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Senate confirmation hearings to begin for Biden’s Supreme Court pick Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson

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Senate confirmation hearings to begin for Biden’s Supreme Court pick Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson

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The Supreme Courtroom affirmation hearings for Decide Ketanji Brown Jackson will start Monday within the Senate, marking President Biden’s first nomination to the excessive court docket. 

With Democrats in slim management of the Senate and Jackson receiving three GOP votes prior to now for her affirmation to a federal appellate court docket, Jackson heads into the hearings on a stable path towards affirmation. 

However Republicans do not intend to let her off straightforward, elevating issues on every part from her previous work as a public defender representing Guantanamo Bay detainees and whether or not she was too lenient on intercourse offenders as a district court docket choose.

“The issue is I have never been capable of finding a single case the place she has had a toddler porn offender, a pedophile in entrance of her, the place she hasn’t given him probably the most lenient sentence she presumably may,” Sen. Josh Hawley, R-Mo., not too long ago instructed “Hannity.”

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WHO IS BIDEN SUPREME COURT NOMINEE KETANJI BROWN JACKSON?

The White Home has dismissed Hawley’s claims as “conspiracy idea” and pointed to truth checks on his remarks from retailers just like the Washington Submit and the Related Press. 

“Decide Jackson is a proud mom of two whose nomination has been endorsed by main legislation enforcement organizations, conservative judges, and survivors of crime,” White Home spokesman Andrew Bates mentioned in a press release to Fox Information. “That is poisonous and weakly-presented misinformation that depends on taking cherry-picked parts of her report out of context – and it buckles beneath the lightest scrutiny.”

Democrats, in the meantime, have touted what they are saying are Jackson’s stellar credentials, evenhanded judicial report and bipartisan assist. Jackson has been endorsed by Decide Thomas Griffith, a well known, retired conservative federal choose, as nicely legislation enforcement teams just like the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP).

Decide Ketanji Brown Jackson speaks after President Joe Biden introduced Jackson as his nominee to the Supreme Courtroom within the Cross Corridor of the White Home Feb. 25, 2022, in Washington. Vice President Kamala Harris listens at proper. 
(AP Photograph/Carolyn Kaster)

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“Her {qualifications} are distinctive,” mentioned Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Dick Durbin, D-Ailing. “In each position she’s held, she has earned a repute for thoughtfulness, evenhandedness and collegiality. And simply as spectacular as Decide Jackson’s report is her character and temperament. Humble, personable, she’s devoted herself to creating our authorized system extra comprehensible and extra accessible for everybody who got here in her courtroom.”

GRASSLEY CALLS FOR JUDGE JACKSON RECORDS AMID GOP SCRUTINY OVER CHILD PORN SENTENCING; WHITE HOUSE PUSHES BACK

Jackson is a Harvard Regulation College graduate who was most not too long ago confirmed final spring in a 53-44 vote to serve on the highly effective U.S. Courtroom of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. She beforehand was a Senate-confirmed federal district court docket choose, member of the USA Sentencing Fee, a federal public defender and a non-public legal professional at 4 elite legislation corporations.

The schedule

4 days of hearings are scheduled for the Senate Judiciary Committee from March 21-25. The lengthy days of questioning for Jackson will probably be Tuesday and Wednesday. 

Monday will probably be a day of introductory statements beginning at 11 a.m. ET.

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Opening statements will probably be 10 minutes from every of the 22 Senate Judiciary Committee members, 5 minutes from the surface introducers — retired federal appeals court docket Decide Thomas Griffith and Professor Lisa Fairfax of the College of Pennsylvania Carey Regulation College – and 10 minutes from Decide Jackson herself.  

Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson speaks after President Biden announced Jackson as his nominee to the Supreme Court in the Cross Hall of the White House Feb. 25, 2022.

Decide Ketanji Brown Jackson speaks after President Biden introduced Jackson as his nominee to the Supreme Courtroom within the Cross Corridor of the White Home Feb. 25, 2022.
(AP Photograph/Carolyn Kaster)

Tuesday is when the 22 senators will start questioning Decide Jackson beginning at 9 a.m. ET.

Senators may have the chance to ask questions for half-hour every so as of seniority. Tuesday’s testimony is predicted to final nicely into the night.

Wednesday would be the second day of questions for Decide Jackson beginning at 9 a.m. ET.

Every of the 22 senators can ask a second spherical of questions for 20 minutes every. Afterward, the Senate Judiciary Committee will meet privately and will probably be permitted to ask Jackson about any materials contained in her FBI background investigation. This closed session is normal for each Supreme Courtroom nominee, no matter whether or not the background investigation has raised issues, in accordance with the committee.

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Thursday will embrace testimony from exterior witnesses beginning at 9 a.m. ET. Decide Jackson is not going to be current on Day 4. 

The witnesses will embrace the American Bar Affiliation, associates and colleagues talking on behalf of Decide Jackson and Republican-picked opposition audio system akin to victims or shedding events in Decide Jackson’s instances. 

COLLINS CALLS SUPREME COURT PICK JACKSON ‘IMPRESSIVE’ AFTER MEETING, BUT REMAINS UNDECIDED

Statements from the witnesses will probably be 5 minutes every, and query rounds from senators may also be 5 minutes every.

The senators

The Senate Judiciary Committee hearings will probably be led by chairman Durbin. The highest Republican on the committee is Sen. Chuck Grassley of Iowa. Democrats are very supportive of Jackson and are anticipated to be pleasant questioners, whereas Republicans, together with former and potential presidential candidates, will dig into extra controversial subjects and put Decide Jackson and President Biden’s politics on the new seat.  

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Sen. Dick Durbin, D-Ill., introduces Secretary of State nominee Antony Blinken during Blinken's confirmation hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Capitol Hill in Washington Jan. 19, 2021. Durbin will preside over Supreme Court confirmation hearings starting March 21, 2022. 

Sen. Dick Durbin, D-Ailing., introduces Secretary of State nominee Antony Blinken throughout Blinken’s affirmation listening to earlier than the Senate International Relations Committee on Capitol Hill in Washington Jan. 19, 2021. Durbin will preside over Supreme Courtroom affirmation hearings beginning March 21, 2022. 
(Graeme Jennings/Pool by way of AP)

Apart from Grassley, the extra 10 Republicans on the committee who will query Decide Jackson are Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, John Cornyn of Texas, Mike Lee of Utah, Ted Cruz of Texas, Ben Sasse of Nebraska, Josh Hawley of Missouri, Tom Cotton of Arkansas, John Kennedy of Lousiana, Thom Tillis of North Carolina and Marsha Blackburn of Tennessee, the one GOP girl on the committee. 

DEMS TOUT SUPREME COURT PICK JACKSON BACKING FROM GOP-APPOINTED JUDGES, POLICE GROUPS: ‘WIDE RANGE OF SUPPORT’

Along with Durbin, the ten different Democrats on the committee are senators Patrick Leahy of Vermont, Dianne Feinstein of California, Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island, Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota, Chris Coons of Delaware, Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut, Mazie Hirono of Hawaii, Cory Booker of New Jersey, Alex Padilla of California and Jon Ossoff of Georgia, one of many latest members of the Senate. 

The problems

Democrats have touted Decide Jackson’s distinctive report as a public defender from 2005 to 2007, however Republicans have sought to painting her work as having particular empathy for convicted criminals. 

“I assume that implies that authorities prosecutors and harmless crime victims begin every trial at a drawback,” Senate Minority Chief Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., has mentioned. 

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One space of particular controversy is the work she did as a public defender representing 4 Guantanamo Bay detainees, which some Republicans have depicted as “defending terrorists.” Decide Jackson mentioned in a written response to the committee that ethics guidelines that apply to legal professionals imply an “legal professional has an obligation to signify her shoppers zealously” no matter private views.

Bates, the White Home spokesman, added: “Public defenders don’t select their shoppers and they’re obligated to do their job competently.”

Decide Jackson’s selections on government privilege are additionally beneath scrutiny. Maybe her most high-profile opinion got here on the D.C. District Courtroom within the case between the Home Judiciary Committee and former White Home counsel Don McGahn. McGahn was ordered by Trump to not testify earlier than the committee, regardless of a subpoena citing government privilege.  

Jackson dominated that McGahn could possibly be pressured to testify, writing that “presidents will not be kings.”

Sen. Josh Hawley, R-Mo., speaks at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) Feb. 24, 2022, in Orlando, Fla. 

Sen. Josh Hawley, R-Mo., speaks on the Conservative Political Motion Convention (CPAC) Feb. 24, 2022, in Orlando, Fla. 
(AP Photograph/John Raoux)

And a few Republicans have sought to color Jackson as too tender on criminals, primarily based partially on her work on the U.S. Sentencing Fee, which lowered sentences for drug offenders by addressing the disparity between crack and powder cocaine drug crimes. The reforms had bipartisan assist on the time.

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HAWLEY RAISES CONCERNS OVER BIDEN’S SUPREME COURT JUSTICE PICK GIVING SEX OFFENDERS ‘LENIENT SENTENCES’

Sen. Josh Hawley, R-Mo., has been elevating issues over what he mentioned was lax sentencing of about 10 little one pornography offenders by Decide Jackson, suggesting a sample of going tender on sure legal defendants. “I’m involved that this a report that endangers our kids,” Hawley mentioned. 

The White Home’s Bates says within the “overwhelming majority” of Decide Jackson’s instances involving little one intercourse crimes, Jackson imposed sentences that “have been in keeping with or above what the federal government or U.S. Probation really helpful.”

Sen. Marsha Blackburn (R-TN) questions Head of Instagram Adam Mosseri during a Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee hearing titled Protecting Kids Online: Instagram and Reforms for Young Users on Capitol Hill, December 8, 2021 in Washington, DC. Blackburn will be questioning Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson during Judiciary Committee Supreme Court hearings. (Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images)

Sen. Marsha Blackburn (R-TN) questions Head of Instagram Adam Mosseri throughout a Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee listening to titled Defending Youngsters On-line: Instagram and Reforms for Younger Customers on Capitol Hill, December 8, 2021 in Washington, DC. Blackburn will probably be questioning Decide Ketanji Brown Jackson throughout Judiciary Committee Supreme Courtroom hearings. (Photograph by Drew Angerer/Getty Photos)
(Drew Angerer/Getty Photos)

Republicans additionally plan to press Decide Jackson whether or not she agrees with liberal teams backing her, akin to Demand Justice, which have pushed to develop the Supreme Courtroom with further justices.

Blackburn “will ask Decide Jackson if she helps the positions of the novel left-wing teams which might be funding a large PR blitz to get her confirmed – akin to packing the Courtroom,” a Blackburn aide instructed Fox Information. “The American individuals have a proper to know if Decide Jackson will capitulate to the novel left and be part of their name to pack the court docket.”

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The stakes

If confirmed, Decide Jackson will make historical past, fulfilling President Biden’s marketing campaign promise to call the primary Black girl to the Supreme Courtroom. 

She’d succeed the retiring Justice Stephen Breyer, for whom she as soon as clerked.

President Biden delivers remarks on the retirement of Supreme Court Associate Justice Stephen Breyer, left, in the Roosevelt Room of the White House in Washington Jan. 27, 2022. 

President Biden delivers remarks on the retirement of Supreme Courtroom Affiliate Justice Stephen Breyer, left, within the Roosevelt Room of the White Home in Washington Jan. 27, 2022. 
(AP Photograph/Andrew Harnik)

The ideological make-up of the court docket will stay the identical with a 6-3 break up in favor of justices appointed by Republican presidents. 

The Supreme Courtroom within the coming months will probably be deciding hot-button points like abortion entry, gun rights, non secular liberty disputes, immigration limits and affirmative motion.

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Fox Information’ Kelly Laco, Tyler Olson, Invoice Mears and Shannon Bream contributed to this report. 

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Biden thankful for smooth transition of power, urges Trump to 'rethink' tariffs on Canada and Mexico

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Biden thankful for smooth transition of power, urges Trump to 'rethink' tariffs on Canada and Mexico

President Biden on Thanksgiving said he was thankful that the transition of power to a second Trump administration has gone smoothly, while urging the incoming commander-in-chief to “rethink” threats to impose steep tariffs on Mexican and Canadian goods. 

“I hope that [President-elect Trump] rethinks it. I think it’s a counterproductive thing to do,” Biden told reporters Thursday on the island of Nantucket, Massachusetts, where he was spending the holiday with family. “We’re surrounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Oceans and two allies — Mexico and Canada. The last thing we need to do is begin to screw up those relationships. I think that we got them in a good place.”

Earlier this week, Trump vowed to impose 25% tariffs on Mexico and Canada in an effort to get both nations to do more to stop the flow of illegal immigrants and illicit drugs into the U.S. Trump spoke with Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo on Wednesday, and both apparently came to an understanding, he said. 

CHINA FREES US PASTOR AFTER NEARLY 20 YEARS OF WRONGFUL DETAINMENT

President Biden shakes hands with Nantucket police officers during a visit to a fire station on Thanksgiving in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on Thursday. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

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“She has agreed to stop Migration through Mexico, and into the United States, effectively closing our Southern Border,” Trump wrote on Truth Social. “We also talked about what can be done to stop the massive drug inflow into the United States, and also, U.S. consumption of these drugs. It was a very productive conversation!”

Trump also threatened to impose an additional 10% tariff on China. Biden said Chinese President Xi Jinping “doesn’t want to make a mistake.”

“I am not saying he is our best buddy, but he understands what’s at stake,” he said. 

DONALD TRUMP CALLS ON THE NEW YORK TIMES TO APOLOGIZE FOR ‘GETTING YEARS OF TRUMP COVERAGE WRONG’

President Biden talks to the media

President Biden talks to the media during a visit to a Nantucket fire station on Thanksgiving in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on Thursday. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

President Biden also said Thursday that illegal border crossings have been “down considerably” since Trump’s first term in office. Trump heavily campaigned on the border crisis that exploded after Biden took office. 

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The president also said he was pleased with the cease-fire deal between Israel and Lebanon and that he was “very, very happy” about China releasing three Americans who were “wrongfully detained” for several years. 

Regarding the transition from his presidency to a second Trump administration, Biden said he wants the process to occur without any hiccups.  

President Biden in front of fire truck and officers

President Biden talks to the media in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on Thursday. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)

 

“I want to make sure it goes smoothly. And all the talk about what he is going to do and not do, I think that maybe it is a little bit of internal reckoning on his part,” he said. 

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Opinion: This Thanksgiving, I'm grateful for Sen. Mitch McConnell

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Opinion: This Thanksgiving, I'm grateful for Sen. Mitch McConnell

A coping mechanism I’ve adopted since the election of Donald Trump, a man more deserving of prison than the presidency, is to look for reasons for even the slightest optimism about the nation’s governance over the next four years. To that end, this Thanksgiving I’m grateful for the Republican “Grim Reaper,” Mitch McConnell.

Really.

Yes, I’m saying I’m thankful for the sour senator from Kentucky who’s built a turkey of a legacy: Fighting for years, up to a conservative Supreme Court, to successfully decapitate limits on campaign contributions from corporations and special interests. Stuffing that court and lower benches with far-right jurists. Finally, engineering Trump’s Senate acquittal after the House impeached him for inciting an insurrection that trashed the Capitol McConnell professes to revere.

Opinion Columnist

Jackie Calmes

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Jackie Calmes brings a critical eye to the national political scene. She has decades of experience covering the White House and Congress.

It’s because of that last McConnell “achievement” that we face Trump 2.0. Had the Senate convicted Trump in February 2021, it probably would have followed with a vote to bar him from running for office again, as the Senate has for impeached and convicted judges.

So here we are, and McConnell too.

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At 82, the longest-serving party leader in Senate history is voluntarily surrendering his crown to mentee Sen. John Thune of South Dakota. He will serve the last two years of his seventh and perhaps final term among the rank and file of the Republican majority. It’s McConnell’s just deserts to take a demotion as Trump returns to the summit: For all of McConnell’s past services to the once and future president, since Jan. 6 the two men have loathed each other more than I loathe marshmallows on sweet potatoes.

Familiar as he is with power, McConnell is well aware of who holds it now. Still, he won’t be without clout in Trump’s Washington. He won’t retreat to the backbenches or bend the knee. He even relishes the schoolyard nickname Trump gave him — “Old Crow” — doling out bottles of the Kentucky bourbon with his mug on the label.

McConnell may be stooped with age, but he’s suggesting publicly and privately that he’ll rise to the occasion as leader of a Republican resistance in the Senate, providing cover to others, should Trump overreach. The president-elect already has done so with some grotesque Cabinet choices, preceded by his anticonstitutional demand that senators forfeit their “advice and consent” power and instead be rubber stamps. McConnell’s nearly immediate response amounted to “No way.”

If Trump, as president, carries through on his threat to illegally impound funds that Congress approves, expect McConnell to cry foul, and even back a court challenge. Most of all, look for McConnell — who will chair the defense spending subcommittee — to stand for continued U.S. leadership in the world, especially in support of Ukraine and NATO. That posture will surely ruffle the feathers of an “America First” president enamored of dictators and disdainful of allies.

“Opposition to Ukraine is about as much nonsense as [saying] Biden wasn’t legitimately elected,” McConnell says in a bite at Trump in a new biography, “The Price of Power.”

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I’m not naive. McConnell will go along with many Trump actions, including serving up a bounty of unaffordable new tax cuts to the wealthy and corporations, urging Americans to gorge on fossil fuels and, again, stuffing the courts with right-wing ideologues.

Yet recall the ancient proverb: The enemy of my enemy is my friend.

As ruthless and rule-bending as McConnell has been on judicial confirmations and more, I’m betting he’ll respect institutional and constitutional lines that Trump scornfully crosses, and recruit a few other Republican senators to help hold those lines. A few Republicans are all that’s needed when the party’s majority is a narrow 53 to 47; Trump can lose just four votes if Democrats are united in opposition. I count up to a dozen Republicans who could take turns to buck Trump occasionally, which would dilute the political pain of Trump’s wrath.

On Trump’s nominations, for instance. Ex-con Stephen K. Bannon, among other MAGA militants, blamed McConnell (“You gotta give the devil its due”) for whipping up opposition that forced the unsavory former Rep. Matt Gaetz of Florida off the menu as Trump’s nominee for attorney general. Publicly, too, McConnell was no chicken, as he countered Trump’s call to let nominees slide through as recess appointments.

“Each of these nominees needs to come before the Senate and go through the process and be vetted,” McConnell said two weeks ago. The institutionalist in him knows that, under the Constitution, the Senate’s power to confirm nominees is equal to a president’s in naming them.

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Among those he could help defeat are Trump’s worst picks: Tulsi Gabbard, Pete Hegseth and Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the candidates to head intelligence, defense and health, respectively. A polio survivor, McConnell surely chokes on Kennedy’s anti-vax rhetoric. Likewise for Gabbard’s and Hegseth’s echoes of Trump’s skepticism and Vladimir Putin’s talking points on Ukraine.

McConnell has little to lose. He’ll be liberated in the new Congress, he told his biographer, Michael Tackett, no longer required as party leader to attend to the appetites of moderate and MAGA Republicans alike. He’s not expected to seek reelection in 2026. Sure, he’s unpopular nationally, in both parties. But inside the Senate, most Republicans respect and even like him. His outsized standing there will parallel that of former House Speaker and GOAT Nancy Pelosi, whom he praised last month: “I think Pelosi has done a pretty good job as a former speaker, still being able to express herself and have an audience.”

Similarly, Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina predicted of McConnell, “When he speaks, people will listen.”

Forget the turkey. I’m bringing the popcorn. And rooting for the Old Crow.

@jackiekcalmes

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What is Evacuation Day? The forgotten holiday that predates Thanksgiving

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What is Evacuation Day? The forgotten holiday that predates Thanksgiving

When President Abraham Lincoln first proclaimed Thanksgiving a national holiday, little did he know he was spelling the beginning of the end to the prominence of the original patriotic celebration held during the last week of November: Evacuation Day.

In November 1863, Lincoln issued an order thanking God for harvest blessings, and by the 1940s, Congress had declared the 11th month of the calendar year’s fourth Thursday to be Thanksgiving Day.

That commemoration, though, combined with the gradual move toward détente with what is now the U.S.’ strongest ally – Great Britain – displaced the day Americans celebrated the last of the Redcoats fleeing their land.

Following the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia in 1776, New York City, just 99 miles to the northeast, remained a British stronghold until the end of the Revolutionary War.

Captured Continentals were held aboard prison ships in New York Harbor and British political activity in the West was anchored in the Big Apple, according to the Department of Veterans Affairs.

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GEORGE WASHINGTON’S SACRED TRADITION

Gen. George Washington parades through Lower Manhattan on Evacuation Day on Nov. 25, 1783 (Library of Congress lithograph via Getty)

However, that all came crashing down on the crown after the Treaty of Paris was signed, and new “Americans” eagerly saw the British out of their hard-won home on Nov. 25, 1783.

In their haste to flee the U.S., the British took time to grease flagpoles that still flew the Union Jack. One prominent post was at Bennett Park – on present-day West 183 Street near the northern tip of Manhattan.

Undeterred, Sgt. John van Arsdale, a Revolution veteran, cobbled together cleats that allowed him to climb the slick pole and tear down the then-enemy flag. Van Arsdale replaced it with the Stars and Stripes – and without today’s skyscrapers in the way, the change of colors at the island’s highest point could be seen farther downtown.

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In the harbor, a final blast from a British warship aimed for Staten Island, but missed a crowd that had assembled to watch the 6,000-man military begin its journey back across the Atlantic to King George III.

SYLVESTER STALLONE CALLS TRUMP ‘THE SECOND GEORGE WASHINGTON’

John_van_arsdale_evacuation_day_nyc

John Van Arsdale replaces the Union Jack with the American flag as the British evacuate New York on Nov. 25, 1783. (Getty)

Later that day, future President George Washington and New York Gov. George Clinton – who had negotiated “evacuation” with England’s Canadian Gov. Sir Guy Carleton – led a military march down Broadway through throngs of revelers to what would today be the Wall Street financial district at the other end of Manhattan.

Clinton hosted Washington for dinner and a “Farewell Toast” at nearby Fraunces’ Tavern, which houses a museum dedicated to the original U.S. holiday. Samuel Fraunces, who owned the watering hole, provided food and reportedly intelligence to the Continental Army.

Washington convened at Fraunces’ just over a week later to announce his leave from the Army, surrounded by Clinton and other top Revolutionary figures like German-born Gen. Friedrich von Steuben – whom New York’s Oktoberfest-styled parade officially honors.

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“With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy, as your former ones have been glorious and honorable,” Washington said.

Before Lincoln – and later Congress – normalized Thanksgiving as the mass family affair it has become, Evacuation Day was more prominent than both its successor and Independence Day, according to several sources, including Untapped New York.

Nov. 25 was a school holiday in the 19th century and people re-created van Arsdale’s climb up the Bennett Park flagpole. Formal dinners were held at the Plaza Hotel and other upscale institutions for many years, according to the outlet.

An official parade reminiscent of today’s Macy’s Thanksgiving Parade was held every year in New York until the 1910s.

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Fraunces_Tavern_NY

Fraunces’ Tavern, at Pearl and Broad Streets in New York City. (Getty)

As diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom warmed heading into the 20th century and the U.S. alliance with London during the World Wars proved crucial, celebrating Evacuation Day became less and less prominent.

Into the 2010s, however, commemorative flag-raisings have been sporadically held at Bowling Green, the southern endpoint of Broadway. On the original Evacuation Day, Washington’s dinner at Fraunces Tavern was preceded by the new U.S. Army marching down the iconic avenue to formally take back New York.

Thirteen toasts – marking the number of United States – were raised at Fraunces, each one spelling out the new government’s hope for the new nation or giving thanks to those who helped it come to be. 

An aide to Washington wrote them down for posterity, and the Sons of the American Revolution recite them at an annual dinner, according to the tavern’s museum site.

“To the United States of America,” the first toast went. The second honored King Louis XVI, whose French Army was crucial in America’s victory.

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“To the vindicators of the rights of mankind in every quarter of the globe,” read another. “May a close union of the states guard the temple they have erected to liberty.”

The 13th offered a warning to any other country that might ever seek to invade the new U.S.:

“May the remembrance of this day be a lesson to princes.”

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