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During the hottest summer on record, Forum editors accused the government of dishing out fake news

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During the hottest summer on record, Forum editors accused the government of dishing out fake news


BISMARCK — In early August of 1936, Americans must have been worried about North Dakota.

A striking photograph, accompanied by a dramatic headline and caption depicting a bleak and apocalyptic scene, appeared in hundreds of newspapers nationwide.

Newspapers all over the U.S. (including this one from Marlow, Oklahoma) carried the story of cows invading the North Dakota state capitol.

The Marlow Review via Newspapers.com

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“Drought cattle invade capitol grounds,” the headline read.

BISMARCK, N.D. — Hungry cattle whose rangelands are now barren dust-covered plains, finally invaded the North Dakota capitol grounds here last week, nibbling at such spares grasses as had survived the scorching heat with gripped the state this week.

Readers had reason to be worried. The summer of 1936 was a scorcher. It is still the hottest summer on record in North Dakota with an average temperature of 74°F from June to August. On July 6, 1936, Steele, North Dakota, recorded a temperature of 121°F, the highest temperature ever recorded in the state.

The photo of the cows invading the capitol provided ample evidence that the Great Depression, combined with serious drought conditions, made life tough for many on the Great Plains.

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Cows at the Capitol was republished two weeks later with a new headline that the photo was a fake.

Forum archives

However, a couple of weeks after the photo was published, the public learned that they shouldn’t believe everything they see.

This time, newspapers republished the cow photo but with a new headline.

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“It’s a fake! But scores of newspapers bit on this N.D. picture.”

So the cows weren’t grazing at the Capitol or were they? Was it a hoax?

The answer isn’t that simple: creating a figurative dust-up between the U.S. government and The Fargo Forum. But how did it all begin?

After the 1929 stock market crash, America dove headfirst into the Great Depression, which caused widespread economic hardship for Americans everywhere, from the biggest cities to the smallest towns.

Prairie states, including North Dakota, were particularly hard hit, not just by financial troubles but by Mother Nature herself. Years of low rainfall and poor farming practices led to severe dust storms, which eroded topsoil, ruined crops, and led to widespread farm failures.

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Many families chose to leave their farms in search of a better life. This exodus contributed to a sense of despair and instability in the region.

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A farmer and his stock in Dickinson, N.D. in 1936, during the state’s hottest summer.

Contributed/Library of Congress

It became known as “The Dirty ‘30s” across the Great Plains.

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President Franklin Roosevelt sought to help struggling farmers and rural communities by establishing the Resettlement Administration (RA) on April 30, 1935, as part of his New Deal.

Former Columbia economics professor and Undersecretary of Agriculture Rexford Guy Tugwell was chosen to lead the new agency.

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Rex Tugwell, head of the Resettlement Administration, visits Bismarck to assess drought conditions in the summer of 1936.

Contributed/NDSU Archives

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In a report written by late University of North Dakota history professor D. Jerome Tweton for the State Historical Society of North Dakota, Tweton said the agency was charged with long-range planning that emphasized rural rehabilitation.

“The RA and Tugwell focused on the ‘little farmer’ – those who were deeply in debt, who worked submarginal land, who were destitute. The RA was the social planner’s delight, for it meant advising people where and how to live,” Tweton wrote.

The RA’s resettlement concept, which emphasized relocating farmers away from the Great Plains, became highly controversial. According to Tweton, Tugwell knew the agency’s ideas and hardships from the Great Depression/Dirty ‘30s had to be translated into terms that a regular person could understand.

“The problems that confronted ‘the little farmer’ had to be documented in such a way as to create a sympathetic public,” Tweton wrote.

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A farmer in Williams County, N.D. in 1937

Contributed/Library of Congress

Therefore, Tugwell prioritized public information. RA writers began producing creatively written newspaper stories, radio scripts, speeches, and magazine articles. In addition to hiring writers, the agency hired some of the nation’s top photographers to take photos of “real life” in parts of rural America.

Tweton said more than 272,000 of their slice-of-life photographs were taken from 1935 through 1942. (In 1937, the Resettlement Administration became the Farm Security Administration, which continued the public information campaign).

Six photographers shot photos in North Dakota, including scenes of dusty fields, life on the farm and in one-room schoolhouses.

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This is where the ‘cows at the capitol’ photo comes in.

‘A definite and damaging fake’

It all began in late July or early August when someone from the RA took a photo of the cows at the Capitol. Times Wide World Photos then sold the photo to the syndication service Publishers Autocaster Service.

The problem was that it wasn’t clear that the photo had been taken by a government agency that had a stake in the message conveyed in it. Critics said it was a propaganda photo distributed to sway people toward the RA message about hardship on the plains.

There was no way a paper in New York, California or Texas would suspect the photo wasn’t wholly what it seemed. The photo was a misrepresentation, according to The Forum, which wrote on August 19, 1936:

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 “If those cows could only read–they’d think they’d been eating loco weed. (The photo) gave an indication that they were practically breaking down the doors. “

In fact, cows from a nearby farm had been known to cross the border of the capitol grounds, and guards simply shooed them away.

The Forum wrote: “That this picture, innocent in itself,  should go out of Washington with descriptive matter distorting its whole significance was, the Fargo Forum believes, a definite and damaging fake.”

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A baby sits on the dusty ground next to a plow during the drought of 1936. The Forum accused the government of taking misleading photos to encourage people to leave the Great Plains.

Contributed/Still shot from “The Plow that Broke the Plains.”

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The Forum was ready for a fight. The editors pointed out that the cows at the Capitol photo wasn’t the first time the agency pulled the wool over the eyes of the reading public.

Another photo taken in Pennington County, South Dakota, of a bleached-out old steer skull resting on the cracked and parched ground became famous for its powerful portrayal of the desolate farmland on the prairie.

After taking the initial photo, the photographer admitted to moving the skull to other locations, including a grassy field, to get a different angles.

When the photos were released to newspapers, The Forum cried “foul” accusing the photographer of staging the photos — a big no-no in photojournalism.

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The photos were also used in a government-produced documentary called “The Plow that Broke the Plains.”


The fight hit extra close to home when Roosevelt and Tugwell flew to North Dakota on Aug. 27 to assess the drought damage in the state. Tweton said issues of The Forum greeted them on the train with a front-page story featuring the skull photo with the caption “A Wooden Nickel” (an expression used to convey something worthless.)

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The photographer, Arthur Rothstein, later countered by saying, “The paper was strongly anti-administration and local pride had been wounded.”

The Forum fought back by warning members of the president’s party not to be taken in by “unreliable stories” of the drought in North Dakota.

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A farmer points to how high his wheat should be, but wasn’t because of the harsh drought conditions in 1936.

Contributed/Library of Congress

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The dust-up seemed to be over by September 12 when Forum editors wrote: “With the thought that its essential purpose has been accomplished, the Fargo Forum today folds the book on its exposé of faked stories and phony pictures of the drought.”

Tugwell and his photographers were ready to move on as well. By 1938, Rothstein, who took the infamous ‘skull’ photo, for some reason, convinced the agency that he should return to the area to take “positive pictures.”

One such photo was taken by him at the Great Northern Depot in Fargo in 1939. The image, which shows a man smiling as he pushes a cart, was meant to convey America’s progress in transportation and a vibrant Fargo community.

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In 1939, government photographers came back to North Dakota because they felt they needed to share some “positive photos” of the state, including this shot from the Great Northern Depot in Fargo.

Contributed/Library of Congress

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It seems The Forum and the government had made nice.

This period in history taught lessons. In the coming years, photo syndicators created more stringent standards for identifying the source of photos, and credits were required upon publication.

Tracy Briggs Back Then with Tracy Briggs online column sig.jpg

Tracy Briggs, “Back Then with Tracy Briggs” columnist.

The Forum

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Hi, I’m Tracy Briggs. Thanks for reading my column! I love going “Back Then” every week with stories about interesting people, places and things from our past. Check out a few below. If you have an idea for a story, email me at tracy.briggs@forumcomm.com.





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North Dakota

North Dakota sets new population record as state approaches 800,000 residents

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North Dakota sets new population record as state approaches 800,000 residents


BISMARCK — North Dakota’s population count is gaining momentum as it reaches a record of 796,568 in 2024, an increase of over 7,500 people since last year and more than 2% since 2020, according to census data.

According to population estimates released Thursday, Dec. 19, by the

U.S. Census Bureau,

Cass County exceeded the 200,000-resident mark by 945 people and Burleigh County hovered over 100,000 residents with a count of 103,107.

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The two counties combined accounted for over 58% of the state’s growth in the last year.

“People continue to discover North Dakota’s abundant job opportunities, low taxes, strong education and health care systems, and unmatched quality of life with world-class outdoor recreation, hunting and fishing,” Gov. Kelly Armstrong said in a Thursday release.

The release also noted a net population increase of more than 18% since 2010, calling North Dakota one of the fastest-growing states in the country, though the Midwest overall had the lowest net population increase.

Regional population changes in 2024.

Contributed / U.S. Census Bureau

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Most of the 43 states that grew in 2024 were southern states.

North Dakota’s population rise is part of a nationwide trend the Census Bureau attributes broadly to international migration and “natural increase” — when births outnumber deaths.

North Dakota had a natural increase of 2,725, with 6,867 deaths and 9,592 births in 2024.

While the state lost nearly 300 people to domestic migration, it gained 5,126 people by international migration for a net gain of 4,835 people moving into the state in 2024.

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Population change by state in 2024.

Contributed / U.S. Census Bureau

The U.S. population surpassed 340 million and grew by nearly a full percent between 2023 and 2024, the highest growth in decades, according to U.S. Census Bureau data. Nearly 84% of the nation’s 3.3 million new residents are associated with international migration.

Natural increase accounted for about 15.6% of national growth in the U.S. in 2024, with 519,000 more births than deaths — up from the historic low in 2021 when births outpaced deaths by 146,000.

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“An annual growth rate of 1.0% is higher than what we’ve seen over recent years but well within historical norms,” Census Bureau Demographer Kristie Wilder

said in a Thursday release.

“What stands out is the diminishing role of natural increase over the last five years, as net international migration has become the primary driver of the nation’s growth.”

Since the last Census release, the bureau adjusted its migration estimate to account for a “notable” increase in “non-U.S.-born immigration” — the number of refugees, people released by U.S. Border Patrol and by those held on parole by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Office of Field Operations.

As a result, the 2024 international migration totals appear inflated in retrospective comparison to totals from previous years.

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North Dakota officials see “legal immigration” as an opportunity to address statewide workforce shortages,

as recent population growth isn’t enough to fill the state’s nearly 30,000 job vacancies.

“We look forward to working with the state Legislature in the upcoming session to set North Dakota up for even greater success and population growth, including addressing much-needed property tax reform and relief,” Armstrong said in the Thursday release.

Peyton Haug

Peyton Haug joined The Forum as the Bismarck correspondent in June 2024. She interned with the Duluth News Tribune as a reporting intern in 2022 while earning bachelor’s degrees in journalism and geography at the University of Minnesota Duluth. Reach Peyton at phaug@forumcomm.com.
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North Dakota

Coalition hopes to secure free school meals for North Dakota children this legislative session

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Coalition hopes to secure free school meals for North Dakota children this legislative session


FARGO — A new community coalition is on a mission to guarantee every North Dakota child has access to healthy meals at school, regardless of family income.

The Together for School Meals coalition launched this week with more than 30

local organizations

backing the cause.

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Made up of professionals in fields ranging from food security organizations and family advocacy groups to teachers and administrators, the coalition seeks additional support ahead of the upcoming legislative session, which convenes Tuesday, Jan. 7.

The coalition will recommend to North Dakota legislators that they provide $140 million in state funding over the next two years to reimburse school districts for the cost of providing free meals to all students.

Formed by Prairie Action ND, the coalition aims to have breakfast and lunch included in the School Meals for All program.

Melissa Sobolik, CEO of the Great Plains Food Bank, said more than 156,000 North Dakotans relied on the food bank in 2023. They included more than one in every three children, making a permanent solution to food insecurity urgent.

“It’s the highest ever for those numbers in our 41-year history,” she said.

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Robin Nelson, CEO of the Boys and Girls Club and Fargo school board member who is a spokesperson on legislative issues, said there are many benefits to every child getting healthy meals at school.

School attendance and academic success typically increase when children receive proper nutrition, she said, and anger issues decline when they’re not hungry and undernourished.

Nelson said it’s important to include all children in meal programs, not just those whose families are in lower income brackets.

“Some families hide that they are having issues with their bills. We just want to make sure that no child is left out, and provide every student with the optimal tools to help them succeed,” she said.

Coalition member Tony Burke, government relations director for the American Heart Association, said the U.S. is looking at a cost of $1.8 trillion for health care around chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, by 2050.

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He said much of that is fueled by the increasing prevalence of obesity — a trajectory that could change if all children receive proper nutrition.

“We know everything we go after is research and evidence based. We know that investing now will save us in the long run,” Burke said.

During the last legislative session, a bill to provide free lunches at a cost of $6 million over two years for children in families at 200% of the federal poverty level,

fell one vote short of approval in the state Senate after passing in the House.

Lawmakers did end up allocating $6 million to school meals for qualifying families, but the funding was temporary.

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A companion piece of legislation known as the anti-lunch shaming bill did receive approval,

ensuring that children who had unpaid school lunch bills weren’t shamed by being fed an alternate, cheaper lunch.

However, an unintended consequence of that bill, Nelson said, was that school districts were to forgive unpaid meal debt using dollars from the pot of funding that pays teachers.

“We do not want this (free meals) included in the per pupil payment. It needs to be separate,” Nelson said.

Fargo Public Schools currently has unpaid school meal debt of $72,000, which could reach $125,000 by the end of the school year, she said.

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A new poll shows North Dakotans largely support state involvement in providing free school meals.

Results from the North Dakota News Cooperative poll released last month

showed 82% of respondents in favor and only 14% opposed. A total of 65% “strongly favor” providing free meals at schools.

Support was generally high among all age groups, while most opposition came from men over 55 years of age, the poll indicated.

Nelson said she and others in the coalition will track and advocate for all free school meals legislation during the session.

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“That is the goal of this coalition, to make this a higher priority for our state legislators,” she said.





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Grant Nelson Shines in Homecoming Win Over North Dakota

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Grant Nelson Shines in Homecoming Win Over North Dakota


No. 6 Alabama men’s basketball narrowly escaped North Dakota with a 97-90 road win on Wednesday evening.

While the ride to the home of the Fighting Hawks was over 1,300 miles away, it’s less than 100 miles from Alabama forward Grant Nelson’s hometown of Devils Lake. Nelson detailed during Tuesday’s press conference how excited he was to return to North Dakota and that he was given a separate web link from the rest of the team to invite significantly more family and friends than usual.

“I just felt so much love,” Nelson said when his name was announced as the starting lineups were read. “It’s great to play in front of these people who have supported me and I’m just super grateful for this experience, for the coaching staff scheduling this game and just giving these guys a show tonight.”

Nelson played in front of a fanbase he was and still is somewhat attached to. That said, he played at North Dakota State for three years before transferring to Alabama before last season and put up the “Roll Herd” with his arms and pointed to the stands during the game when fans were chanting “UND.”

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Nelson tied with Preseason All-American guard Mark Sears for the team-lead in points at halftime with eight. However, like the rest of the Crimson Tide’s offense, Nelson shined in the second half and finished the game with 23 points, with 10 rebounds, three blocks and two assists. His point total tied for a season-high, and his rebound and block numbers each tied for his second-best performance.

Some of these numbers stem from clutch time as Nelson scored four points and secured three rebounds in the game’s final 90 seconds to ensure he left his home state with a win. To no one’s surprise, he was also named tonight’s Hard Hat winner for scoring the most blue-collar points, which measures his all-around hustle.

“I thought all in all Grant played pretty well coming back home,” Alabama head coach Nate Oats said. “He shot pretty well, except from three…I’m glad Grant had family and friends at the game I’m glad we (scheduled) it.

“I thought Grant was very good for most of the game, I thought he came ready to play. He had the emphatic dunk in the first half, thought he made some big blocks, had some tough rebounds, made his free throws, got to the rim and finished pretty well. He’s a steadying influence.”

As the score suggests, this was far from an easy victory as Alabama often trailed throughout the game, but pulled away late. Nelson warned the team before the game that it would be tougher than expected. This was especially apparent in Summit League leading scorer and North Dakota guard Treysen Eaglestaff, who dropped 40 points.

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“We played awful, pretty much the whole game,” Nelson said. “We came in, we didn’t take these guys seriously. I was telling them, this is a big game on their home court. We’ve got to take these guys serious. They’re playing for a lot…Can’t sleep on those North Dakota boys, they can really hoop.

“I’ve known [Eaglestaff] for a while, I played him when he was here and I was at North Dakota State. I knew he was a great player and our scouting report was pretty much around him…He’ll make a lot of money playing basketball. I think we let ourselves down, we’ve got a lot to learn, watch video and see what we can do better.”

The Crimson Tide will get a chance to show some improvement at home for its next game against Kent State on Sunday, Dec. 22 at 12 p.m. CT.



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