New York
See How Much NYC's Congestion Pricing Plan Would Cost You
Most drivers will begin paying new congestion tolls on Jan. 5 to reach the heart of Manhattan, if all goes as planned.
The fees are meant to relieve some of the world’s worst gridlock and pollution while raising billions of dollars for important upgrades to New York City’s subways and buses. Officials also hope to persuade people to use public transit instead.
Congestion pricing has been debated for decades, and opponents have fought hard to diminish or stop the tolls, which would be the first of its kind in the United States.
Under public pressure, Gov. Kathy Hochul had blocked the program just weeks before its original start date in June. At the time, she cited concerns about the possible impact that the tolls could have on New York’s economy, an idea disputed by many experts.
When she revived the program in November, she introduced a 40 percent discount in rates across the board for several years. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the state agency that runs the city’s subway and buses and two commuter rail lines, plans to phase in higher rates later.
Officials are racing to implement the program before President-elect Donald J. Trump, a powerful opponent who has promised to end the project, takes office on Jan. 20. And at least 10 lawsuits could still unravel the plan ahead of its start date.
Here is a closer look at how the tolls would work for most drivers.
Private vehicles
Click the dropdowns below to see more options
Driving a
from
via the
during
hours
E-ZPass.
| Charge | Total | |
| Total congestion fee | $undefined |
The program has been designed to reduce the volume of personal automobiles because they make up a large share of Manhattan’s traffic.
There would be a cap of one toll per day for passenger vehicles entering the designated tolling zone.
Cars with E-ZPass $9.00
The base toll for personal cars has been set at a higher amount than for motorcycles, taxis or ride-hail vehicles in hopes of encouraging drivers to use mass transit or other options, like carpooling, that contribute less to traffic.
Those enrolled in the E-ZPass system would pay a lower fee than if they were not. The E-ZPass system is used by many East Coast states to collect tolls on bridges and highways, and transportation officials say it is the most efficient method to charge drivers.
Manhattan Bridge No entry credit
Those traveling over a bridge that is not tolled otherwise would pay the base toll and not receive a credit.
Those who would pay the new toll with E-ZPass would receive an additional credit if they would exit the zone using the Queens-Midtown and Hugh L. Carey Tunnels, regardless of entry point.
Peak hours
The base toll would apply during the most congested hours: from 5 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekdays, and from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekends.
Taxis and Rideshares
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Taking a
into, out of, or within the toll zone.
Taxis and app-based ride-hail services such as Uber and Lyft are a significant source of traffic in Manhattan, and passengers who use them already pay other congestion fees. Passengers in these vehicles — not drivers — would pay a new fee per trip into, out of and within the zone.
The average fare in 2023 for trips in the zone, without tip, was $26 for taxis and $36 for passengers using ride-hail apps, according to transportation officials. Taxis made an average of 12 daily trips and ride-hail vehicles made six.
Taxi rides $0.75
The fee for passengers in taxis would be slightly lower than for passengers in ride-hail vehicles, which make fewer trips and are more likely to idle in the zone. Public officials want to avoid driving customers away from the struggling taxi industry. Taxi drivers have faced many challenges over the past decade, such as predatory loans and the rise of for-hire apps.
Trucks and Buses
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Driving a
from
via the
during
hours
E-ZPass.
| Charge | Total | |
| Total congestion fee | $undefined |
One of the goals of congestion pricing is to reduce air pollution in and around Manhattan. Trucks are some of the biggest contributors to noise, smog and other pollutants around busy roads. Buses also take up much more space and contribute more to congestion compared with smaller vehicles.
There would be no daily cap on tolled trips made by trucks or buses.
Small trucks with E-ZPass $14.40
These vehicles, like those used as U-Hauls and for package deliveries, would be charged lower tolls than large trucks and tour buses. But their fees would be higher than those for passenger vehicles because they still take up a large amount of space on the road and can cause delays while driving and turning.
Drivers enrolled in the E-ZPass system would pay a lower fee than if they were not. The E-ZPass system is used by many East Coast states to collect tolls on bridges and highways, and transportation officials say it is the most efficient method to charge drivers.
Lincoln Tunnel -$7.20
Drivers traveling through a tunnel with a pre-existing toll would be granted a credit to offset the cost of the new toll.
Drivers who would pay the new toll with E-ZPass would receive an additional credit if they would exit the zone using the Queens-Midtown and Hugh L. Carey Tunnels, regardless of entry point.
Peak hours
Peak fees would apply during the most congested hours: from 5 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekdays, and from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekends. Officials want to discourage deliveries and commercial traffic during these hours.
Income
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Drivers with an annual income
$50,000.
Transit officials have tried to keep the new toll affordable by establishing tax credits and discounts for people with low incomes who would have to drive into the zone for work. But this would be a very small fraction of drivers.
Out of the 22 million people who live in the region and the 1.5 million who work in the zone, an estimated 16,000 people with household incomes under $50,000 drive to work into the zone. That represents only 1 percent of its workers, according to a recent analysis of federal demographic data.
Income lower than $50,000 50% of base toll
Some workers who earn less than $50,000 per year may have no alternative to driving to work in the zone. Because the toll may pose a financial hardship, they could sign up for a program that would provide a 50 percent discount from the peak toll price after their first 10 trips in a calendar month. The discount would not apply for off-peak toll rates.
Low-income residents of the congestion zone who make less than $60,000 a year could apply for a state tax credit.
Exemptions
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Driving an
into the toll zone.
Public officials have tried to keep exemptions to a minimum in order, they say, to evenly balance the burden of the new tolls among drivers, to discourage drivers from using vehicles in the zone as much as possible and to aim for generating $15 billion to pay for better subways and buses.
Emergency vehicles No toll
When state lawmakers established the program in 2019, they shielded emergency vehicles from paying the tolls. Those vehicles would include ambulances, police vehicles, correction vehicles, fire vehicles and blood delivery vehicles.
What if the city …
Added More Metered Spots in Busy Neighborhoods
Less than 3 percent of parking spaces on New York City streets have paid meters. That’s only about 80,000 spots.
Most of the meters that do exist are along busy corridors, with higher hourly rates in the core of Manhattan.
Where are NYC’s parking meters?
The placement of meters often feels arbitrary. Much of the East Village, a busy Manhattan neighborhood, has no meters. Nostrand Avenue, a major artery in Brooklyn, has meters over most of a five-mile stretch, but they end abruptly north of Fulton Street.
A busy commercial corridor in Bedford-Stuyvesant lacks meters
Adding more meters in busy neighborhoods could improve turnover for spots, research suggests, and raise revenue for the city.
Seeking alternatives to avoid paying for meters overnight, car owners may choose to move to garages — which can cost $500 per month or more, depending on the neighborhood — park farther afield, or sell their cars. They could also turn to car-share programs, which set aside parking for shared vehicles.
When the city tries to add meters, there is often fierce opposition from neighbors, including on the Upper West Side of Manhattan last year, where residents revolted, the local City Council member complained people had been “blindsided” and the city backed down.
Critics argue that those pushing for reforms “hate people who own cars,” in the words of Vickie Paladino, a City Council member who represents a district in Queens that is home to many car owners.
How realistic is this? The city can add additional meters on its own without needing permission from state lawmakers in Albany. Dean Fuleihan, Mr. Mamdani’s first deputy mayor, gave supporters hope when he said in March that he was open to the idea.
How much could it raise? Parking meters currently generate $278 million in revenue per year. Adding meters to one-fourth of the city’s existing free parking spaces, for example, could produce at least $1.2 billion annually, according to the Center for an Urban Future.
What if the city …
Introduced Residential Parking Permits
Most parking on residential streets is open to all drivers, not just those who live nearby. But many other major U.S. cities, including Los Angeles and Chicago, have permits to reserve street parking for neighborhood residents.
Residential parking permits in New York could cost anywhere from $100 per year to far more than that, experts say, with higher rates potentially prodding some residents to give up their cars. Some spots could be set aside for visitors.
But permits would not necessarily solve the problem of the demand for parking outpacing the supply. And some transit groups oppose the idea, arguing that there are better ways to use the street space and that parking should not be guaranteed.
Rachel Weinberger, a vice president at the Regional Plan Association, an urban planning think tank, said that permits alone would not make parking easier. She also argued they would have to be prohibitively expensive in order to deter ownership.
“A permit would only be a hunting license, meaning that you’re allowed to look for a space,” she said. “It should mean you’re guaranteed a space.”
How much do cities charge for residential parking permits?
Boston
No fee
Chicago
$30
Los Angeles
$34
Washington, D.C.
$55*
Philadelphia
$75
Berkeley, Calif.
$85
San Francisco
$215
Experts say that permits could also be paired with an incentive for drivers: fewer alternate side-parking days for street sweeping. Most drivers are required to move their cars once or twice a week so the streets can be cleaned, and some choose instead to leave them in place and eat the costs of the $65 tickets they receive. Moving to monthly street sweeping could make the prospect of buying a permit more appealing.
How realistic is this? Residential permits would need to be approved by state lawmakers. Momentum for the idea grew after congestion pricing began in Manhattan, over concerns that drivers from outside the city would park outside the zone and take the subway in. It has support from Mark Levine, the city comptroller, and Carmen De La Rosa, a City Council member in northern Manhattan.
How much could it raise? If a permit cost $100 per year and was required in two-thirds of the city, that could raise roughly $200 million per year, minus administrative costs, according to Terrance J. Regan, an adjunct professor at Boston University who focuses on transportation policy. The city’s Independent Budget Office recommended starting with a smaller pilot program that would raise $6 million annually by the third year.
What if the city …
Ended Free Parking and Implemented Dynamic Pricing
Some urban planners want to phase out free parking altogether.
Transportation Alternatives, a street safety group, has pushed for eliminating free parking and argued that the city would benefit if fewer car trips were made.
“If you look around the world, there are many other transit-oriented cities that are safer, more efficient and healthier,” said Ben Furnas, the group’s executive director.
The city could reclaim many miles of streets, which proponents argue could be better used for public spaces, bus lanes, bike lanes, outdoor dining setups and trash containers.
Paid parking spaces could use dynamic pricing, a system where the cost of a spot varies by demand. Right now, parking rates are as low as $1.50 for the first hour.
Critics of such pricing models have argued that higher street-parking costs could hurt lower-income drivers or local businesses that rely on drivers. In 2019, Hoboken, N.J., announced a version of dynamic pricing on high-demand blocks, but the mayor and City Council repealed the plan after some resident opposition.
But the idea has worked elsewhere. In 2018, after a successful pilot, the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency implemented demand-based pricing for the 10 percent of the city’s parking spots that are paid spaces, roughly 27,000 in all.
An evaluation of the pilot found that drivers spent 43 percent less time searching for a parking space, which in turn helped reduce car-based pollution. And once parking became easier, sales revenue increased for nearby businesses.
The rates in San Francisco can vary by block, time of day, or day of the week. Meters on the busiest blocks cost $11.75 an hour. The agency regularly reviews parking meter data and occupancy rates and decides whether to raise or lower rates.
Charles Komanoff, an economist and traffic modeler who helped create New York’s congestion pricing program, said dynamic pricing for parking could do even more than the tolls did to improve the flow of traffic here.
“I can’t imagine anything better,” he said.
How realistic is this? The Transportation Department could implement dynamic pricing, but a legislative push would most likely hasten change. Nantasha M. Williams, a City Council member representing Southeast Queens, has proposed a bill that would require a dynamic pricing pilot program in each borough. Eliminating all free parking would be a far more dramatic proposal, though supporters say it could be done in phases over several years.
How much could it raise? Parking reformists said the city could potentially raise billions of dollars a year under a dynamic parking system — money that could be reinvested into the neighborhoods where the fees are collected.
What if the city …
Cracked Down on Rule-Breakers
None of these plans work unless drivers obey the rules.
The city last year issued more than 11.6 million violations for parking and related offenses, according to a report by the Department of Finance, including for failing to move for street sweepers (1.8 million), not displaying a parking receipt (1.2 million), blocking a fire hydrant (674,000) and obstructing a bus stop (565,000).
In 1996, Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani moved the city’s traffic enforcement agents, the unarmed civilians who write tickets for parking and other traffic violations, from the Transportation Department to the Police Department.
Some parking reformers say the shift weakened enforcement efforts, in part because the police have not focused on some of the most flagrant traffic violations.
They say that either the police should start issuing more tickets and collecting more fines, or they should allow the Transportation Department to once again take charge.
Some point to what they view as the city’s lackluster response to placard abuse, the practice of using either official permits issued by city agencies, or fraudulent ones, to park in unauthorized spots.
More than 91,000 complaints have been filed with the city since 2020 about possible placard abuse, but the police took action to fix the problem in just 21 percent of cases, according to a Times review of public data. Only about 12 percent of the complaints led to a driver being issued a summons.
“If you’re just unclogging these streets to have them filled with cars with fake placards, you’re not helping anything,” said Nicole Gelinas, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank.
There has also been a surge in fake, often out-of-state license plates that have made traffic violations harder to track. A perceived lack of consequences worsens the problem, said Jon Orcutt, a former policy director at the city’s Transportation Department.
“The culture has gotten terribly bad,” Mr. Orcutt said about enforcement efforts.
A spokesperson for the Police Department said in a statement that there was “deep collaboration” with the Transportation Department on traffic enforcement, and pointed to some recent initiatives, including issuing 247,000 summonses last year for “ghost vehicles” with fake plates.
Samuel I. Schwartz, the chair of the transportation research program at Hunter College, was New York City’s traffic commissioner under Mayor Edward I. Koch, at a time when the Transportation Department still controlled enforcement.
He said he thought it would be possible to change the behavior of repeat offenders if that agency led the effort and had the support of the police.
“I would go out in the field with an army of tow trucks,” Mr. Schwartz said.
How realistic is this? Mr. Mamdani could restore traffic enforcement powers to the Transportation Department, or instruct the Police Department to step up enforcement.
How much could it raise? The city issued $1.1 billion worth of parking tickets and camera violations in fiscal year 2025, according to the Finance Department, but just $946 million, or 84 percent, was ultimately collected. By ramping up fine collection, the city could raise more revenue.
As Mr. Mamdani weighs how to improve city streets and whether parking regulations should change, almost everyone agrees that the status quo is unacceptable.
Ms. Gelinas said that any of the leading ideas could be an improvement.
“The dumbest thing is just to keep things the way they are,” she said.
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