enforcement can use warning shots despite Shannon’s Law

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Thin Blue Warning: How Arizona law enforcement can use warning shots despite Shannon’s Law


Arizona law enforcement agencies have the option to fire warning shots, but it’s a rare and controversial tactic.

Until November, the Sedona Police Department allowed the practice under specific circumstances. But policing experts argue that firing a gun into the air to deter a threat conflicts with state law.

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What they’re saying:

In the responses from more than 40 law enforcement agencies, a majority gave a resounding “no” on a questionable tactic. We discovered some departments allow warning shots — raising serious concerns about legality, accountability and public safety.

We can confirm that the Sedona Police Department’s policy no longer allows officers to use warning shots. Ex-Deputy Chief Ryan Kwitkin says it’s about time.

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“It’s unsafe to fire warning shots. This isn’t the Wild West,” Kwitkin said.

Kwitkin is the plaintiff in an ongoing lawsuit against the city. Kwitkin is suing the city of Sedona and some of its top officials, including the police chief. The city has denied the allegations and cannot comment on pending litigation.

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Former Sedona Deputy Police Chief Ryan Kwitkin

Former Sedona Deputy Police Chief Ryan Kwitkin

Kwitkin was fired in August 2024, months after being placed on paid administrative leave.

His attorney claims his termination was unlawful and that Kwitkin faced retaliation from Chief Stephanie Foley for raising policy concerns — like the ability to fire warning shots.

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“I went to Chief Foley and explained that under no circumstance should we allow warning shots,” Kwitkin said.

When asked what the chief’s response was, Kwitkin said: “That we’re not changing the policy. That it’s only under certain circumstances.”

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When the Sedona Police Department was asked if there have been any documented incidents involving warning shots since 2020, records show none were fired in the last five years.

Joe Clure, executive director for the Arizona Police Officers Association

“Why would they leave it in their policy for so long until just recently?” we asked Joe Clure, executive director for the Arizona Police Officers Association. “Frankly it’s clear they have some leadership challenges at the Sedona Police Department.”

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Clure has publicly questioned the Sedona PD’s leadership and the previous warning shot policy.

Here’s what Sedona’s policy used to say: “Warning shots or shots fired for the purpose of summoning aid are discouraged and may not be discharged unless the member reasonably believes that they appear necessary, effective, and reasonably safe.”

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FOX 10 obtained the modified policy, which says, “Firing a firearm in a manner commonly referred to as a ‘warning shot’ is expressly prohibited in all circumstances.”

“But a lot of the concerns that I brought up were for the best interests of the citizens of Sedona, the police department, and just moving the department into the 21st century of best police practices,” Kwitkin said.

Clure said, “I think by anybody’s standard risk management should be screaming about that because it is a huge liability, I believe, and very dangerous for the community to have that even as a possibility.”

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Dig deeper:

FOX 10 Investigates reached out to dozens of law enforcement agencies across Arizona to ask if their policies allow warning shots.

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We received more than 40 responses from major agencies like Phoenix, Scottsdale and Tempe, along with the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office. Nearly all of them said warning shots are prohibited.

Here are some of the reasons:

Mesa PD’s policy says: “… they may prompt a suspect to return fire and may endanger innocent bystanders.”

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Pinal County Sheriff’s Office replied by saying: “Like firing a deadly weapon as a warning? That is not allowed.”

Flagstaff PD’s policy says: “Warning shots are rarely effective and pose a danger to the officer and the community if used in lieu of deadly force on a suspect.”

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Forty out of 44 agencies that responded say no to warning shots. That’s 90%.

The four agencies on the opposite end:

  • Tolleson Police say warning shots are “generally” discouraged unless the officer believes it’s necessary, effective and safe.
  • Lake Havasu City PD and the Greenlee County Sheriff’s Office have the same language in their policies.
  • Paradise Valley PD says, “Officers will not generally, fire warning shots” — but use-of-force decisions are discretionary and must be “objectively reasonable” based on the circumstances.

Big picture view:

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“We created a law for just that reason, to prevent those types of rounds being fired so that they don’t to prevent them from inadvertently striking another innocent person,” Clure said.

The law is called Shannon’s Law. It is named after 14-year-old Shannon Smith, who was in the backyard of her Phoenix home when she was killed by a stray bullet in June 1999.

“When we met with the police, they told us that this is something that goes on all the time. That this is something we have to live with. We said ‘oh no, this is something that the community does not have to live with.’ Something that can be stopped,” said Lory Smith, Shannon’s mother, in a 2007 news report.

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In 2000, Shannon’s parents worked hard to pass Shannon’s Law, making it a Class 6 felony to negligently fire a gun into the air within the limits of any Arizona municipality.

But the statute lists some exceptions, like a special permit of the chief of police of the municipality.

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Benjamin Taylor, attorney at Taylor & Gomez Law

“What they have is what you call governmental immunity. So, a lot of times a law enforcement officer can be immune or exempt from Shannon’s Law if they’re using it in a reasonable manner. That’s where they can fire in the air. And Shannon’s Law wouldn’t apply to law,” said Benjamin Taylor, attorney at Taylor & Gomez Law.

But the risk, he says, is obvious. For law enforcement agencies, the approach to policy is “to each their own.”

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“A simple fix and solution would be to change your policy. Don’t train your officers in the academy that they’re allowed to shoot a warning shot,” Taylor said.

AZPOST is the state’s Peace Officers Standards and Training Board. Its executive director tells FOX 10 that AZPOST doesn’t have the authority to direct internal policies of law enforcement agencies on warning shots.

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Clure says it’s common sense for chiefs and sheriffs to ban it for good.

“Just because it’s the police officer firing that round doesn’t mean that that bullet’s any less dangerous or any more apt to go strike an unintended victim,” Clure said.

Policies are changing

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The Round Valley Police Department is changing its policy after being asked if officers could fire warning shots. This department was recently investigated by the Department of Public Safety for misconduct issues.

Interim Chief Jeff Sharp said Round Valley’s original policy says it’s generally discouraged to fire warning shots unless deemed necessary and reasonably safe. But immediately following our questions about the policy, he amended it to say, “Warning shots are not authorized,” which shows it’s up to the respective agency’s chief or sheriff to decide.

The list of departments that said they do not use warning shots:

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  1. Peoria Police
  2. Goodyear Police
  3. Pinal County Sheriff’s Office
  4. El Mirage Police
  5. Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office
  6. Flagstaff Police
  7. Surprise Police
  8. Phoenix Police
  9. Apache Junction Police
  10. Mesa Police
  11. Chandler Police
  12. Gilbert Police
  13. Glendale Police
  14. Arizona State University Police
  15. Gila County Sheriff’s Office
  16. Yuma Police
  17. Avondale Police
  18. Cottonwood Police
  19. Bullhead City Police
  20. Florence Police
  21. Mohave County Sheriff’s Office
  22. St. Johns Police
  23. Quartzsite Police
  24. Prescott Police
  25. Holbrook Police
  26. Welton Police
  27. South Tucson Police
  28. Oro Valley Police
  29. Yuma County Sheriff’s Office
  30. Navajo County Sheriff’s Office
  31. Round Valley Police
  32. Clarkdale Police
  33. Thatcher Police
  34. Sierra Vista Police
  35. Marana Police
  36. Show Low Police
  37. Wickenburg Police
  38. Page Police
  39. Tucson Police
  40. Tempe Police

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Cardinals Mailbag: Latest on Jacoby Brissett, Carson Beck, and Arizona’s QB Future

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Cardinals Mailbag: Latest on Jacoby Brissett, Carson Beck, and Arizona’s QB Future


ARIZONA — We’re less than two weeks removed from the start of training camp, and the Arizona Cardinals feel oh-so-close to football season.

We’ll probably do one more pre-camp mailbag before things get kicking, but thanks to everybody who answered our call on X.

Before we get started, I did get a few questions on how players looked during minicamp and OTA’s. Reporters are only allowed to view the first 30 minutes of practice, which mostly involves individual position drills, special teams and stretching.

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Case in point, we can’t say how somebody like Carson Beck or Isaac Seumalo looked. The questions are appreciated nonetheless.

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Let’s get into it, hopefully you guys are staying hydrated:

Which Cardinals position groups are well stocked and worry free heading into training camp? – Ed

Ed, thank you always for the questions.

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I think the running back room is the most obvious answer here, where the Cardinals realistically have three backs who could be starters on other teams in Jeremiyah Love, James Conner and Tyler Allgeier.

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Offer a bit something different, and if former Day 2 pick Trey Benson is your fourth running back, that’s a pretty loaded room.

Another spot I’m eying for this is cornerback, where all of Will Johnson, Denzel Burke, Garrett Williams, Starling Thomas and Sean Murphy-Bunting could start with Max Melton being another name to provide competition.

The tight end room — headlined by Trey McBride — is also a good one, which bodes well for Arizona’s intentions to utilize 12 and 13 personnel.

What’s the current standpoint on the Jacoby Brissett contract extension? – Ceddy

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That’s a great question Ceddy, as there’s been virtually zero info leaked on how talks are going between the two sides.

For what it’s worth, Brissett was spotted working out with Marvin Harrison Jr. and Trey McBride this week, so his intentions are still to be the starter. Arizona reportedly is committed to him being the starter, too.

The actual divide seems to be guaranteed money, as Brissett has only $1.5 million guaranteed for 2026 — which is the final year of his contract. It doesn’t seem like he wants more years tacked on.

The likely end result? The Cardinals guarantee a few more million to satisfy Brissett right before the start of training camp.

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What’s your prediction for running back touches? – Staches

Stache, IF THAT IS YOUR REAL NAME, running back touches in Arizona might not be what people want or think.

Yes, the Cardinals used the No. 3 pick on Love. Yes, he should be featured in the offense.

However, Love has never quite owned a dominant role in a backfield dating back to his Notre Dame days with Jadarian Price.

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On the other side of the coin, Mike LaFleur’s tenure in New York/Los Angeles as an OC utilized more of a committee approach in terms of running back usage.

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Love, Allgeier and Conner all figure to have some role. By season’s end, Love probably ranks first in total touches, but it won’t be a wide gap barring injury.

Cardinals overperform relative to expectations next year but still need a QB. What avenues could they pursue? – Blake

First of all, Blake does great stuff as the host of Bleav In Arizona Cardinals podcast, so go check his work out.

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In this scenario, I think Arizona has two options: Roll with Carson Beck for 2027 or push all of their chips into the coming draft class for a quarterback.

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If the Cardinals outperform relative to expectations, you would…. hope Beck at least showed something? At some point? Though nothing is guaranteed.

Also I know the 2027 class has all the hype in the world, though we’re so far removed from seeing that come to fruition. We forget the 2026 class had plenty of quarterback hopes before the dust eventually settled.

This is a very real scenario, but entering LaFleur’s second year, there might also be very real pressure to get a franchise guy and get the program moving in the right direction.

The NFL stands for “Not For Long” and the Cardinals have been losers for far too long. If Arizona outperforms expectations, they need to put the pedal to the floor in 2027.

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How much Carson Beck do you think we’ll see on the hall of fame game? – Noah

Noah, I think we saw a lot of Beck.

It’s unlikely any starters will play in the first of four Arizona preseason games, paving the way for Beck, Kedon Slovis and potentially even a drive or two of Gardner Minshew for the Cardinals.

Beck will see plenty of preseason time entering his rookie season. Maybe the third preseason game will feature less since that’s considered a typical “dress rehearsal” for starters that typically play the most.

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If I had to guess a split for Beck/Minshew/Slovis in the HOF game, it would look like this:

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Minshew: One drive
Beck: Rest of first half
Slovis: Second half

You could flip-flop Beck and Slovis, but you get the idea.

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What is the most un-spoken positive change the team’s made since the Mike LaFleur hire? (For me its the defensive staff) – S0N0FDAV1D

That’s along what I’m thinking too, but I would take a bit of a step back to see the bigger picture.

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Part of the criticism on Jonathan Gannon’s staff was the lack of experienced and seasoned minds on either side of the ball. Gannon banked on high energy, youthful guys — which ultimately didn’t pan out.

LaFleur acquired names such as Nathaniel Hackett and Teryl Austin to supplement their respective sides of the ball. Both have extensive coordinator experience and carry weight across the league.

That won’t directly translate to wins, but especially for a first-time coach like LaFleur, I do think there’s something to be said about those changes.

If Carson Beck starts half the season, and shows real flashes, do the Cardinals take a quarterback in the 1st round next year? – Holden

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Incredible twitter name, Mr. Holden Beers.

I do think a best-case scenario is Beck can clearly show he’s the guy for Arizona, which would save time and money for the Cardinals. That would be massive.

The biggest issue here is the Cardinals have a massive question to answer with Beck on little expected time on task. The sample size we see of the rookie quarterback won’t be convincing enough one way or another.

So if he shows “real” flashes, I think it depends where the Cardinals finish in the standings. If they’re already in pole position to draft somebody, I do think they’ll pull the trigger on somebody like Arch Manning.

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If Arizona is out of reach and needing to make a massive trade up, the Cardinals might prefer to stick with Beck.

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2026 MLB Draft: Arizona likely to be minimally impacted after down season

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2026 MLB Draft: Arizona likely to be minimally impacted after down season


Unlike other major pro sports in the United States, Major League Baseball’s annual draft is hardly must-see television. With 20 rounds of picks—it used to be 50—and very few of them household names, only true baseball diehards closely pay attention beyond the first handful of selections.

For college baseball fans, though, the MLB Draft can bring about some stress and uncertainty since both incoming freshmen and existing veterans are eligible to be selected. The best college juniors and seniors are sure to get drafted and sign, while top recruits may be lured into starting their pro careers early via a hefty signing bonus.

Last year the UA saw nine members of the 2025 squad, which reached the College World Series, get drafted and sign. One of its prep signees also took the money rather than come to Tucson.

The 2026 draft, which begins Saturday and finishes Sunday, won’t be nearly as impactful to Arizona’s roster. Only one current Wildcat with eligibility remaining is assured of being drafted: junior right-handed pitcher Owen Kramkowski.

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Kramkowski, who struggled in the spring after a breakout 2025 season, is ranked as the 205th-best draft prospect by Baseball America and No. 245 by MLB.com. That would put him in the range of the 6th or 7th round to get selected, though he could go earlier. All indications are Kramkowski will sign.

Beyond that, it’s anyone’s guess. No other current or future Wildcats are among BA’s Top 500.

Among Arizona’s outgoing seniors, the top candidate to get drafted is left-handed pitcher Patrick Morris, who is currently playing the MLB Draft League. Infielders Tyler Bickers and Maddox Mihalakis could also get picked late or sign as an undrafted free agent.

Draft-eligible juniors other than Kramkowski include lefty Maclain Roberts, catcher Beau Sylvester and outfielders Andrew Cain and Easton Breyfogle. A couple of Arizona’s 2027 newcomers, such as junior college righty Collin Cobb, prep infielder Ayden Deome and catcher Francisco Rivero, are also at risk of getting picked.

Arizona has had 293 players drafted in its history and has had at least two taken every year since 2011.

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The first four rounds of the 2026 MLB Draft are Saturday, with NBC airing the first 10 picks starting at 10 a.m. PT before the broadcast switches to MLB Network and later MLB.com. Rounds 5-20 are Sunday on MLB.com starting at 8:30 a.m. PT.



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Arizona AG continues to investigate Glendale apartment complex after Friday deadline to fix A/C

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Arizona AG continues to investigate Glendale apartment complex after Friday deadline to fix A/C


Arizona Attorney General Kris Mayes is giving a Glendale apartment complex until 5 p.m. Friday, July 10, to fix the air conditioning in every unit or face legal consequences. In a demand letter dated July 8, Mayes called Spectra West Apartments’ failure to provide air conditioning “both unacceptable and unlawful.” The complex could face civil penalties of up to $10,000 per violation if it does not comply. Resident Javier Montes said he chose to live at Spectra West because of its proximity to his job. “The reason I decided to live here because my work is just down the street. So, it’s just a five-minute walk for me, and so it’s very convenient for me.”



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