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The glass bottle mystery: The history of the Zarembo Springs Mineral Company

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The glass bottle mystery: The history of the Zarembo Springs Mineral Company


Part of a continuing weekly series on Alaska history by local historian David Reamer.

It began with a bottle, not in the usual way as a tragedy, but a mystery. Tinted blue and clearly old, the heavy glass bottle is imperfect with numerous bubbles frozen forever in the medium. A surprising embossed brand on its body: Zarembo Springs Mineral Co., Seattle, Washington. After an impulse purchase, I still wondered, what was its story? Here is the answer.

Zarembo Island, a large and unpopulated part of the Alexander Archipelago, lies west, southwest of Wrangell. Its Tlingít name is ShtaxʼNoow, and before the arrival of settlers, the area Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan (Stikine people) preserved Zarembo Island as a hunting sanctuary. In a 1946 report on Tlingit and Haida land rights and usage, Walter Goldschmidt and Theodore Haas quote Tlingit elder Willis Hoagland, “Zarembo Island belonged to the whole of the Wrangell people. No special clan owned that.”

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The Zarembo name is a relic of the Russian period of Alaska history. Dionysius Zarembo, captain of the Russian-American Company ship Chichagof, surveyed the area in 1834 and 1838. When British explorer George Vancouver passed through in 1793, he called it Duke of York Island.

As settlers entered the area, they used the island for deer hunting, logging, and as a sort of nearby vacation destination. Early 20th-century Alaska sources are rife with tales of multi-day trips packed with picnics, food, and even some mild frolicking. Maybe even some undocumented cavorting. From a 1909 Wrangell Sentinel article, “It took half a dozen boys, more or less, 14 guns, the schooner Plymouth Rock, and one Scripps motor, etc., to capture one poor little motherless deer on its way home from Sunday School last Sunday on Zarembo Island. The story the boys tell of the incidents of the trip would fill a Sunday edition of the Seattle Times, and their description of the midnight fishing for sandwiches would be a seller anywhere.”

And sometimes, if a local was feeling somewhat under the weather, they might partake of the island’s renowned mineral waters. From a 1909 Sentinel article, “Phil. Haught and Leo McCormack left for Zarembo Island Monday morning, there to rest for a few days, and fill up on the fine mineral water for which the island is so famous.” Or, from a different 1909 article, “The first thing upon arrival was a visit to the spring house where for the first time we tasted the wonderful Zarembo mineral water, rightly named ‘The Sparks of Life.’”

The Zarembo Island spring conveniently issues on the shore by St. John Harbor, on the island’s northwest side. The water possesses a relatively high mineral content, primarily calcium, carbonate, and sodium, in addition to some sulfur and iron. Covered at high tide, the water overhead bubbles from the spring’s release.

As is the way with much of modern Alaska history, someone finally looked at the spring and thought, “I could make some money off that.” The Zarembo Mineral Springs Company, based in Seattle, was incorporated on Nov. 4, 1904. Frank Wadsworth (1870-1906), one of the few fortune hunters to escape the Klondike Gold Rush with an actual fortune, was the founder and president. While sales likely began earlier, the product was formally introduced to the public at the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition that ran from June to October 1905 in Portland, Oregon.

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To prevent contamination from salt water, the bottling company built a small structure over a 10-foot-high concrete box surrounding the spring. A wooden wharf connected the spring building to the dock. The company bought a small launch, also named the Zarembo, to ferry the water from Alaska to Seattle. The bottling was done at a building owned by Wadsworth on Ninth Avenue.

From the few contemporary photographs of Zarembo Mineral Springs Company products, it appears that they produced several types of bottles. The most unique was a torpedo-shaped Hamilton bottle with rounded bottoms that could only be stored on its side. These Hamilton bottles would have been corked instead of metal-capped. Cork stoppers dry out over time, which, for carbonated drinks, would allow air to escape and the bubbly drink to go flat. William Hamilton designed the first torpedo bottle for carbonated beverages in 1814.

In Seattle, a town built in part upon the mining of prospectors, fortune hunters, traders, and tourists to and from Alaska, the clean, refreshing water of Zarembo Island was one more way to consume the wealth of the farther north. In particular, the Zarembo company built a brand based upon the lasting cachet of Alaska, in this case, that any water from there would be the purest and best exemplar of its type. A postcard from this era, titled The Morning After, shows a man in the throes of a hangover seeking a cure from a mineral water cooler labeled Alaska.

The Zarembo Mineral Springs Company made this association, of intrinsic Alaska quality and their own product, explicit in their advertising. A May 1906 Pacific Monthly magazine advertisement declared, “Alaska produces HEALTH as well as WEALTH.” The July edition of that magazine included a different advertisement that targeted female consumers. A woman who tried their product, “Blooms with new health at every sip of pure Zarembo water.”

Faith in the curative powers of mineral springs is an ancient human belief. And the practice of bottling spring water is centuries old. The first record of bottled mineral water is from 1622, at the Holy Well outside Malvern Wells, England. Bottled mineral water soon became an internationally traded product as advocates chased one outlandish medicinal claim after another. In 1767, the first American commercial water bottler opened in 1767 Boston. If anything, it is surprising that it took until 1904 for an Alaska-sourced mineral water company to enter the crowded field.

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There are a few signs of success. A 1908 note in the Douglas Island News claimed Zarembo Mineral Water sales were “five times greater than a year ago.” There was an impressive display at the 1909 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in Seattle, where judges awarded the company a gold medal for their mineral water. And in August 1909, the mineral water was featured during Made in Washington Day, a celebration of products from the state of Washington. At least the bottles were from Washington; the water’s Alaska origins were apparently downplayed when it suited company interests.

However, there are far more signs of a product struggling to survive, with the flavor being the foremost. Per the August 5, 1915 Wrangell Sentinel, “We would judge from the taste that the principal ingredients are soda, iron and sulphur, and being heavily charged with gas bubbles and sparkles when first taken from the spring, like freshly opened champagne. The first taste gives one the impression that the flavor might be improved by the addition of other ingredients, possibly rotten eggs, but after a few drinks and the effect is partially realized you forget the first uncomfortable taste, a feeling of rejuvenation comes over you and almost at once you feel certain that you are on the road to being restored to a normal and healthy condition.”

The iron content was also reportedly low enough to escape taste but high enough to stain bottles. And the Zarembo company entered a market already rich in competition. Mineral water brands like Buffalo Lithia, Aspenta, Bythinea, Red Cross, Hirano, Apollinaris, Red Raven Splits, Hunyadi János, U-Ran-Go, and many others, each with their own medicinal claims and romantic origins, clogged Seattle grocery store and pharmacy shelves.

The company struggled financially throughout its brief existence. A significant early investor, H. Stuart Brinley, sold his interest months before the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition. Wadsworth, the prime mover of the entire enterprise, died suddenly in 1906 at only 36 years old. In 1909, a company stock split and the relatively lavish display at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition might have been last-ditch efforts to save the company.

Outside Seattle in the Lower 48, the company and product received almost no notice. Even in Wrangell, the bottler received only passing mentions. From 1906 to 1908, the product went nearly two years without mention in the major hometown newspapers. In the aftermath of Wadsworth’s death, the company may have temporarily ceased operations. In January 1910, Wadsworth’s widow sued for a divorce from her second husband, accusing him of “gross cruelty” and fraud. In particular, she claimed he had stolen a significant amount of property from her former husband’s estate, primarily from the Zarembo Mineral Springs Company holdings.

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By the time of her lawsuit, the company was already bankrupt. On Jan. 25, 1910, all remaining company assets were auctioned off. And, to offer a sense of finality, a fire gutted the Zarembo bottling facility on Dec. 2, 1912. Two firefighters were injured fighting the blaze, which an arsonist had started. The facility, such as it was, on Zarembo Island quickly fell into ruins. By 1915, the concrete retaining wall had failed, allowing salt water in again.

In all, the Zarembo Springs Mineral Company came and went with barely a dent in the historical record, some advertisements, too few pictures, and some scattered bottles like mine. Perhaps the bottler was late to market, underfinanced, or kneecapped by the sudden death of its founder. There is too little evidence to speculate further and no lessons to be learned. Few prospered from the company’s brief existence, most notably a scoundrel second husband and the occasional eBay merchant preying upon innocent historians, and almost certainly no one from around Wrangell.

Key sources:

“Dine on Products of State.” Seattle Times, August 29, 1909, 5.

“Dove Coos Again in Rutherford Family.” Seattle Times, January 21, 1910, 15.

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“Frank Wadsworth Expires Suddenly.” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 25, 1906, 16.

Goldschmidt, Walter R., and Theodore H. Haas. Haa Aani, Our Land: Tlingit and Haida Land Rights and Use. Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Foundation, 2000.

“New Corporations.” Seattle Times, August 10, 1909, 21.

Nichols, Sam H. State of Washington Eighth Biennial Report of the Secretary of State, 1904. Olympia: State of Washington, 1904.

“The Northland.” Douglas Island News, June 24, 1908, 1.

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“One Poor Little Deer.” Wrangell Sentinel, July 22, 1909, 1.

“Possibilities at Zarembo Springs.” Wrangell Sentinel, August 5, 1915, 3.

“Seattle Machinery Houses Win.” Seattle Times, October 3, 1909, 22.

“Sentinel’s Force Has a Pleasant Trip.” Wrangell Sentinel, June 10, 1909, 5.

“Two Sustain Hurts at Morning Blaze.” Seattle Times, December 2, 1912, 8.

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Untitled article. Wrangell Sentinel, July 15, 1909, 8.

Untitled bankruptcy auction article. Seattle Times, January 14, 1910, 26.

Waring, Gerald A. Mineral Springs of Alaska, USGS Water-Supply Paper 418. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1917.





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Bangladeshi man flown to Alaska to face federal charges in ‘extensive’ child sexual exploitation case

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Bangladeshi man flown to Alaska to face federal charges in ‘extensive’ child sexual exploitation case


Bangladeshi national Zobaidul Amin is led to an aircraft in Malaysia by FBI agents before flying to Anchorage on Wednesday, March 4, 2026. Amin was indicted in 2022 on charges of operating an international child sex exploition enterprise and spent the past three years in Malaysia. (Photo provided by FBI)

A Bangladeshi man who authorities say operated an international child sexual exploitation enterprise involving hundreds of children, including those in Alaska, arrived in Anchorage this week after spending several years out on bail in Malaysia.

Zobaidul Amin, 28, made his first federal court appearance in Anchorage on Thursday.

A federal grand jury in Alaska indicted Amin in July 2022 on 13 charges related to the production and distribution of child pornography, cyberstalking and child exploitation. Law enforcement in Malaysia was prosecuting him on similar accusations.

Amin is accused of orchestrating a vast online sexual extortion ring that resulted in the abuse of minors, primarily from the United States.

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“Amin delighted in sexually abusing hundreds of minor victims over social media,” prosecutors said in a memorandum filed Thursday recommending that a judge keep Amin jailed while awaiting trial. “He bragged about causing victims to become suicidal and engage in self-harm. He shared hundreds of nude images and videos of minor victims all over the internet and encouraged other perpetrators to do the same.”

The FBI arrested Amin on Wednesday in Malaysia and took him to Alaska, Anchorage FBI spokesperson Chloe Martin said in an emailed statement.

FBI agents wait on the tarmac as a plane carrying Bangladeshi national Zobaidul Amin from Malaysia arrives in Anchorage on Wednesday, March 4, 2026. Amin was indicted in 2022 on charges of operating an international child sex exploition enterprise and spent the past three years in Malaysia. (Photo provided by FBI)

Amin pleaded not guilty at Thursday’s hearing.

U.S. Magistrate Judge Kyle Reardon assigned Amin a public defender and ordered that he remained jailed while his case proceeds.

Amin, wearing a yellow Anchorage Correctional Complex jumpsuit, quietly spoke only two words during the hearing: “Yes,” when Reardon asked whether he understood his rights, and “yes” after Reardon asked if Amin agreed to waive his right to a speedy trial to allow his attorney to adequately prepare.

For more than three years, federal officials sought to have Amin “expelled” from Malaysia, where he was a medical student, to face charges in the U.S., prosecutors said in their memorandum.

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Authorities have said they uncovered the sophisticated child sexual abuse material production scheme after a 14-year-old girl told Alaska State Troopers in 2021 that Amin coerced her via social media into sending him lewd images of herself and participating in sexually explicit conduct over video calls.

When the girl stopped communicating with Amin, prosecutors said, he carried out previous threats to distribute the images to her friends and social media followers.

“Dozens of search warrants, subpoenas, and legal process revealed that Amin did the same thing to hundreds of minor victims,” prosecutors said in the detention memo, adding that it was one of the “most extensive” operations of its kind investigated by law enforcement.

But authorities had been unable to extradite Amin from Malaysia, they said.

Malaysian authorities, with help from U.S. law enforcement, also charged Amin for offenses related to the production and distribution of child sexual abuse images in 2022.

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He was released from custody in Malaysia after his family paid a bail equivalent to $24,000, according to the detention memo.

The requirements of Amin’s release included that he surrender his passport, not contact his victims or engage in child sexual abuse image conduct, and report to police monthly, according to the memo.

Prosecutors said they were not aware of any violations but added that it was unclear how strictly the requirements were enforced.

Had Amin fled to Bangladesh, he would have been able to evade prosecution because the U.S. doesn’t have an extradition treaty with the South Asian country, according to the memo.

Officials didn’t publicly disclose additional details about the circumstances that led to his arrest and transfer to Alaska or why he hadn’t been moved to the U.S. sooner.

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The FBI and U.S. Department of Justice have been working “in conjunction with Malaysian authorities” to get Amin transferred to U.S. custody, the U.S. Attorney’s Office in Alaska said in a prepared statement Thursday.

A child exploitation and human trafficking task force based out of the FBI’s Anchorage offices investigated the case with the support of numerous agencies, including the Anchorage Police Department and Alaska State Troopers, the Royal Malaysia Police, and a long list of law enforcement entities in Wyoming, Oregon, West Virginia and Florida as well as cities including Atlanta, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, Newark, Salt Lake City and Seattle.





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Bill allowing physician assistants to practice independently passes Alaska Senate

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Bill allowing physician assistants to practice independently passes Alaska Senate


JUNEAU — The Alaska Senate has passed a bill that would allow physician assistants with sufficient training to practice under an independent license, removing the state’s current requirement that they work under a formal collaborative agreement with physicians.

Supporters say the change would reduce administrative burdens that can delay and increase the cost of care. But physicians who opposed the bill argue it lowers the bar for training and could affect patient care.

Senate Bill 89, sponsored by Anchorage Democratic Sen. Löki Tobin, passed by a unanimous vote in the Senate on Wednesday, with 18 votes in favor and two members absent. The bill would allow physician assistants to apply for an independent license after completing 4,000 hours of postgraduate supervised clinical practice.

Under current law, physician assistants in Alaska must operate under a collaborative plan with physicians. These plans outline the medical services a physician assistant can provide and require oversight from doctors.

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The Alaska State Medical Board regulates physician assistants and authorizes them to provide care only within the scope of their training. Most physician assistants in Alaska work in family practice, though some are specially trained in particular fields. All care must be provided under a physician’s license through a collaborative agreement that also requires a second, alternate physician to sign off.

For some clinics, particularly in more remote areas, finding those physicians can be difficult.

Mary Swain, CEO of Cama’i Community Health Center in Bristol Bay, testified in support of the bill before the Senate Labor and Commerce Committee in March 2025. Her practice employs two physicians to maintain collaborative plans for its physician assistants. She said neither of them lived in the community, and the primary physician lived out of state.

Roughly 15% of physicians who hold collaborative agreements with Alaska-based physician assistants do not live in the state, according to Tobin. At the same time, Alaskans face some of the highest health care costs in the nation.

Jared Wallace, a physician assistant in Kenai and owner of Odyssey Family Practice, testified in support of the bill at a committee meeting in April.

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Wallace said maintaining collaborative agreements is one of the most difficult parts of running his clinic. He said he pays a collaborative physician about $2,000 per physician assistant per month, roughly $96,000 a year, simply to maintain the required agreement.

“In my experience, a collaborative plan does not improve nor ensure good patient care,” Wallace said. “Instead, it is a barrier in providing good health care in a rural community where access is limited, is a threat that delicately suspends my practice in place, and if severed, the 6,000 patients that I care for would lose access to (their) primary provider and become displaced.”

Opposition to the bill largely came from physicians, who testified that physician assistants do not receive the same depth of training as doctors.

Dr. Nicholas Cosentino, an internal medicine physician, testified in opposition to the bill last April. He said that medical school training provides crucial experience in diagnosing complex cases.

“It’s not infrequent that you get a patient that you’re not exactly sure you know what’s going on, and you have to fall back on your scientific background, the four years of medical school training, the countless hours of residency to come up with that differential, to think critically and come up with a plan for that patient,” Cosentino said. “I think the bill as stated, 4,000 hours, does not equate to that level of training.”

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The Alaska Primary Care Association said it supports the intent of the bill but argued that physician assistants should complete 10,000 hours in a collaborative practice model with a physician before practicing independently.

Other states that have moved to allow independent licensure for physician assistants have adopted a range of thresholds. North Dakota requires 4,000 hours, while Montana requires 8,000 hours. Utah requires 10,000 hours of postgraduate supervised work, while Wyoming does not set a specific statewide minimum hour requirement.

Tobin said the hour requirement chosen in the bill came from conversations with experts during the bill’s drafting.

“When we were working with stakeholders on this piece of legislation, we came to a compromise of 4,000 hours, recognizing and understanding that there was concerns, but also … understanding that it is a bit of an arbitrary choice,” she said.

The bill now heads to House committees before a potential vote on the House floor.

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Dunleavy, EPA visit UAF to discuss regulations in the arctic environment

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Dunleavy, EPA visit UAF to discuss regulations in the arctic environment


Fairbanks, Alaska (KTUU/KTVF) – On Wednesday, Gov. Mike Dunleavy, Alaska Attorney General Stephen Cox and Lee Zeldin, the administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), spoke to press at the University of Alaska Fairbanks power plant.

During their time at the university, the federal and state leaders spoke about developing resources such as coal, oil, gas and critical minerals in the 49th state.

During his 24-hour trip to Fairbanks, Zeldin said he has spoke to business and state leaders about environmental regulations impacting operations in Alaska, saying the EPA needs to consider whether regulations are solving problems or are solutions in search of a problem.

He also discussed the concept of “cooperative federalism,” where the EPA takes its cues from state leaders to determine where regulations and help are needed.

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“We’re here at the University of Alaska’s coal plant, and the most modern coal plant in the United States of America,” Dunleavy said.

Zeldin said visiting Fairbanks in winter helps inform decisions the agency is considering.

“There are a lot of decisions right now in front of this agency that the first-hand perspective of being here on the ground helps inform our agency to make the right decision,” he said.

Zeldin also said the agency is hearing concerns from Alaska truckers about diesel exhaust rules in extreme cold.

“We then met with truckers who have been dealing with unique cold weather concerns with the implementation of EPA regulations related to diesel exhaust fluid system,” he said.

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When asked about PFAS in drinking water, Zeldin said the EPA is not rolling back the standards.

“So the PFAS standards are not being rolled back at all,” he said.

On Fairbanks air quality and PM2.5 regulations, Zeldin said the agency wants to work with the state.

“We want, at the EPA, to help the Fairbanks community be able to be in attainment on PM 2.5. We want to make it work,” he said.

Dunleavy said energy costs and heating needs remain a major factor in Interior air quality discussions.

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“People have to be able to live. They’ve got to be able to afford to live,” he said.

Zeldin said EPA is considering further changes to diesel regulations and urged Alaskans to participate in the rulemaking process.

“We need Alaskans to participate in that public comment period,” he said.

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