Florida
What happened and what’s to come: A First Amendment recap of Florida’s legislative session
The 2024 Florida legislative session is over. Its effects are soon to come, especially as they relate to First Amendment issues.
A number of bills were passed in the session that ended Friday. They intersect — and maybe clash — with the values and five freedoms enshrined in the Bill of Rights: speech, religion, press, assembly and petitioning the government.
Here’s what readers need to know about measures implicating the First Amendment that passed and failed this session — and what they can expect in the months ahead:
Our first story on social media bill: Florida House leader pushes social media restrictions, porn viewer age verification
Controversial from the start: Questions of parental rights raised as Florida lawmakers push social media ban for minors
Social media and porn sites
If it gets Gov. Ron DeSantis’ expected signature and survives expected court challenges, Floridians younger than 16 years old would be banned from social media platforms deemed “addictive” — unless they’re 14 or 15 and get a parent’s permission.
While the bill (HB 3) doesn’t set age verification requirements for social media, platforms would still need to figure out how to filter out those too young or face civil penalties. But the bill, despite data privacy concerns from opponents, does require age verification to access pornographic websites.
Stripper age
Floridians soon will have to be the drinking age to be able to strip for money, if DeSantis signs this legislation.
Bill supporters said the measure (HB 7063) was about combatting human trafficking. And, despite First Amendment questions and concerns about what happens to those who’ll lose their jobs, the Legislature passed a bill banning anyone younger than 21 years old from working in an adult entertainment establishment, which includes adult bookstores and theaters. The bill also creates criminal penalties for those who hire such workers at those establishments.
Bill that drew pro-Palestinian protests
One measure (HB 465/SB 470) drew multiple pro-Palestinian protests to the Capitol. Yet, the bills didn’t move very far. Only one, the House version, made it through a single committee.
The legislation would have yanked state scholarships or tuition aid from college students promoting a foreign terrorist group. It also would have required universities to report those students to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security if they’re in the country on a visa.
Protesters worried the bill would be used against students advocating for Palestinians and criticizing Israel for its operations in Gaza following Hamas’ Oct. 7 surprise attack.
Defamation
For the second year in a row, legislation that would make it easier to launch and win defamation lawsuits in Florida stalled after receiving a barrage of criticism from influential conservative officials and media outlets. First Amendment and media advocates also accused it of infringing constitutional rights and chilling speech.
One of its key provisions would have created the presumption that anyone publishing a false statement that relied on an anonymous source acted with “actual malice,” a key legal hurdle for public figures to win defamation lawsuit. It also would have made a new kind of legal claim against false and offensive artificial intelligence content that a “reasonable person” is likely to believe.
Artificial intelligence
As AI technology advances, so do concerns about its misuse. This session proves that, even beyond the failed defamation legislation. AI is complicated to regulate, the technology being so new and rapidly evolving that there’s numerous legal uncertainties, particularly related to the First Amendment.
But lawmakers pushed through two notable measures. One bill (HB 919) would require disclaimers on political advertisements that use AI to deceive about a ballot issue or injure a candidate in a depiction of a person doing something that didn’t happen.
Another (SB 1680) creates a state “Government Technology Modernization Council” with the goal to make recommendations on AI regulations. It also combats “generated child pornography,” which is computer-generated portrayals of fictitious minors engaged in sexual conduct.
School chaplains
Florida lawmakers passed a bill authorizing school districts and charter schools to adopt a policy for chaplains “to provide support, services, and programs to students.” Supporters of the bill (HB 931) said it’s a win for school children, addressing concerns about youth mental health and the need for more school counselors.
Some opponents worried the bill would be a vehicle for Christian nationalism. Others had constitutional concerns and questions about the credentials of those interacting with minors who may be facing life crises.
And they warned there could be unintended consequences of opening up the door for religion in schools. The Satanic Temple has already said its ministers “look forward to participating” in Florida school chaplain programs.
Police accountability
Bills passed that critics say would undermine the public’s ability to prevent police brutality and corruption, despite increased public attention to those issues following the police murder of George Floyd and other documented cases of police misconduct.
Lawmakers approved a bill (SB 184) that puts a 25-foot “no-go” zone around first responders like police, even though Democrats warned it could be used to prevent their constituents from documenting injustice.
Bill supporters, though, say it’s aimed at making first responders and those on emergency scenes safer. It would create a second-degree misdemeanor for anyone who, after a warning, approaches or remains within 25 feet of working first responders with the intent to harass, threaten, impede or interfere.
Another approved bill would limit what citizen police oversight boards can do and would require these panels to be re-established under county sheriffs who would appoint several members.
Book bans
PEN America, a free speech group, recently named Florida as the No. 1 state for “book banning,” a term conservatives hate but one many people use to describe book removals from public schools. Even Gov. Ron DeSantis has called for limits to how many books the public can challenge in schools.
He got what he wanted. The Legislature passed a bill that states a “resident of the county who is not the parent or guardian of a student with access to school district materials may not object to more than one material per month.”
Yet, many — if not most of — books being removed aren’t challenged. School districts are preemptively removing them, fearful of running afoul of recently-passed state laws many view as vague.
Public records exemptions
There are more than 1,000 public records exemptions in Florida, enshrouding what was once openly available information. Continuing an annual trend, lawmakers approved a multitude of exemptions this session.
One bill shields autopsies, photographs, videos or audio recordings of a suicide when the information is held by a state agency. Another bill conceals a swath of information in applications for the My Safe Florida Home Program, which helps Floridians harden their homes against hurricanes.
A number of exemptions didn’t reach the finish line. One would have weakened the accountability and transparency ushered in by a recent state Supreme Court ruling that said that Marsy’s Law, a constitutional amendment approved by voters in 2018, which granted a number of rights to crime victims, doesn’t guarantee anonymity for police officers — or any victim of crime.
No change to constitutional amendment process
Another session means another failed attempt to try to make it harder for Florida voters to pass constitutional amendments.
If they get enough signatures through a petition process and survive review from the Florida Supreme Court, they appear on the ballot, regardless of what Legislature’s Republican supermajority wants. Case in point: the Supreme Court is soon going to weigh in on two amendments for the 2024 election that would legalize recreational marijuana and protect abortion rights.
But lawmakers can also get amendments on the ballot, if approved by three-fifths of each chamber. A measure (HJR 335) this session would have raised the threshold for such amendments to pass with the support of Florida voters from 60% (three-fifths) to 66.67% (or two-thirds of those voting). But it didn’t, just like years prior.
‘Woke’ in education targeted again
GOP lawmakers also pushed through a measure (HB 1291) that would ban teacher preparation programs from instruction on “identity politics” or “theories that systemic racism, sexism, oppression, and privilege are inherent in the institutions of the United States and were created to maintain social, political, and economic inequities.”
PEN America said the bill was “set up for failure,” citing federal court blocks on the previously-passed “Stop WOKE Act.” That law targeted businesses’ diversity practices and trainings and what’s taught in collegiate classrooms.
Contributed: USA TODAY NETWORK-Florida. This reporting content is supported by a partnership with Freedom Forum and Journalism Funding Partners. USA Today Network-Florida First Amendment reporter Douglas Soule can be reached at DSoule@gannett.com.
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Florida
Audubon Florida leader has built reputation for working across party lines | The Invading Sea
By Issabella Gutierrez
As a child growing up in rural Florida, Julie Wraithmell once stood at the foot of a tall pine tree and watched a woman climb 50 feet into the air to occupy an abandoned eagle’s nest. The woman, Doris Mager, stayed there for a week to raise money for raptor rehabilitation. For young Julie, the “nest-in” became a blueprint for a life in conservation.
In Florida’s often unpredictable environmental policy landscape, Wraithmell has built a reputation for working across party lines.
Today, as the vice president and executive director of Audubon Florida, the state office of the National Audubon Society, she leads the organization’s statewide science and advocacy efforts from her office in Tallahassee. She spends the legislative session in committee hearings and meetings with lawmakers, agency officials and conservation leaders.
Over two decades, she has evolved from a field biologist and self-described “bird nerd” into an influential environmental leader in Florida, navigating a political landscape that can be as unpredictable as any treetop.
A native Floridian, Wraithmell earned a bachelor’s degree in biology from Duke University and a master’s degree in science from Florida State University.
She began her career in 1997 as a biologist at the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, where she worked for eight years and helped launch the Great Florida Birding Trail, a 2,000-mile network connecting more than 500 wildlife-viewing sites.
Wraithmell now oversees 80 Audubon Florida staff members and 45 chapters statewide. Beyond lobbying, she directs habitat restoration strategies and coordinates policy teams focused on land conservation and water quality.
Renée Wilson, a senior communications coordinator at Audubon Florida, described Wraithmell as a “getter-donner” who remains “cool as a cucumber” even when tension runs high in the Capitol.
“She’s not a micromanager,” Wilson said. “She gives you the direction you need, and she’s there if you need a course correction, but she really empowers the staff to follow their passions.”

Her leadership was tested in 2024 and 2025, when proposals surfaced to add golf courses to state parks and to swap protected land at the Guana River Wildlife Management Area for development. Audubon Florida helped generate tens of thousands of public comments and coordinated bipartisan opposition that led to the withdrawal of both proposals.
Elizabeth Alvi, senior director of policy for Audubon Florida, said Wraithmell’s leadership in these sensitive moments is defined by a refusal to be pulled off course by short-term pressure. She added that Wraithmell is widely respected by lawmakers across the aisle.
“People know that when she speaks, it is grounded in science and aligned with a clear organizational priority, not opportunistic positioning,” Alvi said. “That discipline earns respect in the Capitol because it’s consistent and thoughtful.”
Wraithmell often quotes a mentor who told her that advocacy requires “weaving back and forth across the political aisle like sloppy drunks.”
“You might find yourself fighting a legislator over a road project one year, but you have to be ready to partner with that same person on a land conservation bill the next,” Wraithmell said. Holding onto professional grudges, she said, is a luxury the environment cannot afford.
That pragmatism shapes her push for stable funding for Florida Forever, the state’s land acquisition program that has preserved more than 1 million acres. While funding has fluctuated in recent years, she said unstable funding could impede critical habitat purchases as development pressures increase.

In 2010, Wraithmell led Audubon’s response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, advocating for restoration settlement funds to be directed toward coastal bird habitat recovery. Her efforts earned her the Charles H. Callison Award in 2015, the highest honor from the National Audubon Society.
Wraithmell does not shy away from the topic of climate change.
“The ocean is coming for us,” Wraithmell said. “Whether you call it climate change, sea-level rise or flooding, we are seeing the impacts on our shorebirds and our coastal communities right now.”
Under her leadership, Audubon Florida has expanded coastal resilience efforts, including protecting nesting grounds threatened by rising sea levels and promoting nature-based solutions such as wetland restoration and living shorelines. Alvi said many people underestimate how difficult it is to align science, policy timing and organizational reputation simultaneously.
“The most significant win will likely be institutional strength: a conservation movement in Florida that is more strategic, more science-driven and more disciplined in its public engagement,” Alvi said.
When asked to summarize Florida’s environmental story in a single place, Wraithmell pointed to the Everglades. She described it as an ecosystem shaped by historical “screw-ups,” from ditching and draining to the exploitation of birds.
“It’s a site of people coming together and saying, ‘Whoop, we screwed up. Now what are we going to do about it?’” Wraithmell said. “With billions of dollars in investment, we are seeing results.”
Despite the rapid pace of development across Florida, Wraithmell remains optimistic about the future, pointing to volunteers, students, and local advocates who make up the Audubon Florida network.
“Watching kind of the creative magic that they get up to together,” Wraithmell said. “That is what gives me hope for the next decade.”
The little girl watching from the ground is gone. Now, Julie Wraithmell is the one in the treetop, asking young Floridians to climb with her and protect wild Florida.
Issabella M. Gutierrez is a junior majoring in multimedia journalism at Florida Atlantic University. Banner photo: A great egret flies over the Florida Everglades (iStock image).
Sign up for The Invading Sea newsletter by visiting here. To support The Invading Sea, click here to make a donation. If you are interested in submitting an opinion piece to The Invading Sea, email Editor Nathan Crabbe.
Florida
Florida Democrats flipped two legislative seats in 2026 special election, their best performance in years
Florida Democrats had their best election night in years Tuesday, flipping two legislative seats.
Analysts and politicians point to the combination of strong candidates, low turnout special elections, rising gas prices compounding existing affordability issues and the ongoing conflict in Iran, which helped offset the registration and financial advantages of Republicans.
Also, historically, an unpopular president heading towards the midterm elections is always tricky for the party in power.
These factors may justify some optimism for the minority party in the state heading into the November election cycle, which could see rematches from Tuesday’s contests.
University of Central Florida political science professor Aubrey Jewett said at the campaign level Florida Democrats did a good job getting solid candidates who didn’t make mistakes and stuck to the message of affordability.
Also, there is the timing, as historically the sitting president’s party more often loses seats in midterm elections at the congressional and state legislative levels. Jewett added that unpopular presidents lose even more seats, noting that since the 2024 presidential election, Democrats have flipped more than two dozen seats in Republican or battleground states.
“President Trump’s unpopularity cast a long, dark shadow over these Republican candidates in these races,” Jewett said. “And so, even if you had decent candidates, it was just too much of an uphill battle because of President Trump’s unpopularity.”
One of those Democrats who won did so in a district that includes Trump’s Mar-a-lago estate
Democrat Emily Gregory of Jupiter led by 2.38 percentage points with 33,429 ballots cast in the House District 87 contest along the east coast of Palm Beach County. The district includes the home of President Donald Trump.
Gregory is a Treasure Coast native, a military spouse and mother of three with a master’s degree in public health from Columbia University who operates a small fitness business.
Tampa Democrat Brian Nathan, a U.S. Navy veteran and organizer with the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, was up 0.51 percentage points in the state Senate District 14 contest in Hillsborough County, where 80,016 votes were cast.
The results remain unofficial.
Republican Hilary Holley easily won the third legislative special election, House District 51 in Polk County, by more than 8 percentage points.
In the Tampa State Senate race, Jewett said there was evidence that Republicans seemed to be doing well in early voting, noting GOP candidate Josie Tomkow, a former House member, had good name recognition and funding.
“But it appears that the Democrats that turn out were strongly unified and (no party affiliation voters) must have gone strongly Democratic as well — and it seems likely that at least some Republicans voted Democratic,” Jewett said.
House Speaker-designate Sam Garrison, R-Fleming Island, who led GOP efforts for the House special elections, issued a statement Tuesday night that Republican Jon Maples ran an “extremely strong campaign” for the Palm Beach County seat, but faced “low Republican turnout due to awkward special election timing,” and also questioned “despicable, dark-money” attacks against the candidate.
Garrison added, “We will learn from today’s results and see you in November.”
Florida Republican and Democratic party chairs react to the election’s results
Republican Party of Florida Chairman Evan Power said the party is “proud” of its special election candidates and will continue to “engage, mobilize and lead.”
“Republicans are leading on the issues that matter the most to Floridians — public safety, economic growth, meaningful property tax reform, expanded school choice, and strong environmental stewardship,” Power said in a statement. “Our record isn’t just strong, it is unmatched. With a Republican voter registration advantage of nearly 1.5 million, we are well-positioned and fully energized as we head toward November.”
Florida Democratic Party Chairwoman Nikki Fried hopes the result makes Republican lawmakers pause as they approach Gov. Ron DeSantis’ call for a special session to redraw congressional district lines the week of April 20.
“Voters are tired of one-party rule and attempts to steal their votes,” Fried said in a conference call Wednesday with reporters. “They are tired of the skyrocketing costs and the chaos in the news this year.”
Fried also said the state party, which still faces a need to cut into the Republican supermajorities in the Legislature in the fall election, has been on the phones with national Democratic groups that have disengaged from Florida politics the past couple of cycles.
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