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Thin Blue Warning: How Arizona law enforcement can use warning shots despite Shannon’s Law

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Thin Blue Warning: How Arizona law enforcement can use warning shots despite Shannon’s Law


Arizona law enforcement agencies have the option to fire warning shots, but it’s a rare and controversial tactic.

Until November, the Sedona Police Department allowed the practice under specific circumstances. But policing experts argue that firing a gun into the air to deter a threat conflicts with state law.

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What they’re saying:

In the responses from more than 40 law enforcement agencies, a majority gave a resounding “no” on a questionable tactic. We discovered some departments allow warning shots — raising serious concerns about legality, accountability and public safety.

We can confirm that the Sedona Police Department’s policy no longer allows officers to use warning shots. Ex-Deputy Chief Ryan Kwitkin says it’s about time.

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“It’s unsafe to fire warning shots. This isn’t the Wild West,” Kwitkin said.

Kwitkin is the plaintiff in an ongoing lawsuit against the city. Kwitkin is suing the city of Sedona and some of its top officials, including the police chief. The city has denied the allegations and cannot comment on pending litigation.

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Former Sedona Deputy Police Chief Ryan Kwitkin

Former Sedona Deputy Police Chief Ryan Kwitkin

Kwitkin was fired in August 2024, months after being placed on paid administrative leave.

His attorney claims his termination was unlawful and that Kwitkin faced retaliation from Chief Stephanie Foley for raising policy concerns — like the ability to fire warning shots.

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“I went to Chief Foley and explained that under no circumstance should we allow warning shots,” Kwitkin said.

When asked what the chief’s response was, Kwitkin said: “That we’re not changing the policy. That it’s only under certain circumstances.”

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When the Sedona Police Department was asked if there have been any documented incidents involving warning shots since 2020, records show none were fired in the last five years.

Joe Clure, executive director for the Arizona Police Officers Association

“Why would they leave it in their policy for so long until just recently?” we asked Joe Clure, executive director for the Arizona Police Officers Association. “Frankly it’s clear they have some leadership challenges at the Sedona Police Department.”

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Clure has publicly questioned the Sedona PD’s leadership and the previous warning shot policy.

Here’s what Sedona’s policy used to say: “Warning shots or shots fired for the purpose of summoning aid are discouraged and may not be discharged unless the member reasonably believes that they appear necessary, effective, and reasonably safe.”

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FOX 10 obtained the modified policy, which says, “Firing a firearm in a manner commonly referred to as a ‘warning shot’ is expressly prohibited in all circumstances.”

“But a lot of the concerns that I brought up were for the best interests of the citizens of Sedona, the police department, and just moving the department into the 21st century of best police practices,” Kwitkin said.

Clure said, “I think by anybody’s standard risk management should be screaming about that because it is a huge liability, I believe, and very dangerous for the community to have that even as a possibility.”

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Dig deeper:

FOX 10 Investigates reached out to dozens of law enforcement agencies across Arizona to ask if their policies allow warning shots.

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We received more than 40 responses from major agencies like Phoenix, Scottsdale and Tempe, along with the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office. Nearly all of them said warning shots are prohibited.

Here are some of the reasons:

Mesa PD’s policy says: “… they may prompt a suspect to return fire and may endanger innocent bystanders.”

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Pinal County Sheriff’s Office replied by saying: “Like firing a deadly weapon as a warning? That is not allowed.”

Flagstaff PD’s policy says: “Warning shots are rarely effective and pose a danger to the officer and the community if used in lieu of deadly force on a suspect.”

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Forty out of 44 agencies that responded say no to warning shots. That’s 90%.

The four agencies on the opposite end:

  • Tolleson Police say warning shots are “generally” discouraged unless the officer believes it’s necessary, effective and safe.
  • Lake Havasu City PD and the Greenlee County Sheriff’s Office have the same language in their policies.
  • Paradise Valley PD says, “Officers will not generally, fire warning shots” — but use-of-force decisions are discretionary and must be “objectively reasonable” based on the circumstances.

Big picture view:

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“We created a law for just that reason, to prevent those types of rounds being fired so that they don’t to prevent them from inadvertently striking another innocent person,” Clure said.

The law is called Shannon’s Law. It is named after 14-year-old Shannon Smith, who was in the backyard of her Phoenix home when she was killed by a stray bullet in June 1999.

“When we met with the police, they told us that this is something that goes on all the time. That this is something we have to live with. We said ‘oh no, this is something that the community does not have to live with.’ Something that can be stopped,” said Lory Smith, Shannon’s mother, in a 2007 news report.

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In 2000, Shannon’s parents worked hard to pass Shannon’s Law, making it a Class 6 felony to negligently fire a gun into the air within the limits of any Arizona municipality.

But the statute lists some exceptions, like a special permit of the chief of police of the municipality.

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Benjamin Taylor, attorney at Taylor & Gomez Law

“What they have is what you call governmental immunity. So, a lot of times a law enforcement officer can be immune or exempt from Shannon’s Law if they’re using it in a reasonable manner. That’s where they can fire in the air. And Shannon’s Law wouldn’t apply to law,” said Benjamin Taylor, attorney at Taylor & Gomez Law.

But the risk, he says, is obvious. For law enforcement agencies, the approach to policy is “to each their own.”

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“A simple fix and solution would be to change your policy. Don’t train your officers in the academy that they’re allowed to shoot a warning shot,” Taylor said.

AZPOST is the state’s Peace Officers Standards and Training Board. Its executive director tells FOX 10 that AZPOST doesn’t have the authority to direct internal policies of law enforcement agencies on warning shots.

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Clure says it’s common sense for chiefs and sheriffs to ban it for good.

“Just because it’s the police officer firing that round doesn’t mean that that bullet’s any less dangerous or any more apt to go strike an unintended victim,” Clure said.

Policies are changing

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The Round Valley Police Department is changing its policy after being asked if officers could fire warning shots. This department was recently investigated by the Department of Public Safety for misconduct issues.

Interim Chief Jeff Sharp said Round Valley’s original policy says it’s generally discouraged to fire warning shots unless deemed necessary and reasonably safe. But immediately following our questions about the policy, he amended it to say, “Warning shots are not authorized,” which shows it’s up to the respective agency’s chief or sheriff to decide.

The list of departments that said they do not use warning shots:

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  1. Peoria Police
  2. Goodyear Police
  3. Pinal County Sheriff’s Office
  4. El Mirage Police
  5. Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office
  6. Flagstaff Police
  7. Surprise Police
  8. Phoenix Police
  9. Apache Junction Police
  10. Mesa Police
  11. Chandler Police
  12. Gilbert Police
  13. Glendale Police
  14. Arizona State University Police
  15. Gila County Sheriff’s Office
  16. Yuma Police
  17. Avondale Police
  18. Cottonwood Police
  19. Bullhead City Police
  20. Florence Police
  21. Mohave County Sheriff’s Office
  22. St. Johns Police
  23. Quartzsite Police
  24. Prescott Police
  25. Holbrook Police
  26. Welton Police
  27. South Tucson Police
  28. Oro Valley Police
  29. Yuma County Sheriff’s Office
  30. Navajo County Sheriff’s Office
  31. Round Valley Police
  32. Clarkdale Police
  33. Thatcher Police
  34. Sierra Vista Police
  35. Marana Police
  36. Show Low Police
  37. Wickenburg Police
  38. Page Police
  39. Tucson Police
  40. Tempe Police

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Detroit Lions NFL Draft Injury Report: Arizona State CB Keith Abney

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Detroit Lions NFL Draft Injury Report: Arizona State CB Keith Abney


Due to significant injuries to the CB position last year which includes a shoulder surgery for Terrion Arnold, the Lions CB position scored a 6/10 need on my Lions Defensive Draft Need Rankings. Thus, an early-round selection of a young, healthy prospect like Keith Abney would not come as a surprise. He enters the draft with very low medical concern level.

Here is the excerpt from my medical report on Keith Abney:

(Ages in parentheses are at start of 2026 season and are factored into the concern level. Injury info and ages based on available public information are unverified and subject to update. Games played data courtesy of sports-reference.com.)

Keith Abney, CB (21) – Arizona State

Projected round 2-3. #43 on Jeff Risdon board Feb 19.

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Concern level 0/10

There is an isolated report of a hand injury but no corroborating information. Even if the hand injury is true, that’s of minimal to no long-term concern.

His availability in his final two seasons has been perfect. Overall, Abney appears to be medically clean and is at an excellent age.

He finished college with 6 INT and 21 PBU.

For more Lions coverage, follow us on X, @TheLionsWire, and give our Facebook page a likeFollow Jimmy on X, @JimmyLiaoMD

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Arizona baseball drops low-scoring series opener to Kansas State

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Arizona baseball drops low-scoring series opener to Kansas State


Arizona baseball had won five of its last seven games, which included three road wins, entering Friday evening’s matchup with Kansas State.

In the first game of the series, Arizona (14-23, 5-11 Big 12) battled in a low-scoring affair but fell short in a 2-1 loss to Kansas State (24-12, 8-8 Big 12). The Wildcats from Tucson held the Wildcats from Manhattan at bay for a good majority of the night.

Given that Kansas State leads the Big 12 in conference play in batting, on-base percentage, and slugging, Arizona had a rather good performance, but it was not enough.

Owen Kramkowski pitched seven scoreless innings before allowing the first Kansas State run in the top of the eight. He finished with six strikeouts and kept the high octane Wildcats at bay.

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“I thought the defense played well behind him too,” said head coach Chip Hale. “There’s a lot of ground balls, and we made plays where we were positioned in good places, and he was pitching in the eighth inning. That’s unbelievable.”

Garrett Hicks (3-1) came in to try and stop the bleeding for the Wildcats and did so by not allowing Kansas State to take the lead in the eighth. It was in the ninth when the lead was surrendered.

It took until the sixth inning but the first run was scored by Arizona. Andrew Cain singled to left field and after Maddox Mihalakis flew out, it was Beau Sylvester bringing Cain home with a triple through right center field.

Sylvester extended his hitting streak to eight games and it proved to be not enough to get Arizona to the finish line.

Kansas State tied the game at the top of the eight when back to back singles got runners on at first and third. Then a passed ball allowed the third base runner to come home.

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Arizona had a chance to retake the lead in the bottom of the ninth after Cain singled to deep right field. With Sylvester back at the plate, it seemed like it was a perfect set up.

A wild pitch nearly got past Kansas State and Cain tried to take advantage of it and steal home. However, Kansas State was able to corral the pitch and get Cain out at home.

AJ Evasco started the ninth inning with a double for Kansas State and back to back fly outs eventually got him home to give Kansas State the lead and the win.

With eight players being left on base, Arizona will need to bring those runners in more often than not if they want to tie the series Saturday afternoon.

As a young team, the Wildcats have had to walk a very tight line between disappointment and dejection and will need to continue handling these losses with grace if it wants to turn a corner.

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“It’s the way it goes, it’s baseball,” said Hale. “If we don’t handle it, we will come out tomorrow and won’t be ready to go, so hopefully they handle it.”



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Hair shows are a staple of Black culture. This Arizona competition is in its 4th year

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Hair shows are a staple of Black culture. This Arizona competition is in its 4th year


Over the last 75 years, hair shows have become a staple of Black culture in the U.S. These events celebrate textured hair through the creative, and often sculptural, styling of centuries-old techniques like braiding and barbering.

The biggest hair shows in the country take place in cities with a much larger Black population than Phoenix — like Bronner Bros. in Atlanta, which can bring in around 30,000 people semi-annually.

But as the Black community here grows and newer Arizona residents bring the culture with them, hair shows have started to pop up in town.

The fourth annual Arizona Fantasy Expo Hair Show will return Sunday in Phoenix.

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Show producer Athena Ankrah attended the third annual Fantasy Expo Hair Show in Phoenix last April, and shares what she saw.

About 200 people crowd La Princesa event hall in north Phoenix on a Sunday evening in 2025. Music blasts from speakers on either side of a stage and flows into the dance floor below. There are people of all ages here. Most attendees are dressed in white, to match the all-white ball theme, but there’s no shortage of color atop models’ heads.

Attendees and hair models at the Fantasy Hair Expo in Phoenix on April 27, 2025.

Lauren Jackson, 20, just graduated from a barber school in Phoenix. 

We’re watching a competition between two barbers — who can shave the cleanest tapered fade the fastest — when she tells me her plans for the event she’s competing in: the loc battle. 

“So I made a basketball hoop out of locs,” Jackson said.

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Hair shows give local hair stylists, barbers and braiders the chance to show off their creative talents through showcases and competitions. 

Some stylists had been working on their entries for more than a year leading up to the Fantasy Hair Expo. But that wasn’t the case for Jackson. The event’s organizers promoted the show at Jackson’s barber school shortly before that day.

“I’m like, OK, bet! …  Mind you, this was a week before the hair show,” Jackson said.

Hair shows are a Black American tradition dating back about 75 years. The creative hair styling can be so eccentric, it’s almost performance art. 

Because it’s not just the hair style on display. It’s a message conveyed through clothes, and sometimes choreography. And a chance to delight in hair textures and styles that have historically been a target of discrimination.

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“A lot of us are like really creative and they’re styles that you just can’t do on a daily basis. So the hair show just kind of gives you the platform to just have fun with it, you know, just be really artistic,” Aisha Wesley said.

Wesley is a cosmetologist who organized the event with fellow cosmetologist and friend LaTricia Williams. 

“I definitely think that the hair show is empowering to the community because it’s like, if nobody else accepts us, we accept us, right,” Wesley said. “I’ve had clients before that have had to come back and get their hair redone because their job was like, ‘you can’t wear that.’ You know? the hair show just kind of gives that freedom …” 

“I can wear whatever I wanna wear,” Williams said.

That freedom and ingenuity was on display at the show. 

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Now, seeing 40 inches of dollar bills sewn into the bottom of a pixie haircut would have been enough.

Cherie Nelson prepares a model's hair, including bright blue hair as headphones and a helicopter rotor on top in April 2025.
Cherie Nelson prepares a model’s hair, including bright blue hair as headphones and a helicopter rotor on top in April 2025.

But the same stylist, Cherie Nelson of Majestik Handzz Beauty Demand in Mesa, put together a whole crew of models with ’90s-inspired streetwear and exuberant hair to match. 

Nelson put one model in vivid bubblegum pink afro puffs, and another with huge headphones over her ears — made entirely of braids. 

And for the finale: A young woman crawls on stage, covered in wigs. She’s wearing crimped wigs from head to toe. Underneath, the leather catsuit, knee-high boots and afro wreath around her face gives her a sort of Janet Jackson lioness look. 

She stalks downstage, rises to her feet and pulls the lion’s mane onto her shoulders to reveal bantu knots: sleek sectioned hair twisted into knots, a protective style dating back to Zulu women in South Africa. 

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The crowd is loving it.

“She went from hoodie, to a lion’s mane, to a jacket, to Catwoman – how do you do that?” the host said.

Finally, it’s time for Lauren Jackson’s event — the loc battle.

It’s all about who can craft the most creative and colorful style out of locs and accessories, with extra points for technique and details. 

For the uninitiated, locs aren’t always dreadlocks. The term often refers to a more structured twist or coiling of hair rather than the Rastafari-style organic loc-ing of hair.

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Loc specialists — also called locticians — can build their styles ahead of time, but on competition day they only have 30 minutes to attach everything to their model’s head and make any finishing touches. 

“Y’all ready? Get set! Go!” the host exclaimed.

Woman in white two piece outfit poses for the camera
Anna Holly drove for 12 hours from San Francisco to attend the Fantasy Hair Expo in Phoenix on April 27, 2025.

Anna Holly drove from San Francisco the night before to compete with her mom as her hair model. 

“It was about 12 hours. But it wasn’t bad,” Holly said while laughing.

Despite the time constraint, Jackson’s entry is not insignificant. 

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She super-glued, painted and shaped synthetic hair onto a basketball hoop with about a foot tall backboard. 

“So I bought a box of those, the sandwich bags, and I’m like, ‘well, I can use this.’ At Dollar Tree, they also had a hoop already made. So I basically wrapped the whole thing with locs,” Jackson said. “Then I took some orange loc hair and I wrapped that with the rim. And then I took some silver grayish lock hair as well for the, the net to the basketball hoop.”

“It was so hard, I’m not gonna lie. I stayed up like day and night trying to figure it out between school,” Jackson said.

 And it’s functional, too — she brought a teeny tiny basketball to prove it.

“Now, if Steph Curry come out of there and shoot a 3? You won!” the host said.

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Another loctician, Elisha Davis, has built a sea goddess look that’s essentially a huge halo of locs sticking straight up. It’s woven with seashells. The stylist and her model have matching glittery siren makeup. The design is minimal enough that you can really see the details. 

“She sells seashells by the seashore. … Aphrodite ain’t playin’!” the host said.

And Holly is installing a replica of a famous landmark on her mother’s head. 

“Is that traffic on her head, y’all? … It’s the Golden Gate Bridge!” the host said to cheers from the crowd.

Yes, the Golden Gate Bridge, made entirely of hair.

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“I’m like, dang, I didn’t even know that was possible, y’all! And she had cars on the bridge!” Jackson said.

Master loctitian and cosmetologist Jai Davis is this event’s judge. 

“I’m looking for detail, creativity. …  I like integrity more than flash. I like skill more than flash,” Davis said.

It was a tight race. But a winner and runner-up are announced. 

“This one was super, super hard, we had to go all the way down to details. We had to look at edges and fresh retwists because the creativity in this competition was so cold,” Davis said. “So, because we had to go down to detail and crispy edges. … We gon’ give it to the Golden [Gate] Bridge!”

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So Jackson’s basketball hoop didn’t win. 

But despite that, she said, “it was so worth it. If I can go back, I would do it all over again.”

And next time, she’ll be ready. 

“Oh my God, I’m gonna do so much more next year. Oh my goodness, I can not wait for next year. ‘Cause I’m gonna do so much more,” Jackson said.

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