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Unraveling the Albedo Effect: Snowless Winters and Soaring Temperatures in Fargo-Grand Forks

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Unraveling the Albedo Effect: Snowless Winters and Soaring Temperatures in Fargo-Grand Forks


In the winter season of 2023-2024, Fargo and Grand Forks experienced an unusual phenomenon: a stark absence of snow cover. This peculiarity, coupled with record-breaking high temperatures, has led to a captivating study on the albedo effect of snow cover by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

The Albedo Effect: A Crucial Player in Winter Temperatures

Albedo, a term used to describe the proportion of the sun’s radiation reflected by a surface, plays a significant role in the winter temperatures of Fargo-Grand Forks. Snow-covered ground has an albedo between 0.4 and 0.9, meaning it reflects 40-90% of the sun’s radiation, making it brighter and cooler. Dark, wet soil, on the other hand, has an albedo near 0.0, absorbing almost all solar radiation.

The research conducted by NOAA found that the high albedo of snow reflects up to 90% of the incoming solar radiation back into space, leading to a cooling effect on the surface temperature. During winter months, the presence or absence of snow cover can cause a difference of up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit in daily temperatures.

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Record Temperatures and the Absence of Snow

“This year, we’ve seen a significant deviation from the norm,” says Dr. Emily Thompson, lead researcher of the NOAA study. “The lack of snow cover in Fargo and Grand Forks has contributed to record high temperatures.”

Thompson’s team compared historical weather data and found a direct correlation between the absence of snow cover and higher winter temperatures. The research emphasizes the importance of monitoring snow cover and albedo in predicting winter weather patterns and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

Implications for Climate Change and Future Weather Patterns

“Understanding the albedo effect of snow cover is crucial in our fight against climate change,” says Thompson. “As we see more winters with less snow cover, we can expect to see more instances of record-breaking temperatures.”

The study highlights the need for continued research into the albedo effect and its impact on winter temperatures. By understanding these patterns, scientists can better predict future weather conditions and develop strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change.

As the winter season in Fargo and Grand Forks comes to a close, residents are left to ponder the implications of this year’s snowless winter. The albedo effect, once a term relegated to the realm of scientific research, has become a tangible reality for those living in the region.

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The record-breaking temperatures serve as a reminder of the delicate balance between our planet’s surfaces and the sun’s radiation. By understanding the role of albedo in this balance, we can work towards a future where the impacts of climate change are minimized, and the winter season remains a time of snow-covered landscapes and cooler temperatures.





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North Dakota

7 Timeless Towns In North Dakota

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7 Timeless Towns In North Dakota


North Dakota, set on the American Plains and against the US border with Canada, conjures multiple images at once. It has welcomed strivers and romantics — not least. A young Theodore Roosevelt, whose North Dakota sojourn formed the foundation of his legend and legacy.

Admitted to the Union in 1889, following the US Civil War, the state’s original motto—”Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable”—recalls a time of national division. That conflict gave way to a long-standing chapter of peace in the country, and today, North Dakota enjoys a reputation as a quiet, safe place to live and visit. As these timeless towns show, North Dakota, also known as the Peace Garden State, has certainly earned its name.

Bottineau

Downtown Bottineau in North Dakota.

The north-central town of Bottineau, population 2,200, sits just below the Canadian border. Its French name reflects the one-time presence of French fur trappers and other traders, like its namesake, Pierre Bottineau. The town sits near the site of the International Peace Garden, a jointly-managed green space between Canada and the United States, offering attractions such as the Peace Chapel, the 9/11 Memorial, and the Conservatory featuring over 5,000 unique species of cacti and succulents.

Bottineau’s other standout draws include an unusual figure in its Plains landscape: Tommy Turtle, actually a 30-foot statue of a turtle riding a snowmobile, and meant to symbolize the nearby Turtle Mountains. Home to Dakota College home to some 1,100 students, Bottineau features an outsized menu of local dining options, from fine dining at Marie’s to the college-crowd favorite Denny’s Pizza. The award-winning Pride Dairy sells ice cream for sweets fans of all ages.

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Mandan

Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park is a North Dakota state park located 7 miles south of Mandan, North Dakota.
Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park, 7 miles south of Mandan, North Dakota.

Mandan, a much larger town of 24,600, sits across the Missouri River from Bismarck, North Dakota’s state capital, in the center of the state. Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park beckons the history buff with displays at its Visitor Center Museum that tells of North Dakota life from earlier times. Established in 1907, the park is North Dakota’s first and has provided recreation and education for more than a century so far.

Mandan calls itself the “spirit of the West” in North Dakota. For a touch of that culture, check out the town in July during its Mandan Rodeo Days, a western-themed series each Independence Day weekend with bronco riding, art exhibits, a fireworks celebration, and a road race. Running for over 140 years, the Rodeo Days events draw crowds and repeat visitors from all over.

Medora

The charming downtown area of Medora, North Dakota
The charming downtown area of Medora, North Dakota. Editorial credit: Dennis MacDonald / Shutterstock.com.

Medora, a map-dot with about 160 souls, lies in North Dakota’s west and punches above its weight for small-town charms. Ringed by a picturesque half-canyon, the town provides a gateway to Theodore Roosevelt National Park and showcases the badlands that the future president fell in love with as a young man. Kids can channel Roosevelt’s cowboy habits with horseback riding or family camping inside the park.

Grown-up Western enthusiasts can get a one-of-a-kind stay at the Rough Riders Hotel, a luxury Western accommodation that bears the name of the military unit that Roosevelt later rode to fame and political prominence. For more family-friendly fun, the Medora Musical, billed as “The Greatest Show in the West,” offers a blend of country, pop, and other music styles for a memorable and musical western night out.

Rugby

Downtown Rugby, North Dakota.
Downtown Rugby, North Dakota. Image credit: Dirk Wierenga via Shutterstock

Rugby, with 2,400 inhabitants, makes an unusual claim to fame. The north-central town says it is the geographic center of the North American continent. A stone monument marks the claimed spot downtown. For a look back in time, the town’s sprawling Prairie Village Museum provides information on early life in Rugby and historic North Dakota. The museum extends across more than 20 buildings and includes a school, a train depot, a jail, and even a log cabin dating from 1887.

Like its Canadian neighbor, Rugby welcomes tourists keen to see the aurora borealis—the phosphorescent northern lights that often play across the world’s northern skies at night. The Northern Lights Tower stands nearly 90 feet high and serves as a lookout point for the sky’s wild colors. An on-site interpretive center explains the phenomenon in detail.

Valley City

Hi-Line Railroad Bridge over the Cheyenne River in Valley City.
Hi-Line Railroad Bridge over the Sheyenne River in Valley City. Editorial credit: Awinek0 / Shutterstock.com

Valley City, actually a small town with a modest population of 6,600, lies west of Fargo, North Dakota’s largest city. The place is also home to Valley City State University, whose student body of 1,700 gives a substantial boost to the town’s economy and size. Calling itself the “City of Bridges,” the place celebrates its many railroad suspensions and other constructions that span the Sheyenne River as it makes its many loops through town. The Native American West comes alive here at Medicine Wheel Park, which features a solar clock and a dozen earthen burial mounds.

For more time on the water, locals and visitors gravitate to Lake Ashtabula, a favorite spot for swimming, boating, and some classic American food options nearby. The Valley City State Planetarium provides otherwordly views to the sky beyond, making a great indoor alternative if the weather spoils plans to visit the town’s bridges, waterways, or both.

Walhalla

Street corner view of Walhalla, North Dakota.
Street corner view of Walhalla, North Dakota. By In memoriam afiler – Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0, Wikimedia Commons

Walhalla, an early settlement in what was then the Dakota Territory, has a petite population of 900 today. Set in the state’s northeast corner, just below the Canadian line, the town offers history and outdoor fun in equal abundance. The Gingras Trading Post, once a stop for trappers and their customers, has stood northeast of Walhalla since the 1840s and now exhibits the folkways of a bygone era.

The Pembina Gorge Recreation Area has wide-open spaces for hiking, cycling, and family outings. For wilderness, one can drive through the Rendezvous Region Scenic Backway, which holds fantastic views and scenes of North Dakota’s rugged natural essence. The culture you can taste is on tap at the Howatt Hangar, within the local Frost Fire Park, while the same location puts on a summer theater series, with productions like the classic musical “Fame” and other shows available recently. Walhalla’s small size does not prevent it from offering major attractions for locals and out-of-town tourists alike.

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Williston

Aerial view of Williston, North Dakota.
Aerial view of Williston, North Dakota.

North of the Missouri River, Williston, with 27,700 people, offers a much larger slate of attractions to see and do. The northwestern town, well-known for its oil and gas activities, also promises fun for the outdoor sports fan, from golf and riverside walks to clay-pigeon shooting at the popular Painted Woods Sports Range. Clearly, Williston encourages a robust kind of active lifestyle.

For the culturally inclined, Williston made waves in a recent project that covered traffic signal cabinets with creative painting, thereby beautifying the town and its public spaces. Fans of Western movies, like the 2015 revenge thriller The Revenant, can retrace the steps of the real-life character Hugh Glass, who once worked as a hunter at nearby Fort Union. Today, the Fort Union Trading Post, a National Park Service site, tells of the days when the massive fort hosted a trade of 25,000 buffalo robes and early adventurers like Glass.

North Dakota’s Towns: Where History Meets Scenic Beauty

With all that these and other North Dakota towns hold out for the visitor, it may seem surprising that the state’s classic Western history and culture are not better known nationwide. Places like Bottineau and Williston speak to the old ways of fur trapping and trading. At the same time, modern cultural draws, like the stage productions at Medora and Walhalla, suggest an appetite for the lively arts and other creative expressions. No wonder the young Theodore Roosevelt came to love this state. North Dakota might be the next best place to explore for the traveler who seeks something timeless, fresh, and interesting.



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Through four years of sanctioned girls wrestling in North Dakota, athletes, coaches look back on sport's rise

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Through four years of sanctioned girls wrestling in North Dakota, athletes, coaches look back on sport's rise


GRAND FORKS — 2025 marks year four of sanctioned girls wrestling in North Dakota, meaning freshmen on varsity in year one are now seniors going for glory one more time.

Grand Forks’ program has grown alongside the sport’s popularity, now with a roster of 28 in 2024-25, including eight middle schoolers.

It’s a sight senior Bryn Larson could have only dreamed of when she first started wrestling in sixth grade.

“It was listed as an intramural sport in sixth grade, and I was like, ‘Sure, why not, I’ll give it a go,’” Larson recalled. “All day before practice, I was like, ‘Are you doing wrestling? Is anyone else?’ None of my classes, no kids were doing wrestling,” she added.

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It turned out she was only one of two girls to show up that day.

Instead of quitting, she pressed on, learning the ropes of the sport through her middle school career.

“I wanted to show other people that they could do it too if they wanted,” Larson said.

After three years wrestling against boys, girls wrestling became sanctioned in North Dakota right before her freshman year, giving her a chance to compete on a bigger stage and against other girls.

“I ran home to my mom screaming, I was so excited,” Larson recalled. “Then we found out that my middle school coach was going to transition to be the high school girls coach, so I was over the moon,” she added.

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That coach, Matt Berglund, is still with the program, and says getting the sport to this level comes from selling how anyone can get involved.

“In simplest terms, a lot of girls wouldn’t come out because they didn’t want to wrestle against boys, which is pretty understandable, but now that they actually can compete in practice and not have, maybe, a disadvantage in strength in the upper weights, you just see this huge growth,” Berglund said.

Just like any sport, however, it takes hard work to make it, and through the years, Grand Forks has seen its interest grow exponentially.

“A lot of these girls are second, third generation family wrestlers,” Berglund said. “Their older brothers, their dads, even their grandpas wrestled, but they never had the opportunity themselves,” he said.

The program has already produced two state champions: Alyssa Johnson and Emily Novak.

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There’s internal belief they are far from the last to be crowned champion.

“We have current state champs, but there’s definitely some people here that will be state champs,” Larson said.

There’s also belief the sport is not done growing.

“As long as you have a good attitude, good work ethic, you can be good at it in a pretty short amount of time if you put in the time,” Berglund said.

State qualifiers for boys and girls will hit the mats starting February 20 at the Fargodome, and the tournaments will be televised on WDAY Xtra.

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Isak Dinesen joined WDAY-TV as a reporter in September 2024. He previously worked as a multimedia journalist at WAOW-TV in Wausau, Wisconsin for three years. He graduated from NDSU in 2020, majoring in Journalism and minoring in Sports Communication at MSUM.





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ND HHS encouraging medical students to work in rural areas using scholarship programs

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ND HHS encouraging medical students to work in rural areas using scholarship programs


BISMARCK, N.D. (KFYR) – It’s no secret that medical school is expensive. A lot of would-be doctors might opt out of the field because of those costs. Those who do go often need to take jobs in larger hospitals in bigger cities to be able to pay their student loans back. North Dakota Health and Human Services (ND HHS) wants to change that.

Dr. Tyrone Berentson has been working in family medicine at SMP St. Andrew’s in Bottineau for about two and a half years. He grew up on a cattle ranch, and while he completed his residency in Grand Forks, he missed working in a rural community. When he finished training, he landed a job at the hospital in Bottineau.

“I love what a rural community offers. I think being a part of a tight-knit community where you know three generations of the family that you’re working with— I really appreciate that aspect of it. So, my intention is to stay in rural North Dakota,” Dr. Berentson said.

State scholarship programs like the one Dr. Berentson is in can help cover anywhere from $22,000 to $50,000 in tuition for healthcare students. Would-be nurses, physician assistants and counselors qualify, too.

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In a news release from ND HHS, Interim Commissioner Dirk Wilke said: “Recruiting and retaining a trained, qualified health care workforce, including in rural and underserved areas, is vital to reaching our goal of being the healthiest state in the nation.”

Dr. Berentson said working in a rural healthcare system lets him connect with his patients. He said people often worry programs like these will attract students who only plan on living in small communities for the duration of their contract, but he said that is definitely not always the case.

“That would discount the benefit for keeping the rural people who were born here and want to stay here,” Dr. Berentson said.

Once Dr. Berentson finishes his five years at St. Andrew’s, his loan repayment contract with the state will be up, but he said he has no intention of leaving anytime soon.

Scholarship applications are open until March 31. You can apply through HHS’ website.

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