A good workout can help you build muscle, get a better night’s sleep, and feel really good. But it might even help you live longer, a new study found.
You don’t even need to do anything drastic to reap the benefits. Here’s what researchers found, plus how to ramp up your own exercise routine to get the perks.
Meet the experts: Ryan Glatt, CPT, is a senior brain health coach and director of the FitBrain Program at Pacific Neuroscience Institute in Santa Monica, California. Albert Matheny, RD, CSCS, is a personal trainer and co-founder of SoHo Strength Lab.
What did the study find?
The study, which was published in the journal Circulation, analyzed data from two U.S. cohorts of more than 116,000 adults on their exercise routines and overall health. (Data was collected from the participants 15 times over 30 years.)
Scientists found that people who did 300 to 599 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week had a 26 to 31 percent lower all-cause mortality and a 28 to 38 percent lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. They also had an up to 27 percent lower risk of dying from something outside of cardiovascular disease. (Moderate physical activity is defined as walking, weightlifting, and other types of lower-intensity exercise, according to the American Medical Association.)
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That, of course, goes far beyond the recommended 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise advised by the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. But it appears as if working out more can raise your odds of living longer.
Can exercise make me live longer?
There are a lot of factors that go into how long you live, but plenty of research suggests that an exercise habit is linked with a larger life span.
For example, a recent study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine found that people over the age of 40 could live an extra 5.3 years if they were as active as the top 25 percent of the population. And an older scientific analysis concluded that people who are physically active are up to 35 percent less likely to die from any cause compared to their inactive counterparts.
“Physical activity is an essential, but underutilized, strategy for aging well,” says Ryan Glatt, CPT, a senior brain health coach and director of the FitBrain Program at Pacific Neuroscience Institute in Santa Monica, California. “Even minimal activity levels can provide substantial health benefits, including disease prevention and improved quality of life.”
What type of exercise will make me live longer?
In general, any kind of activity seems to help people live longer. However, research suggests that strength training can make you biologically younger, while kettlebell training can help you to age more smoothly.
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If I’m not active, how can I get into exercise?
It’s important to start slowly, says Albert Matheny, RD, CSCS, a personal trainer and co-founder of SoHo Strength Lab. “At different points in your fitness, different exercises are appropriate,” he says. Meaning, you shouldn’t expect to be able to run a marathon if you’re not even doing a walking routine right now.
You can start out small by doing things like going for regular walks at a higher intensity, then ramping up to going for jogs and runs. You can eventually add in things like HIIT classes and strength training.
When you do strength training, Matheny says it’s important to focus on big muscle groups, like your legs. “Body weight exercises—lunges, squats, planks—are great for most people,” he says.
If you want a more defined introduction to exercise, Women’s Health has a four-week beginner workout plan to guide you through.
Ultimately, Matheny says it’s important to come up with a routine you can follow consistently. “Just do the best you can,” he says.
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Korin Miller is a freelance writer specializing in general wellness, sexual health and relationships, and lifestyle trends, with work appearing in Men’s Health, Women’s Health, Self, Glamour, and more. She has a master’s degree from American University, lives by the beach, and hopes to own a teacup pig and taco truck one day.
Shin splints are one of those nagging aches and pains most runners encounter at some point in their training—but that doesn’t mean you should just grin and bear it.
“We see it all the time in the clinic,” osteopath and clinical lead at The Livewell Clinic, Danny Sayandan tells Fit&Well.
Common themes, he says, are runners in worn-out shoes, heel striking instead of landing midfoot, or overstriding.
“It’s often linked to the least stretched muscle in the body—your calves—and most neglected muscle—the tibialis anterior—found on the front of the shin,” says Sayandan.
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When they’re tight or undertrained, the impact of every footstrike gets pushed straight into the shins, triggering a dull ache down the front or inside of your shins.
The solution? Add these five exercises from Sayandan to your weekly workouts to stretch and strengthen these often overlooked muscles.
5 exercises to try if you get shin pain when running
1. Toe raise
Toe Raises – Ask Doctor Jo – YouTube
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Sets: 2 Reps: 12-15 each side
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Why: Lifting your toes strengthens the front of your shin.
How:
Stand with your feet hip-width apart.
Lift your toes.
Hold for two seconds.
Lower your toes to the start.
2. Calf raise
Sets: 2 Reps: 12-15
Why: Build strength and endurance in the lower legs.
How:
Stand with your feet together.
Lift your heels to rise onto your toes and the balls of your feet.
Pause, then lower slowly.
You can also perform these with your heels off a step (as in the video above), lowering your heels below the step to add a stretch to your calves.
As you get stronger, progress to single-leg calf raises, then begin to add weight with a dumbbell or kettlebell held in one hand.
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3. Soleus wall hold
Sets: 2 Reps: 12-15 / Time: 30sec
Why: This bent-knee heel raise targets the deep-lying soleus muscle in your calves.
How:
Stand with your feet hip-width apart, holding a bannister or other sturdy anchor point for support (an alternative is to rest your back on a wall, as in the video above).
Bend your knees and push your hips back to lower into a squat, with your knees bent at 90˚.
Hold this position and either perform 12-15 calf raises (see above), or rise up onto the balls of your feet and hold for 30 seconds.
4. Tibialis stretch
Anterior Tibialis Stretch Kneeling – Ask Doctor Jo – YouTube
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Sets: 2 Reps: 8-10
Why: This is a gentle stretch for the muscles in the front of the shin.
How:
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Kneel with your feet together, sitting on your heels with your hands or forearms on the floor to help control the load through your ankles.
Push through your hands or forearms and carefully lift your knees to increase the stretch in the front of your shins.
Hold for a few seconds, then lower.
Rather than an exercise, try to practice this continuously—and certainly as you move from exercise to exercise in this workout. Concentrate on landing softly through your midfoot to retrain your gait and reduce impact through your heel, ankle, calves and shins.
Just because an exercise is considered a ‘classic’ or everyone on the gym floor is doing it, doesn’t necessarily mean it’s the best for muscle growth. While there are lots of exercises out there that are effective for hypertrophy, there are some that are arguably ever so slightly better, due to the fact that they’re easier to progressively overload, or are more convenient, time-wise.
If you’ve started to hit a plateau in your training or feel your gains have been somewhat minimal, then it may be time to switchup your programme. Exercise Researcher, Dr. Pak Androulakis-Korakakis, has shared five exercises in a recent YouTube video, that he’s stopped doing for muscle growth, and some smart swaps you can try instead to unlock better (and hopefully bigger) results…
Barbell back squat
(Image credit: Getty Images)
The barbell back squat is hailed as the king of lower body exercises – like, if you don’t do it, who are you? But is it best for honing in on your quads? Dr. Pak would disagree. “Barbell squatting, in my opinion, is not the most time-efficient way to blast your legs, and can feel ‘meh’ given that it overloads your spine.” It’s also not the safest exercise to go all out to failure on.
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Try swapping to: barbell front squat or leg press machine
For those who love barbell work, but don’t look forward to back squatting, Dr. Pak recommends trying the front squat. His reasonings: you’ll use less weight (so it’s less of a pain to set up), and using an anterior load can increase knee flexion so that you can sink deeper into the squat, meaning a bigger stretch on the quads. For those who want to sack off the barbell altogether, try the leg press. “Exact same movement pattern as the squat, without the actual loading. Minimal setup required, easy to fail safely,” he says.
Barbell bench press
(Image credit: Getty Images)
Another classic strength exercise and a staple in Arnie’s chest routine back in his heyday. However, the bench press isn’t always freely available and, although it absolutely encourages chest hypertrophy, some people do find it uncomfortable to perform. “For me, I often felt it in my shoulders, and it bothered me from session to session,” says Dr. Pak. “It can also be a bit annoying that you need a spotter if you want to push hard.”
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Try swapping to: machine chest press
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“It’s super easy to set up, allows me to train close to failure without the mental load of being trapped under a barbell, and you can adjust the incline, the grip – it’s very versatile.” Don’t have access to this machine? Dr. Pak also says the dumbbell chest press is a fantastic option, as it gives you more range of motion and you can target different areas of the chest, depending on the position of your weight bench. No dumbbells? Deficit push-ups and dips are his bodyweight alternatives.
Bent-over barbell rows
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When a wide thick back is the goal, everyone immediately thinks ‘bent-over barbell rows’. Yes – a great exercise, but Dr. Pak says it isn’t without its terms and conditions. “Bent-over barbell rows absolutely torch your lower back, especially if you’re pushing heavy weights and close to failure. While that’s not inherently bad, it becomes a bit of a problem, sometimes, and it can be annoying when you’re trying to bias certain parts of your back.”
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Try swapping to: bent-over dumbbell row
“I’m able to get more range of motion, have a bit more control, be able to be a bit more versatile with my grip, and in general, it’s a very versatile exercise that only requires you to grab the dumbbells, bend over and do them.” Dr. Pak also adds it’s a great exercise to superset with a chest exercise (think dumbbell press press above), ideal if you’re tight for time and need a workout you can get done sharpish. “A better bang for your buck option,” he says.
Leg extension machine
(Image credit: Getty Images)
We know what you’re thinking ‘What! But leg extensions are brilliant for hypertrophy – no setup required, easy to push to failure…’. All correct, and Dr. Pak says he still does these from time to time, by the way. However, there is a bodyweight exercise that he currently prefers…
Try swapping to: sissy squats
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“Not only are they effective at torching the rec fem (rectus femoris, the long muscle that runs down the front of your thigh), but they’re also easy to superset with leg curls, which makes them a killer combo for busy hypertrophy sessions,” says Dr. Pak. This is a tough bodyweight exercise in general, but if you are able to nail it for reps, Dr. Pak suggests increasing the difficulty by slowing down the tempo, increasing your range of motion (so going lower) and, we’ll throw our two pence in, you can also add a weight belt.
Dumbbell skullcrushers
(Image credit: Getty Images)
We all know that if you want bigger arms, the triceps will need a significant amount of attention (not just the biceps), because they make up the majority of our upper arm. But Dr. Pak says he’s stopped doing skullcrushers altogether. “Don’t get me wrong they train the longhead of the triceps, and they’re simple to set up, and also quite hardcore when you do them right. That said, after a while, they started to bother my elbows a little bit more on high rep sets.” If you experience something similar, here’s what you can try instead…
Try swapping to: skullovers
This is a hybrid between a skullcrusher and a dumbbell pullover. “You’re still blasting the triceps, but the movement feels a bit more natural and the stretch at the bottom is a bit smoother. They also feel a bit easier to control through the full range of motion, and I find that I can get closer to failure without things feeling off with my elbows,” he says. Obviously, if skullcrushers don’t bother your elbows, keep doing them, or give these a go if you want to try something different.
The mitochondria are considered the ‘powerhouses’ or ‘engines’ of your cells. As Dr. Terry Wahls points out, most chronic diseases involve dysfunctional mitochondria. Poorly functioning mitochondria play a big role in disease risks, a slower metabolism, and the aging process. Researchers have concluded that exercise improves mitochondrial quality and function and stimulates mitochondrial turnover. It’s time to start thinking about these little organelles that have a big impact on our wellness and longevity.
Exercise for your mitochondria
Tima Miroshnichenko / Pexels
Additional research also revealed that just 12 weeks of resistance exercise training yielded qualitative and quantitative changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. Not only did resistance training increase lean body mass by 4% and quadriceps muscle strength by 15%, but staying committed to those 12 weeks of training also improved the respiratory capacity and functioning of the mitochondria.
So, which exercise is superior for improving mitochondrial functioning? Which exercise results in the most dramatic positive cellular changes? Let’s dive into the research.
The study
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In a study published in Cell Metabolism, the researchers explored how different types of exercise — resistance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), or a mix of both — change muscles and cells at the molecular level in younger and older adults. The researchers focused on how genes and proteins respond to exercise, how exercise impacts the mitochondria, and how these changes affect overall fitness and metabolism.
The study methods
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For 12 weeks, younger and older adults completed one of three exercise programs: traditional resistance training, HIIT, or a mix of both at a lower intensity. The researchers measured fitness and VO2 peak, insulin sensitivity, muscle mass and strength, mitochondrial health and function, and changes in gene activity and protein levels in muscle.
The results
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Here are the study results:
HIIT has the biggest impact in improving aerobic fitness, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function, compared to other workouts. These results were especially noticeable for older adults.
HIIT reversed some age-related declines in muscle mitochondria and enhanced the cell’s ability to make new proteins.
HIIT enhanced mitochondrial capacity by close to 50% for young adults and nearly 70% in older adults.
Resistance training mostly helped build muscle mass and strength, but didn’t have as much of an impact on aerobic fitness or mitochondria. The combined training resulted in smaller and moderate benefits compared to just doing HIIT alone.
Changes at the molecular level
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HIIT caused significant increases in gene activity and protein-building machinery. Most of the benefits from exercise take place after the genes send their signals during the protein-building stage. HIIT improved protein quality and helped reduce damage to muscle proteins, which helps the body build new and efficient mitochondria.
Concluding thoughts
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This study shows that HIIT is one of the most powerful ways to improve muscle health and fitness even in later years. This type of exercise, which involves shorter bursts or intervals of higher-intensity movements, is superior for the mitochondria and helps your body make more and better mitochondria, which can slow age-related decline and boost your energy levels.
