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Four years into food scrap landfill ban, Vermonters are diverting just over half of food waste

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Four years into food scrap landfill ban, Vermonters are diverting just over half of food waste


Food scrap waste has decreased slightly since a law banning it from landfills went into effect four years ago, according to a recently-released report from the state.

In terms of tonnage, food scrap waste in the landfill has decreased 13% since 2018. Food scraps make up about the same share of landfill waste as before because the amount of garbage overall has also decreased.

“It’s hard to say that there’s a significant difference, but it is demonstrating some progress,” said Josh Kelly, solid waste program manager at the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation. “I would say, in short, there’s promising data and we have more work to do.”

Additionally, for the first time, the state has an estimate for the percentage of food waste kept out of the garbage: between 50.7% and 56.8%. That number is sum of the combined effort of residents, businesses, waste haulers, and manufacturers.

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For households, the most common way to divert food waste, by far, is by composting, with 43% of households reporting they composted food waste, either at home or with municipal waste services.

Last year, a University of Vermont study showed a high level of support for the food scrap ban, not only from residents but businesses too, even though many businesses also said compliance was difficult and made them incur additional costs.

“I was really surprised and delighted with the incredibly high level of support and compliance I saw among those who worked in food service and food retail, even when we saw service providers often saying compliance wasn’t easy.” said Emily Belarmino, lead author of the study. “It was hard for them and they were still doing it.”

While composting is the most common method of disposing of food waste outside of regular garbage, it’s only one part of a broader system of food recycling in Vermont.

The food waste hierarchy

As with regular garbage, recycling food is not the preferred way to reduce waste. The state prioritizes getting food in people’s bellies before it goes bad over recycling it.

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The first priority in the hierarchy is reducing the amount of food waste created by encouraging responsible buying and proper storage.

Courtesy

/

Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation

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The Universal Recycling Law, passed in 2012, includes a hierarchy for managing food waste with composting considered the least-preferred method for keeping food out of landfills.

The next priority is feeding people with food before it goes bad. That could include sharing with friends and family, or with community fridges, Kelly said, but on a larger scale, it’s a role filled by organizations such as the Vermont Foodbank.

Millions of pounds of food are rescued

The Vermont Foodbank, which provides food to over 300 food shelves, senior centers, schools, hospitals and more, is an important piece of Vermont’s food waste puzzle. Jason Maring, chief operations officer at the food bank, said the organization receives two-and-a-half to three million pounds of food a year alone from retailers via its Fresh Rescue program.

“Oftentimes, it’ll have a packaging change, or it’s going to be discontinued, or it’s getting a little close to the [sell-by] date, and they’re just worried about it being able to be sold. So often, they’ll set it aside and donate it,” Maring said.

Currently, 158 stores across Vermont contribute to Fresh Rescue, Maring said, making up around 20% of the food bank’s overall distribution. That food is then distributed to the food bank’s community partners to provide for their customers. The program is expansive – at large retailers like Hannaford’s, pick-ups happen five to seven days a week. That’s in addition to other programs, like food donation, that also keep food out of the trash.

In total, the state reported 3,430 tons, or 6,860,000 pounds, of food waste was diverted from the landfill through Vermont Foodbank. That’s 2.2% of estimated food waste in the state and 4.2% of diverted food waste. And, Kelly said, it’s an underestimate: the state’s data only covers the food bank; local initiatives aren’t covered.

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Food for animals is the next step of the hierarchy. In the state’s data, 12% of respondents said they disposed of food by feeding it to pets and 12% by feeding it to livestock.

How composting and anaerobic digestion work

When food is no longer edible, the best option when possible is to recycle it, and the two most common forms of food recycling are composting and anaerobic digestion.

Composting is the act of combining nitrogen rich “greens” like food waste, grass and other plants with carbon-rich “browns,” like wood chips, fall leaves, and shredded paper, in a container where organisms like earthworms, fungi, and aerobic bacteria gradually process the waste into a usable fertilizer.

Food in a landfill decays as well but uses anaerobic bacteria, due to a lack of oxygen. This process emits biogas, a mixture of mostly carbon dioxide and methane, a potent greenhouse gas. But methane can be trapped and burned for heat or used for electricity, which is where anaerobic digestion comes into play.

Anaerobic digestion uses the same process that would occur in a landfill, producing rich fertilizer just like with composting, but instead of emitting methane, it captures it. It can then be burned for heat or used to generate electricity with an internal combustion engine.

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Goodrich Family Farm in Salisbury purifies and upgrades the gas before feeding it into the natural gas network. Methane generated from organic sources is a form of renewable energy – meaning it comes from a renewable source, not that it’s clean.

Both composting and anaerobic digestion release carbon dioxide, but unlike the burning of fossil fuels, it isn’t putting additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; the carbon dioxide released from the decomposition of organic matter is part of the carbon cycle, and would happen regardless.

Using biogas to generate electricity in an internal combustion engine does, however, emit other pollutants like hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde, if the proper pollution controls are not in place.

The food that gets composted and sent to anaerobic digestion not only comes from businesses and households, but also includes waste that is left over from the food manufacturing process, referred to as food processing residuals.

“It could be powdered whey from a mixing process where they make baby formula. It could be coffee grounds that Keurig Green Mountain had left over from a manufacturing process or just the blueberry coffee flavor didn’t take the way they wanted,” Kelly said. “It’s kind of a catch-all term.”

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Depackaging meets a need but raises questions

Food waste held in packages needs to be removed, or depackaged.

Part of this is manufactured food that doesn’t meet specification, either due to quality or safety concerns. If the food is already packaged, like in ice cream tubs or yogurt containers, it would be absurdly labor-intensive to individually take apart each container, scoop out the food waste, and dispose of the two separately. Depackaging is the answer to this problem.

Depackaging machines separate food waste from packaging through a variety of means. The machines output packaging material and a food waste slurry separately, which can then be composted or anaerobically digested.

There’s currently one depackaging facility in Vermont, at the All Cycle Transfer Station in Williston, operated by Casella.

But it’s controversial. A bill passed in 2022 placed a moratorium on expanding depackaging facilities in the state until standards are adopted to limit microplastics and other pollutants which can fall through the screens along with food waste.

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Have questions, comments or tips? Send us a message. Or contact the reporter directly at corey.dockser@vermontpublic.org.





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COMMENTARY: Vermont: The Beckoning Country

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COMMENTARY: Vermont: The Beckoning Country


Vermont has some big problems that desperately need fixing! Many of them are connected, in a variety of ways to a symptom rarely discussed. The population of Vermont is falling while the population of the United States is growing. Vermont has been losing people for the last few years. The reasons include deaths in Vermont outpace births; between 2023 and 2024 there were 1,700 more deaths than births. More people left the state than moved into Vermont. In another worrying sign the birthrate in the United States is down 25 percent since 2007 when the decline began. Another symptom may be that weekly take home pay in Vermont is about $400.00 less than the national average. Taken together these problems should set off alarms about our future.

S, it should not be a surprise that our schools throughout the state have a diminishing number of students while simultaneously school budgets are skyrocketing upward. Yes, it is costing us more to educate fewer students, and Vermonters are rarely wealthy. Maintaining quality schools is expensive. The average pay for public school teachers in the United States is $72,030. The average pay for a public-school teacher in Vermont is only $52,559. A nearly $20,000 gap is hardly an incentive to attract the best of the best. Good teachers are a precious commodity.

Gov. Phil Scott has demanded the Legislature do something about education costs in the Green Mountain State. Legislators have been spending much more time on this problem than any other facing the state. There have been various proposals, one of the latest is from Sen. Seth Bongartz of Manchester that would create a two year “ramp period” for school districts to merge voluntarily. Two years is a long time to wait when the problem is financially urgent. School mergers are inevitable in many areas which will mean the eventual closing of several small elementary schools. The closing in many cases means long bus rides for little kids.

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One idea that has not been discussed is increasing, substantially, Vermont’s population over the next decade or so. We don’t have enough students to make financial sense for our small rural schools. We need more property-owning people whose taxes will help balance our cash-strapped education budgets. Why doesn’t the Legislature think about a campaign to entice people to move to the Green Mountain state?

In the 1960s Vermont’s economic development officials, under new Gov. Phil Hoff, launched a marketing campaign that was known as “Vermont the Beckoning Country.” The campaign was remarkably successful, bringing thousands of people to a place that at that time had largely skipped the Industrial Revolution. Vermont’s ski industry began growing by leaps and bounds then, bringing in large numbers of people new to the state. Entrepreneurs, many of them World War II veterans, began developing ski resorts in the Green Mountains. They attracted thousands of visitors and some of those visitors fell in love with Vermont. They stayed. These Flatlanders changed the state, making it more liberal, and more environmentally conscious. Gov. Hoff, the first Democrat elected governor since 1853, was followed by a wave of successful liberal politicians who turned Vermont from red to blue. People can differ about the whether the political transformation improved the state or destroyed it, but the state undoubtedly grew more prosperous.

Vermont has plenty of land that can be used to build new housing. New people can bring fresh ideas and the capital needed to create new businesses with good jobs. More families living in more houses means more property taxes going to schools. It should also lighten the load for the current financially stressed Vermonters.

A well-financed advertising campaign to entice new people to make Vermont their home will make us more prosperous. More taxpayers can be one of the many solutions needed to save our struggling education system.

Clear the cobwebs off the old slogan and invite a whole new crop of young, energetic families to Vermont the Beckoning Country!

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Eric Peterson lives in Bennington. Opinions expressed by columnists do not necessarily reflect the views of Vermont News & Media. 



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Spring-like days ahead, but the risk for additional river ice jams and flooding will continue.

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Spring-like days ahead, but the risk for additional river ice jams and flooding will continue.


BURLINGTON, Vt. (WCAX) – It was a pleasant Sunday with spring-like temperatures, but it also resulted in a few ice jams in rivers, which happened earlier than expected. The Ausable, Mad, Missisquoi and Great Chazy rivers flooded today due to ice jams. These rivers will recede tonight as temperatures get close to, or below, freezing. However, new ice jams may form, and additional rivers may flood on Monday as highs get even warmer. Expect partly sunny skies with highs in the upper 50s to low 60s. The wind may gust as highs as 40 mph. This will continue to support rapid snowmelt, which will run off into rivers and other bodies of water. Remember to never cross any flooded roads, and avoid going near river banks.

The threat for ice jams will continue into Thursday. A backdoor cold front may touch off a few showers on Tuesday, otherwise it will be partly sunny with highs ranging from the 40s north to the 50s and low 60s south. Computer models continue to bring a low pressure system in our area on Wednesday. It’s continuing to look a little warmer, though the heavier rain is now inching farther into Canada. That said, some rain is likely, and high temperatures will be at least in the low 40s, and may reach the 50s in southern parts of the region. Morning rain on Thursday will change to afternoon snow. A few inches accumulation is possible. Early highs in the 30s will fall through the 20s by afternoon, and overnight lows will be in the teens and low 20s, so everything will freeze up.

Friday will start off with some sunshine, then another, weaker system could bring a light rain/snow mix late in the day and overnight. A few inches of snow can’t be ruled out. A return to more seasonable temperatures will happen over the weekend with highs mainly in the mid-30s and lows in the teens and 20s. There’s the chance for snow showers both days, but significant weather isn’t expected.

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20th Annual Vermont Composting Summit kicks off on March 25

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20th Annual Vermont Composting Summit kicks off on March 25


MONTPELIER — The 20th annual Vermont Organics Recycling Summit (VORS) will be held on Wednesday, March 25, at the Montpelier Performing Arts Hub. It is organized by the Composting Association of Vermont (CAV) and the Agency of Natural Resources.

VORS brings together composters, farmers, businesses, educators, policymakers, and community leaders to advance solutions to keep clean organic materials out of landfills and return nutrients to Vermont soils. Additional workshops, tours, and hands-on learning opportunities will be held across the state on March 26..

“The 20th annual Vermont Organics Recycling Summit is guided by the theme, Compost! Feed the Soil that Feeds Us,” said Department of Environmental Conservation Commissioner Misty Sinsigalli. “This is a cornerstone gathering for Vermont’s growing organics recycling ecosystem. Whether you’re a backyard composter, a farmer, a municipal leader, or a sustainability advocate, VORS provides a critical forum for cross-sector collaboration.”

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A highlight of this milestone year will be the keynote presentation from Jayne Merner. Merner is a lifelong compost practitioner and co-owner / operator of Earth Care Farm in Rhode Island. She grew up working in compost production and now leads one of the region’s best-known large-scale compost operations. Merner also hosts The Composter podcast and has taught composting and soil stewardship around the world.

Each year, VORS fosters connections, sparks innovation, and helps translate policy and research into real-world action. The summit welcomes all who are passionate about creating healthier communities through composting.

CAV is partnering with ORCA Media to record sessions for post-event viewing.

To learn more and register for VORS, visit compostingvermont.org/vors-2026.

The Department of Environmental Conservation is responsible for protecting Vermont’s natural resources and safeguarding human health for the benefit of this and future generations. Visit dec.vermont.gov and follow the Department of Environmental Conservation on Facebook and Instagram.

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