Hawaii
Volcano Watch: A decade later, remembering the Pahoa lava flow crisis
Over the past few years, eruptions of Kilauea volcano on the Island of Hawaii have happened in remote regions and lava flows have not directly threatened communities. However, the approaching anniversary of a lava flow crisis a decade ago reminds us that eruptions on Kilauea have the potential to cause damage and island-wide disruption.
The 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kilauea is still fresh in many of our minds, but even before then, Kilauea lava flows entering communities was not uncommon. During the 35-year-long eruption of Pu‘u‘o‘o, on the East Rift Zone of Kilauea, lava flows caused destruction in Royal Gardens, Kalapana, and in Pahoa. Before Pu‘u‘o‘o, there were also eruptions in Kapoho Village in 1960 and on Kilauea’s lower East Rift Zone in 1955.
Ten years ago, inflation at Pu‘u‘o‘o in May and June lead to a new eruptive episode on the northeast flank of the cone. It was informally named episode 61e, but more commonly referred to as the June 27 flow in reference to the start date of that episode in 2014.
In the first few days, four fissures produced channelized flows before the eruption focused at the lowest elevation vent, where a perched pond began to form. The pond elevation continued to rise until it was about 30 meters (100 ft) higher than the vent. On July 10, pressure from the perched pond triggered the eruptive vent to shift to the next highest fissure and abandon the perched pond.
The change in eruptive vent produced a fast-moving channelized flow that traveled up to several hundred meters (yards) per day. The flow continued to the northeast until it extended across the eastern edge of the Pu‘u‘o‘o flow field by the beginning of August.
On August 18, the lava entered into a deep ground crack that directed the flow further to the northeast. After about a week the lava overflowed from the crack, before repeating this pattern at three additional and parallel ground cracks. The flow traveled roughly 5 km (3 mi) underground in these cracks to within about 1.2 km (0.7 mi) of Ka‘ohe Homesteads subdivision where the lava exited the final crack in early September.
The flow front advanced slow and steadily during the first few weeks of September, passing Ka‘ohe Homesteads to the northwest. Then from late-September to early-October, the lava flow’s rate of advance began to fluctuate as it stalled and advanced. Towards the end of October, a breakout surged through a narrow drainage and crossed Cemetery Road in Pahoa. The flow continued through the Pahoa Japanese Cemetery, through private property, and destroyed one structure, stalling only 155 m (510 ft) from Pahoa Village Road.
A large breakout on November 14 occurred roughly 6.5 km (4 mi) upslope of the flow front, and rapidly advanced along the northwest margin of the previous flow, ultimately headed towards Pahoa Marketplace and Highway 130. The flow front again stalled on December 30 after advancing to within 530 m (0.3 mi) of the marketplace. That was the furthest the lava flow advanced, but numerous breakouts just upslope continued to threaten Pahoa until early 2015.
Episode 61e, or the June 27 flow, then retreated upslope and stayed within about 8 km (5 mi) of Pu‘u‘o‘o. This episode continued until early June 2016, when inflation at Pu‘u‘o‘o culminated in two new eruptive vents on the northeast (episode 61f) and southeast (episode 61g) flanks of the cone on May 24.
The episode 61f flow was short-lived, lasting less than two weeks. However, the 61g flow remained active until the Pu‘u‘o‘o crater floor collapsed on April 30, 2018, followed by the intrusion of magma into the lower East Rift Zone and subsequent eruption.
Since then, eruptions from Kilauea have fortunately been confined within Kaluapele (Kilauea caldera) or other remote areas of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Currently, there are no signs of magma moving into the East Rift Zone but that will inevitably happen again someday. The Pahoa lava flow crisis and other destructive East Rift Zone eruptions are reminders that communities on or near the rift zone are vulnerable. Residents and visitors should stay informed and remember that it’s never too early consider how an eruption could impact you and your family.
Volcano
activity updates
Kilauea is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert level is ADVISORY.
Kilauea erupted briefly on June 3 southwest of Kaluapele (Kilauea caldera) within the closed area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Sulfur dioxide emission rates remain elevated; an emission rate of 350 tonnes per day was measured on June 10, for the combined areas of Kilauea summit and the recent eruption. Seismicity in the summit region, including the upper East Rift Zone, has been slightly elevated with about 550 events over the past week. Inflationary ground deformation has continued in the summit region. Additional pulses of seismicity and deformation could result in new eruptive episodes within the area or elsewhere on the Southwest Rift Zone.
Mauna Loa is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert Level is at NORMAL.
Webcams show no signs of activity on Mauna Loa. Summit seismicity has remained at low levels over the past month. Ground deformation indicates continuing slow inflation as magma replenishes the reservoir system following the 2022 eruption. SO2 emission rates are at background levels.
One earthquake was reported felt in the Hawaiian Islands during the past week: a M3.4 earthquake 14 km (8 mi) S of Volcano at 1 km (1 mi) depth on June 6 at 12:29 p.m. HST.
HVO continues to closely monitor Kilauea and Mauna Loa.
Please visit HVO’s website for past Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano photos, maps, recent earthquake information, and more. Email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.
Volcano Watch is a weekly article and activity update written by U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists and affiliates.
Hawaii
Great Waikoloa Rubber Duckie Race Returns on July 4th – Big Island Video News
(BIVN) – 10,000 rubber duckies will “race” across the lake at the Kings’ Shops in Waikoloa this Fourth of July.
The 34th annual Great Waikoloa Rubber Duckie Race will be on the Saturday, July 4th, held in support of the United Cerebral Palsy Association of Hawaiʻi.
From a news release courtesy the Kings’ Shops and the United Cerebral Palsy Association of Hawaiʻi:
The community fundraiser brings together a July 4 celebration, live entertainment, keiki activities and one of Waikoloa’s most visual traditions to support programs for children and adults with cerebral palsy and other disabilities with similar service needs. The event runs from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., with scheduled activities beginning at 11 a.m. and the rubber duckie race starting at 3 p.m. at Kings’ Shops.
“Each year, this event gives the community a fun, visible way to support programs for people with disabilities and their families across Hawaii,” said John Nishida, executive director of United Cerebral Palsy Association of Hawaii. “The duckie race has become a Waikoloa tradition because it brings people together for a celebration with a purpose.”
More than $25,000 in prizes will be awarded, including a grand prize trip for two to Japan. Additional prizes include resort stays, golf packages, boat cruises, dolphin experiences, gift baskets, shopping and dining certificates, and more. The first 50 duckies to finish the race, along with the last-place duckie, will win prizes for the people who adopted them.
This year’s Super Quackers theme will bring costumed superheroes throughout the center for photo opportunities and family-friendly fun. Tommy Ching returns as emcee, and the first 250 people to RSVP will receive a commemorative Super Quackers can cooler, while supplies last.
Event highlights include A-Bay’s Watermelon Eating Contest, live music by Kona Soul and Keoni Thompson, the Original Big Island Shave Ice Co. Shave Ice Eating Contest, the Fitness Forever Challenge, a preview of Aloha Theatre’s “Seussical,” and the duck waddling and duck calling contests. Guests will also find a scavenger hunt, free keiki activities, local artisan and food vendors, merchant offers, temporary tattoos by the Hawaii Army National Guard, Keiki ID services by the Hawaii Police Department, and pupus and drinks at Roy’s Waikoloa Bar & Grill.

Duck adoptions are $5 each. Special adoption packages include the $30 Quack Pack, which includes five ducks in the race and a free T-shirt, and the $100 VIP package, which includes 40 ducks in the race and a free T-shirt. T-shirts for Quack Pack and VIP package adoptions will be held for pickup on race day.
Duckies may be adopted online in advance. In-person adoptions will be available at Kings’ Shops on July 2 and 3 from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., and July 4 from 10 a.m. until sold out.
For more information, contact UCPA of Hawaii at (808) 532-6744 or visit kingsshops.com/events.
Hawaii
Toll booth, cultural center proposed for Maunakea Access Road – West Hawaii Today
Hawaii
8 Most Welcoming Towns In Hawaii’s Countryside
Hawaii’s most welcoming countryside towns are rarely the ones that appear on the standard itineraries. Kaunakakai on Moloka’i has no traffic lights and the longest pier in the state. Maunaloa sits above one of Hawaii’s largest white-sand beaches. Naalehu’s most famous landmark is a tree that Mark Twain allegedly planted in 1866. These eight towns, spread across six islands, each have something specific that makes them worth the detour.
Hale’iwa
Next, let’s explore the town of Hale’iwa, a globally renowned destination that draws surfers every year for its winter waves. The town is also renowned for its laid-back charm, local food trucks, and shaved ice. For a day out on the water, try your hand at snorkeling at Shark’s Cove. The cove is a popular destination for snorkeling and scuba diving, surrounded by lava rocks and coral formations, and is bursting with marine wildlife. However, if you are concerned about sharks, then there is no need to worry, as the cove’s name comes from its shark-like shape if you are looking at it from a bird’s-eye view. You can also rent a paddleboard or kayak and travel up the Anahulu River and go under the iconic Hale’iwa Rainbow Bridge. You can also spot green sea turtles basking in the sun on your journey upstream. To satisfy your sweet tooth, you can grab a scoop of flavored ice at Matsumoto Shave Ice, a family-owned dessert spot where its shaved ice is the main attraction. Patrons can choose from a variety of flavors for their shaved ice, like passion fruit, guava, and mango, and top it off with either mochi balls or condensed milk.
Kaunakakai
On the island of Moloka’i, the town of Kaunakakai is famous for its laid-back nature and the charm of “Old Hawaii”. What does “Old Hawaii” mean? It means that there are few traffic lights and no major chain stores. There are, however, some interesting things to see and do in town, including Kaunakakai Harbor, home to the longest pier in Hawaii. It stretches 1,900 feet into the Pacific Ocean and is a popular destination for fishing, sunset watching, and launching boat tours. A legendary spot to visit in Kaunakakai is Kanemitsu’s Bakery. The bakery is known for its “Hot Bread,” which comes in slices filled with any filling you choose, like cream cheese, strawberries, blueberries, or cinnamon. The bakery also serves fresh papaya bread, cheese bread, donuts, and all of the classic pastries that you would find at any bakery. For some retail fun, visit Ala Mālama Avenue. Instead of major chain stores, the avenue is lined from top to bottom with local mom-and-pop stores and boutiques, and it is a hot spot for everyday services. The items the shops offer may make for some interesting souvenirs to take home.
Makawao
One interesting fact about Makawao is that it was known as the heart of paniolo (Hawaiian cowboy) country. That’s right. A long time ago, paniolos inhabited Makawao and made it their home. One way to learn more about them is to attend the town’s annual Makawao Rodeo, which takes place on the weekend of Independence Day. Thousands of spectators flock to the Oskie Rice Arena for bull riding, barrel racing, roping events, and all sorts of other traditional rodeo events. The event also hosts block parties, local food vendors, and live country-western entertainment. For a truly colorful and unique souvenir, visit Hot Island Glass. The shop is a working glassblowing studio where you can watch artists create incredible glass masterpieces, including platters, vases, and island-inspired sculptures such as pineapples and jellyfish. A quick and easy hike to take in Makawao is the Waihou Springs Trail. During the trek, you will be guided through the lush greenery of the forest before being taken to Waihou Spring, where the water drips from a towering fern wall and into the crystal waters. There are also small lava tubes and old irrigation tunnels carved into the volcanic rock to explore on your walk.
Lānaʻi City
As the only major city on the island of Lānaʻi, you can rest assured that there are a lot of things to do in Lānaʻi City upon your arrival. The town is best known for its rich pineapple plantation history, and one way to learn more is to visit Dole Park at the heart of the city. The plantation is the central hub of community events like the annual Pineapple Festival, the Saturday Market, and its “Fifth Friday”, where the community comes alive with free live entertainment and over twenty-five vendors from local restaurants and shops for one of the biggest block parties the citizens have ever seen. If you are an enthusiast of horses or equestrians, then come to the Stables at Koele. At the stables, you will gaze upon the sweeping landscapes via horseback while learning about the ranching history of Lānaʻi and the lifestyle of the paniolo (Hawaiian cowboys) along the way. After a long day of exploring Dole Park and gazing at landscapes via horseback, fill up on pizza, burgers, teriyaki beef, or chicken katsu when you dine at Lanai Bowl. This 1950s-inspired retro diner is also home to an arcade, a soda fountain, a jukebox, and a four-lane bowling alley, where you can not only indulge in Hawaiian and American cuisine, but also have an amazing time while waiting for your food to be served.
Hanapepe
Serving as inspiration for the setting of the 2002 animated feature film Lilo and Stitch, Hanapepe, meaning “crushed bay” in Hawaiian, is renowned for its vibrant art community and deep cultural roots. Speaking of cultural roots, one way to explore Hanapepe’s cultural background is to take a stroll across the Swinging Bridge. The bridge is a 186-foot-long wooden suspension bridge spanning the Hanapepe River. It was built in 1911 to help plantation workers and children cross the water. Since then, it has remained a landmark within the town, offering patrons a fun, bouncy walk across the river. For a tranquil day on the beach, come to Salt Pond Beach Park, a popular, family-friendly beach park that got its name from the town’s traditional Hawaiian salt ponds. At the beach, you can spend the day swimming, snorkeling, camping, and firing up the barbecue on the beach’s own barbecue grills for a picnic lunch. At the Midnight Bear Bakery, you can indulge in organic sourdough loaves, flaky European-style pastries, and the freshest coffee in town. The perfect place to enjoy breakfast or lunch before heading off on your next adventure.
Hāwī
In Hāwī, you will be treated to lush tropical scenery, historic Hawaiian culture, and a laid-back, artsy vibe. To explore the lush tropical scenery of Hāwī, book a horseback riding tour with Paniolo Adventures, an open-range horseback riding experience that gives patrons a chance to become paniolos (Hawaiian cowboys) as they explore the sweeping views of the Pacific Ocean, grazing cattle, and surrounding volcanoes that call Hawaii their home. To satisfy your sweet tooth, you can pay a visit to the Our Founding Farmers Ice Cream Shop. The ice cream shop is a highly rated, farm-to-scoop parlor that specializes in small-batch, handmade ice creams and sorbets that are made with locally sourced Hawaiian ingredients like papaya, dragonfruit, and lychee, organic sugar, and fresh dairy. Every Saturday morning, Hāwī comes alive with the Hāwī Farmers Market. At the market, you will find fresh local produce, handmade artisanal crafts, and prepared, hot meals. All of which are operated under the relaxed, welcoming atmosphere of the rural setting around it.
Maunaloa
At Maunaloa, you can expect to find a town full of laid-back country charm and glorious ocean views. If there was one place to visit in Maunaloa, it is the extremely quirky, world-famous Big Wind Kite Factory. The kite factory is a family-run shop that produces vibrant nylon kites and windsocks for you to purchase and fly across the sky. The shop even offers free kite-making lessons so you can learn how these beautiful, colorful kites are brought to life. Whenever you need essentials during your visit to Maunaloa, take a trip to the Maunaloa General Store, where you will find all of the snacks and groceries you need before heading off on your next Hawaiian adventure. The store also sells cold drinks, local grab-and-go items, and a wide selection of beer and wine. Just a short drive down the hill lies Pāpōhaku Beach, one of the largest white-sand beaches in the state, best known for its isolation and its lower crowd levels compared to other beaches. It also has superb views of Oʻahu, so you can look over the beautiful views as you take scenic walks along the powdery sand, enjoy a picnic lunch, and even camp out overnight at one of their designated campsites.
Naalehu
What was formerly a sugar plantation is now the beautiful town of Naalehu, Hawaii, where you will now find unique, exotic beaches and iconic island landmarks such as Haleokane Lookout. At the lookout, you will overlook panoramic views of Honuapo Bay, rugged sea cliffs, and the sparkling Pacific Ocean below. During the winter months, if you are lucky, you will be able to catch humpback whales frolicking in the ocean waves. At the Punalu’u Bake Shop, you will be able to indulge in their traditional Hawaiian sweet bread and their sugar-coated malasadas (Portuguese fried donuts). Aside from being a bakery, it is also a roadside attraction and visitor center where patrons can come in and sample their delicious goodies while sitting in the lush outdoor patio and garden area. One historic landmark in Naalehu is the Mark Twain Monkey Pod Tree, which, according to legend, is the very tree that author Mark Twain planted in 1866 as a gesture of appreciation for the island’s natural beauty during his visit. It is also known for its enormous, umbrella-shaped canopy, with a diameter of 100 feet, making it the perfect place to catch some shade from the Hawaiian heat.
Visiting Hawaii’s countryside offers an escape from the bustling resort hubs. In the countryside of Hawaii, you will be able to see untouched natural landmarks and ecosystems, immerse yourself in the deep-rooted cultural history, and find local island gems that will have you talking about for years to come. While the bigger cities of Hawaii sound like fun, if you immerse yourself in a slower pace of life, you might find yourself having an even grander time in the Hawaiian countryside.
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