North Dakota
During the hottest summer on record, Forum editors accused the government of dishing out fake news
BISMARCK — In early August of 1936, Americans must have been worried about North Dakota.
A striking photograph, accompanied by a dramatic headline and caption depicting a bleak and apocalyptic scene, appeared in hundreds of newspapers nationwide.
The Marlow Review via Newspapers.com
“Drought cattle invade capitol grounds,” the headline read.
BISMARCK, N.D. — Hungry cattle whose rangelands are now barren dust-covered plains, finally invaded the North Dakota capitol grounds here last week, nibbling at such spares grasses as had survived the scorching heat with gripped the state this week.
Readers had reason to be worried. The summer of 1936 was a scorcher. It is still the hottest summer on record in North Dakota with an average temperature of 74°F from June to August. On July 6, 1936, Steele, North Dakota, recorded a temperature of 121°F, the highest temperature ever recorded in the state.
The photo of the cows invading the capitol provided ample evidence that the Great Depression, combined with serious drought conditions, made life tough for many on the Great Plains.
Forum archives
However, a couple of weeks after the photo was published, the public learned that they shouldn’t believe everything they see.
This time, newspapers republished the cow photo but with a new headline.
“It’s a fake! But scores of newspapers bit on this N.D. picture.”
So the cows weren’t grazing at the Capitol or were they? Was it a hoax?
The answer isn’t that simple: creating a figurative dust-up between the U.S. government and The Fargo Forum. But how did it all begin?
After the 1929 stock market crash, America dove headfirst into the Great Depression, which caused widespread economic hardship for Americans everywhere, from the biggest cities to the smallest towns.
Prairie states, including North Dakota, were particularly hard hit, not just by financial troubles but by Mother Nature herself. Years of low rainfall and poor farming practices led to severe dust storms, which eroded topsoil, ruined crops, and led to widespread farm failures.
Many families chose to leave their farms in search of a better life. This exodus contributed to a sense of despair and instability in the region.
Contributed/Library of Congress
It became known as “The Dirty ‘30s” across the Great Plains.
President Franklin Roosevelt sought to help struggling farmers and rural communities by establishing the Resettlement Administration (RA) on April 30, 1935, as part of his New Deal.
Former Columbia economics professor and Undersecretary of Agriculture Rexford Guy Tugwell was chosen to lead the new agency.
Contributed/NDSU Archives
In a report written by late University of North Dakota history professor D. Jerome Tweton for the State Historical Society of North Dakota, Tweton said the agency was charged with long-range planning that emphasized rural rehabilitation.
“The RA and Tugwell focused on the ‘little farmer’ – those who were deeply in debt, who worked submarginal land, who were destitute. The RA was the social planner’s delight, for it meant advising people where and how to live,” Tweton wrote.
The RA’s resettlement concept, which emphasized relocating farmers away from the Great Plains, became highly controversial. According to Tweton, Tugwell knew the agency’s ideas and hardships from the Great Depression/Dirty ‘30s had to be translated into terms that a regular person could understand.
“The problems that confronted ‘the little farmer’ had to be documented in such a way as to create a sympathetic public,” Tweton wrote.
Contributed/Library of Congress
Therefore, Tugwell prioritized public information. RA writers began producing creatively written newspaper stories, radio scripts, speeches, and magazine articles. In addition to hiring writers, the agency hired some of the nation’s top photographers to take photos of “real life” in parts of rural America.
Tweton said more than 272,000 of their slice-of-life photographs were taken from 1935 through 1942. (In 1937, the Resettlement Administration became the Farm Security Administration, which continued the public information campaign).
Six photographers shot photos in North Dakota, including scenes of dusty fields, life on the farm and in one-room schoolhouses.
This is where the ‘cows at the capitol’ photo comes in.
‘A definite and damaging fake’
It all began in late July or early August when someone from the RA took a photo of the cows at the Capitol. Times Wide World Photos then sold the photo to the syndication service Publishers Autocaster Service.
The problem was that it wasn’t clear that the photo had been taken by a government agency that had a stake in the message conveyed in it. Critics said it was a propaganda photo distributed to sway people toward the RA message about hardship on the plains.
There was no way a paper in New York, California or Texas would suspect the photo wasn’t wholly what it seemed. The photo was a misrepresentation, according to The Forum, which wrote on August 19, 1936:
“If those cows could only read–they’d think they’d been eating loco weed. (The photo) gave an indication that they were practically breaking down the doors. “
In fact, cows from a nearby farm had been known to cross the border of the capitol grounds, and guards simply shooed them away.
The Forum wrote: “That this picture, innocent in itself, should go out of Washington with descriptive matter distorting its whole significance was, the Fargo Forum believes, a definite and damaging fake.”
Contributed/Still shot from “The Plow that Broke the Plains.”
The Forum was ready for a fight. The editors pointed out that the cows at the Capitol photo wasn’t the first time the agency pulled the wool over the eyes of the reading public.
Another photo taken in Pennington County, South Dakota, of a bleached-out old steer skull resting on the cracked and parched ground became famous for its powerful portrayal of the desolate farmland on the prairie.
After taking the initial photo, the photographer admitted to moving the skull to other locations, including a grassy field, to get a different angles.
When the photos were released to newspapers, The Forum cried “foul” accusing the photographer of staging the photos — a big no-no in photojournalism.
The photos were also used in a government-produced documentary called “The Plow that Broke the Plains.”
The fight hit extra close to home when Roosevelt and Tugwell flew to North Dakota on Aug. 27 to assess the drought damage in the state. Tweton said issues of The Forum greeted them on the train with a front-page story featuring the skull photo with the caption “A Wooden Nickel” (an expression used to convey something worthless.)
The photographer, Arthur Rothstein, later countered by saying, “The paper was strongly anti-administration and local pride had been wounded.”
The Forum fought back by warning members of the president’s party not to be taken in by “unreliable stories” of the drought in North Dakota.
Contributed/Library of Congress
The dust-up seemed to be over by September 12 when Forum editors wrote: “With the thought that its essential purpose has been accomplished, the Fargo Forum today folds the book on its exposé of faked stories and phony pictures of the drought.”
Tugwell and his photographers were ready to move on as well. By 1938, Rothstein, who took the infamous ‘skull’ photo, for some reason, convinced the agency that he should return to the area to take “positive pictures.”
One such photo was taken by him at the Great Northern Depot in Fargo in 1939. The image, which shows a man smiling as he pushes a cart, was meant to convey America’s progress in transportation and a vibrant Fargo community.
Contributed/Library of Congress
It seems The Forum and the government had made nice.
This period in history taught lessons. In the coming years, photo syndicators created more stringent standards for identifying the source of photos, and credits were required upon publication.
The Forum
Hi, I’m Tracy Briggs. Thanks for reading my column! I love going “Back Then” every week with stories about interesting people, places and things from our past. Check out a few below. If you have an idea for a story, email me at tracy.briggs@forumcomm.com.
A water treatment plant in northern North Dakota last month fell victim to a ransomware attack, forcing the facility’s operators to temporarily revert to reading gauges manually.
A spokesperson for the City of Minot, North Dakota, on Wednesday confirmed recent statements by officials claiming that the region’s water supply was “safe at all times” during the incident. According to a letter provided by the city to the FBI, seen by this publication, staff detected the ransomware on March 14, requiring “manual procedures” for about 16 hours, before a replacement server could be installed.
Jennifer Kleen, Minot’s communications and engagement manager, said ransomware was detected on the Minot Water Treatment Plant’s SCADA system, “which is kind of like a dashboard system. It brings all of those gauge readings to one spot.” Kleen said staff usually do manual gauge readings anyway, but that more frequent manual readings had been required while the facility’s supervisory control and data acquisition system was offline.
Minot’s water treatment facility serves the city, North Dakota’s fourth-most populous with roughly 50,000 people, and several other communities in a region called the Northwest Area Water Supply, for a total of about 80,000 water drinkers. (The Northwest Area Water Supply, or NAWS, has its own troubled history, facing lawsuits from the time construction of water pipelines began in 2002, until 2019 when an appeals court upheld a previous court’s ruling in favor of North Dakota. The disputes were brought by Manitoba, the Canadian province, which opposed details of interbasin water transfers that were to be performed in North Dakota, and the State of Missouri, which was concerned about depletions to its river system.)
According to the city’s letter, a note from those who’d installed the ransomware was found on the now-uninstalled SCADA server, but it did not contain a dollar figure, and the city did not pay any amount. When asked which ransomware outfit was responsible for the attack, Kleen said she didn’t know.
Kleen said that the city’s technical recovery is nearly complete: the plant is now using an old server to support its gauge readings while staff prepare a new server. The city’s letter notes that the incident has provided “opportunities for training exercises, improved communication, and preventative system design.” In a local TV news interview, Minot City Manager Tom Joyce said he wished he’d rallied a “crisis action team” — including the police chief, senior city executives and the city’s public information officer — sooner after discovering what had happened, “to ensure we’re all on the same page right away.”
Water utilities have been favorite targets of cyber campaigns led by China and Iran. A 2024 report from the Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Inspector General identified dozens of water systems around the United States with vulnerabilities bearing varying levels of risk. An assessment of more than 1,000 drinking water systems, serving 193 million people, found 97 systems with critical- or high-risk vulnerabilities, and 211 systems with “medium” or “low” risk vulnerabilities, such as “having externally visible open portals.”
There have been efforts over the last several years, by the federal government and states, to urge utilities to strike sturdier cybersecurity postures. A bill that was making its way through Congress last month would help small and rural water utilities update their systems and comply with the latest cybersecurity standards. And New York last month introduced its own “first-in-nation” cybersecurity standards, along with funding to implement them, for water treatment facilities.
But in addition to New York being one of the only states to focus so heavily on the utilities cybersecurity, such upgrades can take months or years to complete — time they may not have, particularly after the United States and Israel initiated strikes on Iran. A group of information-sharing groups that included the Water Information Sharing and Analysis Center last month warned of a “highly volatile” threat environment that includes the possibility of “increased cyberattacks from Iranian state-sponsored actors, hacktivists, and cybercriminal groups aligned with Iran.”
North Dakota
Grand Forks Founder of Coffee Business Named Small Business 2026 North Dakota Small Business Person of The Year Winner
(U.S. Small Business Administration image)
(KNOX) – The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) has named Sandi Luck, founder and CEO of Grand Forks based Bully Brew Coffee and ND Coffee Roastery, as its 2026 North Dakota Small Business Person of the Year winer. This prestigious award recognizes Luck’s visionary leadership, the sustained growth of her coffee enterprise, and her unwavering commitment to the North Dakota community. Luck’s entrepreneurial journey began 18 years ago when she launched a modest coffee kiosk while serving as a professor of marketing and entrepreneurship at the University of North Dakota. By blending her academic expertise with a “community over competition” philosophy, she has scaled her 100 percent woman-owned enterprise into a regional powerhouse.
“During National Small Business Week, SBA is honored to recognize the job creators, builders, and innovators who fuel our nation’s economy and anchor communities across America,” said SBA Administrator Kelly Loeffler. In North Dakota, the agency will host a series of events throughout the week, including local award ceremonies and networking sessions to celebrate the grit and resilience of entrepreneurs in their own communities.
“Sandi Luck embodies the spirit of North Dakota entrepreneurship,” said SBA’s North Dakota District Director Al Haut. “From her roots in Grand Forks to the expansion her company across the region, she has proven that a small business can be a powerful engine for both economic growth and community connection.”
Luck strategically leveraged her professional network and SBA resources, including SCORE, the North Dakota Women’s Business Center, and the statewide Small Business Development Center network. A pivotal milestone occurred in 2022 when she purchased a 27,000-square-foot warehouse to store her roasting operations and educational programs. This expansion allowed the ND Coffee Roastery to secure over 120 wholesale accounts, including becoming the official coffee roaster for North Dakota State University.
FARGO — Many in North Dakota are wondering what’s next for the Republican Party in North Dakota after the tension displayed at
the state’s Republican convention.
Several statewide incumbents skipped the process, prompting frustrated delegates to send a message, voting to symbolically distance them from the party by stripping them of their Republican label.
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