Over the past few years, eruptions of Kilauea volcano on the Island of Hawaii have happened in remote regions and lava flows have not directly threatened communities. However, the approaching anniversary of a lava flow crisis a decade ago reminds us that eruptions on Kilauea have the potential to cause damage and island-wide disruption.

The 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kilauea is still fresh in many of our minds, but even before then, Kilauea lava flows entering communities was not uncommon. During the 35-year-long eruption of Pu‘u‘o‘o, on the East Rift Zone of Kilauea, lava flows caused destruction in Royal Gardens, Kalapana, and in Pahoa. Before Pu‘u‘o‘o, there were also eruptions in Kapoho Village in 1960 and on Kilauea’s lower East Rift Zone in 1955.

Ten years ago, inflation at Pu‘u‘o‘o in May and June lead to a new eruptive episode on the northeast flank of the cone. It was informally named episode 61e, but more commonly referred to as the June 27 flow in reference to the start date of that episode in 2014.

In the first few days, four fissures produced channelized flows before the eruption focused at the lowest elevation vent, where a perched pond began to form. The pond elevation continued to rise until it was about 30 meters (100 ft) higher than the vent. On July 10, pressure from the perched pond triggered the eruptive vent to shift to the next highest fissure and abandon the perched pond.

The change in eruptive vent produced a fast-moving channelized flow that traveled up to several hundred meters (yards) per day. The flow continued to the northeast until it extended across the eastern edge of the Pu‘u‘o‘o flow field by the beginning of August.

On August 18, the lava entered into a deep ground crack that directed the flow further to the northeast. After about a week the lava overflowed from the crack, before repeating this pattern at three additional and parallel ground cracks. The flow traveled roughly 5 km (3 mi) underground in these cracks to within about 1.2 km (0.7 mi) of Ka‘ohe Homesteads subdivision where the lava exited the final crack in early September.

The flow front advanced slow and steadily during the first few weeks of September, passing Ka‘ohe Homesteads to the northwest. Then from late-September to early-October, the lava flow’s rate of advance began to fluctuate as it stalled and advanced. Towards the end of October, a breakout surged through a narrow drainage and crossed Cemetery Road in Pahoa. The flow continued through the Pahoa Japanese Cemetery, through private property, and destroyed one structure, stalling only 155 m (510 ft) from Pahoa Village Road.

A large breakout on November 14 occurred roughly 6.5 km (4 mi) upslope of the flow front, and rapidly advanced along the northwest margin of the previous flow, ultimately headed towards Pahoa Marketplace and Highway 130. The flow front again stalled on December 30 after advancing to within 530 m (0.3 mi) of the marketplace. That was the furthest the lava flow advanced, but numerous breakouts just upslope continued to threaten Pahoa until early 2015.

Episode 61e, or the June 27 flow, then retreated upslope and stayed within about 8 km (5 mi) of Pu‘u‘o‘o. This episode continued until early June 2016, when inflation at Pu‘u‘o‘o culminated in two new eruptive vents on the northeast (episode 61f) and southeast (episode 61g) flanks of the cone on May 24.

The episode 61f flow was short-lived, lasting less than two weeks. However, the 61g flow remained active until the Pu‘u‘o‘o crater floor collapsed on April 30, 2018, followed by the intrusion of magma into the lower East Rift Zone and subsequent eruption.

Since then, eruptions from Kilauea have fortunately been confined within Kaluapele (Kilauea caldera) or other remote areas of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Currently, there are no signs of magma moving into the East Rift Zone but that will inevitably happen again someday. The Pahoa lava flow crisis and other destructive East Rift Zone eruptions are reminders that communities on or near the rift zone are vulnerable. Residents and visitors should stay informed and remember that it’s never too early consider how an eruption could impact you and your family.

Volcano
activity updates

Kilauea is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert level is ADVISORY.

Kilauea erupted briefly on June 3 southwest of Kaluapele (Kilauea caldera) within the closed area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Sulfur dioxide emission rates remain elevated; an emission rate of 350 tonnes per day was measured on June 10, for the combined areas of Kilauea summit and the recent eruption. Seismicity in the summit region, including the upper East Rift Zone, has been slightly elevated with about 550 events over the past week. Inflationary ground deformation has continued in the summit region. Additional pulses of seismicity and deformation could result in new eruptive episodes within the area or elsewhere on the Southwest Rift Zone.

Mauna Loa is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert Level is at NORMAL.

Webcams show no signs of activity on Mauna Loa. Summit seismicity has remained at low levels over the past month. Ground deformation indicates continuing slow inflation as magma replenishes the reservoir system following the 2022 eruption. SO2 emission rates are at background levels.

One earthquake was reported felt in the Hawaiian Islands during the past week: a M3.4 earthquake 14 km (8 mi) S of Volcano at 1 km (1 mi) depth on June 6 at 12:29 p.m. HST.

HVO continues to closely monitor Kilauea and Mauna Loa.

Please visit HVO’s website for past Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano photos, maps, recent earthquake information, and more. Email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.

Volcano Watch is a weekly article and activity update written by U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists and affiliates.

The Kids Count Data Book for 2024 was recently issued by the Annie E. Casey Foundation based in Baltimore, which has been reporting on the well-being of American children and their families since 1990.

For those like myself who advocate for ethnic equality in Hawaii and support public education as one of the principal means for its attainment, the report’s findings are distressing, although they are not necessarily surprising or new.

The report indicates that Hawaii’s public school students are not faring well academically in attaining basic skills such as reading and math and even just showing up for classes.

While most of the report’s data is not broken down by ethnicity, I’m certain that there are significant differences in educational performance among ethnic groups in the public schools because such disparities are evident in other areas of educational attainment, such as undergraduate representation at the University of Hawaii Manoa.

Since the report is concerned with the educational achievement of K-12 students who have yet to enter the job market, its findings clearly demonstrate the perpetuation of ethnic inequality for another generation due to the ongoing failure of the Legislature to fix the chronic teacher shortage problem.

Indigenous and ethnic minority students represent about 70% of those in the public schools.

The Number Of ‘Chronically Absent’ Skyrockets

In the Kids Count report, what I found most troubling was the 39% of Hawaii students who were “chronically absent,” which means they missed 10% or more days of school in 2022. The DOE school year is 180 days, so these students were absent at least 18 days or about three and a half weeks.

The 39% figure represented more than a doubling from the 19% in 2019, prior to the pandemic, which may have had an impact on the huge increase. It can be assumed that chronic absenteeism negatively impacts a student’s ability to proceed to the next grade level and ultimately to graduate from high school and enter college or the job market.

This is one area where the report did break down its data by ethnicity. It found that 59% of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander students, including Micronesians, Samoans and Tongans, were chronically absent in 2022.

A figure that high, a clear majority of those students, indicates that they probably are also well represented among the 14% of Hawaii students who did not graduate on time, according to the report.

Legislature’s Misplaced Priorities

I will cite information from Waianae High School, not to belittle its students, but because more than $6 million in funds were recently appropriated by the Legislature. One might assume that those funds are going to be used to address the school’s long-term chronic absenteeism problem, but one would be wrong.

Of Waianae’s 1,900 students, 54% are Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 8.7% Asian, 3.3% Caucasian and 22% Hispanic.

According to the DOE Strive Hawaii report on the school’s academic performance in 2021-2022, Waianae had a graduation rate of 81%, which refers to the percentage of 12th-graders who graduated on time with their classmates.

As for being chronically absent, in 2022, 58% of Waianae students missed 15 or more school days, which might be attributable to the pandemic’s after-effects, but the state average was much lower at 32%.

Despite those troubling statistics in the DOE Strive report, Rep. Cedric Gates, a Waianae graduate, announced funding last week for building a new artificial-turf football field at the school. Gates, who represents Waianae and nearby communities in the Legislature, led the $6 million legislative initiative.

He told a television news reporter, “It’s so important to get Waianae High School up to the same standards as the other high schools in the state,” but he wasn’t referring to academic standards, such as increasing its graduation rate or its college-going rate of 28%.

Gates continued, invoking the arguments used to support race-based affirmative action programs in college admissions as leveling the playing field, but literally referring to athletic fields: “It gives us a fair playing field to compete with the other schools because when you’re competing on grass and you’re transitioning over to a school with turf, it’s just a different field.”

Which Playing Field Do We Really Want To Even?

The $6 million Waianae High School received could have been used to hire more fully licensed teachers, instead of relying on unqualified emergency hires, or additional counselors to keep students on track to graduating on time or to urge them to take Early College courses available on campus.

Those teachers and counselors could have encouraged and supported more of their students to proceed on to college at UH Manoa, UH West Oahu, Leeward Community College or elsewhere so that they can compete fairly in the job market and not just in football.

Since only 13% of the Waianae community has a college education, teachers and counselors, rather than parents, can play a major role in their students’ further education.

Hiring more DOE staff to fill vacant positions obviously was not the policy priority of the Legislature.

Some might counter that the community wanted a new football field, and legislators responded positively to their wishes. But lawmakers don’t necessarily provide their constituents what they desire, such as publicly funded election campaigns that are supported by a majority of Hawaii voters.

Hiring more DOE staff to fill vacant positions obviously was not the policy priority of the Legislature, which instead allocated almost $600 million this past session for school facilities, including Waianae’s new football field.

While such new facilities won’t be completed before the primary and general elections, photos of groundbreaking or signing ceremonies for them with the governor can be prominently displayed in a legislator’s campaign advertisements and website.

Those ads reveal the personal priorities of many but not necessarily all legislators — to get themselves reelected rather than to address their constituents’ needs and desires for a more equitable and rewarding future for their children.

HONOLULU (HawaiiNewsNow) – The FAA is investigating a Southwest aircraft bound for Lihue suddenly dove 4,000 feet in a minute just 400 feet above the ocean.

Bloomberg News reported the incident first and said the plane came within 400 feet of falling into the ocean.

On April 11, the aircraft headed for Lihue ended up flying back to the Daniel K. Inouye International Airport.

Retired Pilot Patrick McNamee analyzed the flight map on Flight Aware and said weather conditions made it difficult for the plane to land safely on Kauai.

“So, they could only descend to 400 feet off the water in order to take a look to see if they can get in. In this case, they descended 400 feet, they could not find, or they couldn’t see through the clouds to land,” said McNamee. “So, they went around, and I think that scared the passengers.”

A Southwest memo to pilots said a less-experienced first officer inadvertently pushed the control column forward, then cut the speed, causing cockpit alarms to go off before the captain ordered an aggressive climb.

“I don’t believe that anything was unsafe in this. It might have been a little aggressive, but when you do go around in an airplane, you use full throttle, and it’s like taking off again,” said McNamee. “So here you are coming, coming in for a landing, descending, and when you can’t see the runway, you have to go around; when you have that power, it’s a very, very aggressive feeling.”

“It pushes you back in your seat, the nose goes up, and it climbs away from the ground,” McNamee said. He can see how that could have contributed to the scare factor.

However, there have been other incidents that have made people hesitant to fly.

In 2022, eleven people were seriously injured on a Hawaiian Airlines flight from Phoenix to Honolulu following severe turbulence.

“After hearing about that one, I’ve been more conscious of making sure I have my seatbelt even when I’m just sleeping on the plane,” said Brenna Cregge of Mililani.

In a separate flight, a United Airlines flight made a steep dive after taking off from Maui’s airport.

Southwest released the following statement.

Nothing is more important to Southwest than Safety. Through our robust Safety Management System, the event was addressed appropriately, as we always strive for continuous improvement.

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