Business
Which Countries Depend the Most on Persian Gulf Oil and Gas
The war in the Middle East has halted most of the oil and gas trade from the region, forcing countries thousands of miles to contend with their energy supplies suddenly vanishing.
The Persian Gulf accounts for roughly a fifth of the world’s energy needs. As Iran effectively blocks shipments, international prices for oil and gas have shot up. That in turn has meant gasoline, jet fuel and other products have become costlier — hurting drivers, business owners and others from Los Angeles to Lahore, Pakistan. As the world becomes gripped by the energy crisis, some nations are feeling the loss more acutely.
Asian countries are the biggest buyers of Persian Gulf energy
Pakistan
Total energy imports in 2024
$17 bil. Japan
Total energy imports in 2024
$139 bil. Thailand
Total energy imports in 2024 $43 bil. South Korea
Total energy imports in 2024
$144 bil. India
Total energy imports in 2024
$180 bil. Maldives
Total energy imports in 2024
$774.1 mil. Taiwan
Total energy imports in 2024
$47 bil. China
Total energy imports in 2024 $413 bil. Sri Lanka
Total energy imports in 2024
$4 bil. Malaysia
Total energy imports in 2024
$44 bil. Singapore
Total energy imports in 2024
$86 bil. Philippines
Total energy imports in 2024
$16 bil. Israel
Total energy imports in 2024 $3 bil. Brunei
Total energy imports in 2024
$5 bil. Myanmar
Total energy imports in 2024
$5 bil. Indonesia
Total energy imports in 2024
$35 bil. Armenia
Total energy imports in 2024
$535.9 mil. Turkey
Total energy imports in 2024 $26 bil. Hong Kong
Total energy imports in 2024
$12 bil. Uzbekistan
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. Kazakhstan
Total energy imports in 2024
$628 mil. Yemen
Total energy imports in 2024
$23.5 mil. Azerbaijan
Total energy imports in 2024 $2 bil. Kyrgyzstan
Total energy imports in 2024
$1 bil. Jordan
Total energy imports in 2024
$641 mil. Cambodia
Total energy imports in 2024
$3 bil. Syria
Total energy imports in 2024
$131.2 mil. Bangladesh
Total energy imports in 2024 $7 bil.
In 2024, nearly 21 million barrels of oil a day crossed through the Strait of Hormuz, the narrow passageway connecting the Persian Gulf to the world. Four-fifths of that supply went to Asia.
China has long been the biggest purchaser of oil and gas from Persian Gulf nations. And with more than a third of its total supply coming from the region, the disruption is significant for Beijing. But other countries are almost entirely reliant on the region for their energy needs.
Pakistan has considered imposing a four-day workweek, and remote school and work, in order to preserve energy stockpiles. A state-led fund in Thailand, to subsidize the cost of fuel when prices surge, plunged into a deficit this month.
In India, where the economy depends on the Middle East for roughly 40 percent of the country’s oil imports and 80 percent of its gas, a shortage of cooking gas is squeezing households. And across Asia, fliers are being stranded because airlines running low on jet fuel have canceled thousands of flights.
Europe has been more insulated, sort of
Greece
Total energy imports in 2024
$19 bil. Lithuania
Total energy imports in 2024
$7 bil. Poland
Total energy imports in 2024
$28 bil. Serbia
Total energy imports in 2024 $2 bil. Bulgaria
Total energy imports in 2024
$5 bil. Slovenia
Total energy imports in 2024
$4 bil. Italy
Total energy imports in 2024
$50 bil. Albania
Total energy imports in 2024
$931.9 mil. France
Total energy imports in 2024 $73 bil. Ireland
Total energy imports in 2024
$6 bil. Iceland
Total energy imports in 2024
$1 bil. U.K.
Total energy imports in 2024
$62 bil. Netherlands
Total energy imports in 2024
$105 bil. Spain
Total energy imports in 2024 $53 bil. Romania
Total energy imports in 2024
$8 bil. Denmark
Total energy imports in 2024
$6 bil. Ukraine
Total energy imports in 2024
$8 bil. Austria
Total energy imports in 2024
$10 bil. Germany
Total energy imports in 2024 $66 bil. Norway
Total energy imports in 2024
$5 bil. Portugal
Total energy imports in 2024
$10 bil. Moldova
Total energy imports in 2024
$1 bil. Cyprus
Total energy imports in 2024
$3 bil. Belgium
Total energy imports in 2024 $47 bil. Latvia
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. Sweden
Total energy imports in 2024
$18 bil. Finland
Total energy imports in 2024
$10 bil. Estonia
Total energy imports in 2024
$1 bil. North Macedonia
Total energy imports in 2024 $902.7 mil. Croatia
Total energy imports in 2024
$6 bil. Switzerland
Total energy imports in 2024
$8 bil. Bosnia and Herzegovina
Total energy imports in 2024
$1 bil. Slovakia
Total energy imports in 2024
$4 bil.
Europe has traditionally been less reliant on the Gulf than Asia has been. It used to get most of its natural gas from Russia, but in recent years it has relied more on the United States and Norway. But the continent has had to endure one energy crisis after another in recent years, including from Russia’s war with Ukraine and the Western sanctions that followed.
Russia is the world’s third-largest producer of oil and second-largest producer of gas, and the sales of its energy products have been significantly restricted while Moscow continues its invasion of Ukraine.
This current crisis comes as European countries, confronting lackluster economic output, try to rebuild their industrial bases and fend off competition from cheaper Chinese exports.
Confronted with soaring prices since its attack with Israel on Iran, the United States temporarily lifted sanctions on Russian oil that is currently at sea, hoping to ease the global supply and markets in the process. The European Union has not made similar moves.
Parts of Africa will be hit hard
Seychelles
Total energy imports in 2024
$308.6 mil. Mauritania
Total energy imports in 2024
$973.5 mil. Uganda
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. Mauritius
Total energy imports in 2024
$1 bil. Kenya
Total energy imports in 2024 $5 bil. Egypt
Total energy imports in 2024
$16 bil. Zambia
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. Namibia
Total energy imports in 2024
$1 bil. Malawi
Total energy imports in 2024
$476.1 mil. South Africa
Total energy imports in 2024 $18 bil. Tanzania
Total energy imports in 2024
$5 bil. Morocco
Total energy imports in 2024
$8 bil. Mozambique
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. Madagascar
Total energy imports in 2024
$841.3 mil. Zimbabwe
Total energy imports in 2024 $2 bil. Senegal
Total energy imports in 2024
$4 bil. Nigeria
Total energy imports in 2024
$13 bil. Benin
Total energy imports in 2024
$398.4 mil. Angola
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. Burkina Faso
Total energy imports in 2024 $2 bil. Tunisia
Total energy imports in 2024
$3 bil. Cote d’Ivoire
Total energy imports in 2024
$4 bil. Central African Republic
Total energy imports in 2024
$196.7 mil. Gambia
Total energy imports in 2024
$206.6 mil. Niger
Total energy imports in 2024 $113.6 mil. Lesotho
Total energy imports in 2024
$214.4 mil. Cameroon
Total energy imports in 2024
$424.4 mil. Libya
Total energy imports in 2024
$4 bil.
African nations, like many other countries in the global south, could feel the disruption unevenly. Seychelles, the island nation off the east coast of Africa, imported almost all of its energy from Gulf states in 2024. Mauritius has had a similar reliance, while Nigeria, an oil-rich state and a member of the OPEC Plus oil cartel, has traditionally imported relatively few fossil fuels from the Middle East.
But as the war continues, the impact is being felt beyond the imports of oil and gas. The Persian Gulf is a dominant source of fertilizer, partly because the region’s abundance of energy has spurred the development of factories that make the raw materials for many types of agricultural chemicals.
A sustained rise in the cost of fertilizer could force governments in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa to subsidize the cost of growing crops or otherwise watch food prices climb. That could add to debt burdens afflicting many lower-income countries.
The Americas and elsewhere are feeling broader economic shocks
Argentina
Total energy imports in 2024
$3 bil. Brazil
Total energy imports in 2024
$28 bil. United States
Total energy imports in 2024
$233 bil. Paraguay
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. Canada
Total energy imports in 2024 $31 bil. Uruguay
Total energy imports in 2024
$1 bil. Australia
Total energy imports in 2024
$37 bil. Dominican Republic
Total energy imports in 2024
$5 bil. Guatemala
Total energy imports in 2024
$4 bil. Chile
Total energy imports in 2024 $13 bil. Fiji
Total energy imports in 2024
$888.1 mil. Peru
Total energy imports in 2024
$9 bil. Honduras
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. Ecuador
Total energy imports in 2024
$5 bil. Colombia
Total energy imports in 2024 $6 bil. El Salvador
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. Costa Rica
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. New Zealand
Total energy imports in 2024
$6 bil. Mexico
Total energy imports in 2024
$34 bil. Belize
Total energy imports in 2024 $235.5 mil. Bolivia
Total energy imports in 2024
$2 bil. Nicaragua
Total energy imports in 2024
$1 bil. Barbados
Total energy imports in 2024
$552.3 mil.
The United States is the world’s largest producer of oil and gas. That means the impact of halting the energy trade from the Middle East is much less severe.
But the United States and other countries in the region that do not import great quantities from the Gulf are still feeling economic strain. The jump in oil prices – to over $100 a barrel in recent weeks – has already weighed on other major economic factors.
The cost of gasoline has jumped by about a dollar a gallon nationally since the war began. American airlines have begun to cut flights because of fuel costs. Concerns about inflation have pushed mortgage rates to their highest level in three months, just weeks after they fell below 6 percent for the first time since 2022.
If the war drags on, or if oil and gas prices continue to rise, the damage will most likely grow, economists say. It is perhaps one reason why the White House has forcefully insisted that it does not need Middle Eastern oil — and is increasingly trying to use military force to stop Iran’s blockade of it.
Methodology
To calculate total energy imports for each country, The New York Times used 2024 international trade data from the Observatory for Economic Complexity and tallied the value of imports for a subset of energy-related goods. A share of imports from Gulf countries was then calculated from that subset.
The Gulf countries included are: Kuwait, Iraq, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Iran.
The categories used were: crude petroleum oils (HS 270900), bituminous petroleum distillates (HS 271000), liquefied natural gas (HS 271111), liquefied propane (HS 271112), liquefied butanes (HS 271113) and liquefied petroleum gases (HS 271119).
Business
Commentary: The right-wing attack on science reaches a nadir, but it could get worse
The tally from Trumpian attacks on science now includes billions of dollars in damage to farmers and ranchers and assaults on scientists’ freedom of speech
One of the rules I came to live by during my years of covering global trouble spots is: “Never assume that things can’t get worse.”
But it will be hard to find a worse display of shameful servility to the Trump administration by a scientific organization than the American Diabetes Association provided on Friday.
During the organization’s annual conference in New Orleans, five of its leading members — four former presidents and the current editor of Diabetes Care, its official journal — were distributing paper copies of an editorial from the journal decrying the administration’s aggressive attack on scientific research and funding.
The seeming endorsement by the ADA of the current administration’s approach to science and of its attacks on freedom of speech is unconscionable.
— Open letter to American Diabetes Association
Suddenly they were confronted by security guards and New Orleans police and manhandled out of the hall. (A video is here, courtesy of MedPageToday.)
Their papers were confiscated. They were ordered to surrender their passes and were informed that if they tried to reenter the hall they would be arrested for trespassing.
“We printed 1,000 copies of the editorial, at my personal expense, and we hoped that 200 people who hadn’t seen it would read it,” Steven Kahn, director of the Diabetes Research Center at the University of Washington, editor of the journal and the lead author of the editorial, told me.
Instead, the editorial has become a must-read, with tens of thousands of page views and widespread condemnation of the conference organizers’ actions.
An open letter to the ADA started by David Nathan of Massachusetts General Hospital, titled “Shame on You” and stating that “the seeming endorsement by the ADA of the current administration’s approach to science and of its attacks on freedom of speech is unconscionable” has more than 6,400 signatories on change.org as of this writing.
The Diabetes Association implied in an official statement that the scientists had breached IRS regulations that include “maintaining a strictly nonpartisan environment at all organizational events.” On Wednesday, the organization said it would commission “a thorough independent review of the events that occurred.”
The organization’s action underscores one reason why the Trump administration’s wholesale attack on scientific research has reached a level that, as I’ve written, will have generational ramifications: It’s because some of our most august scientific organizations have failed to stand up for principle.
“It’s part of a larger systems failure among the academic medical centers, research universities, scientific and professional societies and the National Academies,” says Peter Hotez of Baylor College of Medicine, a vaccine expert and veteran adversary of pseudoscience.
The attention given to individual incidents such as the ADA conflict obscure what Hotez calls “the greater reality … a much darker MAHA strategy to tear down American biomedicine.” The goal, he says, is to supplant independent academic research with “an entire system of pseudoscience and grift.” MAHA is the administration’s acronym for “Make America Healthy Again.”
The latest iteration of this effort came late last month with a rule proposal from the Office of Management and Budget, which is headed by the arch-conservative Russell Vought, that would in effect make all scientific grant applications subject to the oversight of politically-appointed commissars.
Among other provisions, grants would be rejected if they’re judged to “fund, promote, encourage, subsidize, or facilitate … diversity, equity, and inclusion” or “gender ideology” such as “theories or ideologies that deny the biological reality of sex or the sex binary in humans.”
The OMB proposal finally stirred major scientific bodies to speak up. “This latest move is a brazen power grab,” the American Association for the Advancement of Science said through its chief executive, Sudip Parikh. “If this rule becomes final, Americans’ hopes for future cures, national security and economic strength will rely on the scientific sensibilities of the nation’s chief bureaucrat.”
As it happens, the OMB proposal dropped just as the economic consequences of the extremist war on science were becoming clearer than ever.
Among the thousands of grants and programs that perished when the administration dismantled the U.S. Agency for International Development, for example, was a program monitoring the advance of the New World screwworm north from Central America.
The screwworm, which has the capacity to devastate cattle and sheep herds, has now appeared in Texas, where its costs could be enormous. Just last year, the Dept. of Agriculture calculated that the eradication of the pest in the U.S. in the 1990s yielded annual economic benefits to producers of an inflation-adjusted $1.7 billion a year to the cattle industry and $6 billion a year to the broader economy. A new outbreak, the USDA estimated, could cost the Texas economy $1.8 billion.
Then there’s measles. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports 2,030 U.S. cases this year as of June 4, almost as many as were seen in all of 2025 (when there were 2,288, including three deaths), the worst outbreak since 1991. This is the harvest of the anti-vaccine ideology being spread by Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
The outbreak’s consequences can be measured in dollars and cents: Responding to an outbreak of as few as 600 cases could cost local agencies $10 million, according to healthcare researchers at Johns Hopkins University.
The Trump administration has proposed slashing the budget of the grant making National Science Foundation by 61% and of the National Institutes of Health by 40%. The budget of the CDC, which once reigned as a global gold-standard for public health oversight but has suffered from the disdain of RFK Jr. and his minions, would be cut by 44%.
Taken together, these cuts “would shrink the economy by $1 trillion compared with maintaining the 2025 level of R&D,” reckons the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, a science and tech think tank.
What frightens scientists more than the sheer numbers are that the cuts are arbitrary and manifestly pernicious. A study published last year in JAMA Internal Medicine identified 383 NIH-funded clinical trials that the administration terminated, leaving more than 74,000 participants high and dry.
“Scientific investment is not a cost to be minimized,” Henry Miller, a former biotech official at the Food and Drug Administration, observed recently; “it is an engine of national wealth. … The internet, mRNA vaccines, human gene therapy, GPS, the transistor — all emerged from the sustained public investment being dismantled today.”
The Diabetes Care editorial that Kahn and his colleagues attempted to distribute at the New Orleans conference is a cri de coeur targeted at the right-wing anti-science campaign. It’s titled, “Misguided Brushes of a Pen Continue to Dismantle and Destroy Biomedical Research in the United States.”
The result of the funding reductions, the authors wrote, will be “researchers being forced out of science and fewer people considering biomedical investigation as a career. Are we ready to watch the crippling of scientific advances in diabetes and all other diseases? It is no longer enough to stand idly by or work behind the scenes with lawmakers. Moreover, it is no longer appropriate to fret about political backlash.”
The scientists intended their distribution of the article implicitly as a counterweight to a keynote talk by NIH Director Jay Bhattacharya, who was going to speak without taking questions but who bailed out at the last minute. I sought a comment from Bhattacharya, who portrays himself as a champion of open scientific debate, about the eviction of the five scientists from the conference, but got no reply.
The uproar has roiled the ADA. Its president-elect, endocrinologist Jennifer Green of Duke University, and its scientific sessions planning committee chair, diabetes expert Mark Atkinson of the University of Florida, have both resigned their positions, though their role in the evictions, if any, is unknown.
The so-called New Orleans Five demanded an apology from the association, Kahn told me. They got one Wednesday from ADA Chief Executive Charles Henderson, via a video in which he extended his apology to “the broader diabetes community,” many members of which of whom he acknowledged were “disturbed, disappointed and concerned about what occurred.”
The truth is that the ADA’s action only validated the editorial’s exhortation to scientists to speak out forcefully: “We can no longer afford complacency and fear. We must all act now!” Will other scientific bodies draw a lesson from what happened in New Orleans? Let’s hope so.
Business
The FBI serves a search warrant at the Garden Grove chemical plant
Federal Bureau of Investigation officers served a search warrant Wednesday at the Garden Grove chemical plant, where a compromised tank containing toxic chemicals threatened to leak or explode, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents in May.
“We are cooperating with authorities at our Garden Grove facility and will continue to do so,” a spokesperson of GKN Aerospace, which operates the facility, said in an email statement.
Laura Eimiller, an FBI spokesperson, said FBI agents are serving a search warrant as part of an ongoing investigation into the Garden Grove aerospace business.
GKN Aerospace is a division of Melrose Industries, a U.K.-based aerospace company that manufactures aircraft parts.
In May, at the manufacturing facility, which stores thousands of gallons of toxic chemicals in pressurized tanks used to produce materials such as plexiglass for fighter jet and commercial aircraft windows, one tank threatened to leak or explode.
Over 50,000 residents were temporarily evacuated as officials investigated the potential for an explosion for days. They found that a crack in the compromised tank released the pressure buildup inside the storage unit, which ruled out the possibility of an explosion, and allowed residents to return to their homes.
The compromised tank threatened to blow up, affecting adjacent tanks also containing the toxic chemical methyl methacrylate which could have caused a large-scale public safety emergency. Still, plans to remove the remaining MMA chemical tanks from the facility have been postponed, and no new date has been announced yet.
Residents who were impacted by the evacuation have already filed multiple class action lawsuits against the company, alleging negligence at the manufacturing facility and seeking compensation for loss of use of homes and diminished property value. Now, federal officials will investigate possible violations and factors that could have contributed to the incident.
According to the FBI warrant, the officers will seize items in violation of measures to prevent the accidental release of hazardous substances into the air.
The warrant allows FBI officers the discretion to search digital devices or seize and transport them as part of the investigation.
Business
Rivian begins deliveries of cheaper electric vehicles
Electric-vehicle maker Rivian began delivery of a cheaper SUV on Tuesday as it aims to take customers from Tesla and others.
The long-anticipated R2, which will eventually be available for less than $45,000, could help boost the market share of the Irvine company better known for vehicles priced around $77,000.
The first R2s to roll off the company’s production line in Normal, Ill., are the performance version, starting at $57,990. Rivian said the R2 Premium will arrive in late 2026 for around $54,000, followed by an R2 Standard version in 2027 priced at $44,990.
“Rivian is really trying to prove its worth,” said Ivan Drury, director of insights at Edmunds. “They’ve gone past that initial stage and are hoping to move on to mass market products.”
The R2 Performance is still an expensive vehicle for many Americans, but it’s a step down from Rivian’s nearly $77,000 R1S. It’s typical for an automaker to launch the most expensive version of a new vehicle first, experts said.
Whether the R2 will be the success Rivian is hoping for won’t become clear until late 2027, once the standard versions are widely available. Chief Executive RJ Scaringe said the company is aiming to compete with not just other EV makers, but also traditional auto companies such as Jeep and Subaru.
“More mainstream people are going to be in on the R2, especially for the lower-priced models,” auto analyst Brian Moody said. “You’re always going to have early adopters, but there’s a lot more customers to go around in the $45,000 to $55,000 range.”
According to Cox Automotive, the average transaction price for a new EV in the U.S. is $55,000, compared with $49,000 for a gas-powered vehicle. Used EV sales have been surging lately because of their value, with an average transaction price of around $36,000.
Though there’s significant hype surrounding the launch of R2, investors have been unimpressed. Rivian shares fell 7% on Tuesday.
There has been a broad cooling of the EV market. Major automakers including Honda and Ford have cut back their EV options as excitement for the vehicles has fallen under the Trump administration. A $7,500 EV tax credit for new vehicles expired in September.
Drury added that an announcement of a new product would generally generate more buzz than the first deliveries of a vehicle that’s already been in the public eye.
“This is simply them delivering on a promise, and the market itself is not what it was when they had first conjured up the vehicle,” Drury said.
Rivian lost $3.6 billion last year and hasn’t been profitable since its founding in 2009. Scaringe said the company will reach profitability on a per-unit production basis with the R2 this year, but estimated that the company won’t turn an overall profit until closer to 2030.
Karl Brauer, an auto industry expert at ISeeCars.com, said the premium and standard versions of the R2 probably will sell in much higher volumes than the performance version.
“It’s in theory an exciting moment, because they’re launching this new version, but it’s the expensive one,” Brauer said. “There’s no indication in my mind that there will be huge, high-volume sales.”
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