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Where have chemical weapons been used, and are they really a red line for the West?  

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Where have chemical weapons been used, and are they really a red line for the West?  
U.S. President Joe Biden attends a press convention after the particular NATO summit at NATO headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, on March 24. (Michael Kappeler/image alliance/Getty Photographs)

US President Joe Biden mentioned on Thursday that NATO would reply if Russia used chemical weapons in Ukraine, and has beforehand warned that Moscow would “pay a extreme worth” if it did so.  

Using such weapons towards Ukrainian folks would mark a dramatic escalation to Russia’s invasion, and would possible demand heavy retaliation from the West.  

However issues have been rising that Russia could also be planning to take the step, after the Kremlin planted the unsubstantiated concept that Ukraine and the US could use these weapons. “It is a inform that they themselves could also be making ready to take action, after which making an attempt to pin the blame on another person,” US nationwide safety adviser Jake Sullivan mentioned earlier this month.   

Why would their use be so important? Chemical weapons comprise poisonous substances designed to trigger demise or hurt to their targets. They’ll unfold harmful chemical compounds together with choking, blister and nerve brokers, which may assault the physique and trigger demise on an enormous scale, indiscriminately and throughout a large space if they’re deployed inside a bomb or an artillery shell.  

Their use is banned by worldwide regulation. Russia has signed these treaties and claims it does not have chemical weapons, however the nation has already been linked to the usage of nerve brokers towards critics in recent times. These circumstances embrace the poisonings of Alexander Litvinenko, Sergei Skripal and Alexey Navalny. 

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A painful historical past: Widespread horror over the usage of chemical brokers throughout World Battle I resulted in the Geneva Protocol, signed in 1925, which banned chemical weapons assaults.  

Nonetheless, as many as 25 nations labored to develop chemical weapons in the course of the Chilly Battle, based on the United Nations’ Workplace for Disarmament Affairs. Prolonged negotiations finally led to the adoption of the Chemical Weapons Conference (CWC) in 1992, requiring nations to destroy their stockpiles and prohibiting the event, manufacturing or use of chemical weapons.

There have, nevertheless, been restricted events by which they’ve been utilized in fight — and people events have led to political fallout all over the world. 

Former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein used quite a lot of chemical weapons towards Iran in the course of the Nineteen Eighties, and their use in Syria over the previous decade introduced the specter of US intervention in that nation’s civil battle. 

Assaults in Ghouta in 2013, and in Khan Sheikhoun in 2017, each concerned the alleged use of sarin gasoline, a nerve agent banned below the 1993 Chemical Weapons Conference. 

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In 2013, the usage of the gasoline, reported by United Nations investigators, crossed one among then-President Barack Obama’s self-declared crimson strains, but no army motion got here. As a substitute, the Group for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) went into Syria to watch the destruction of the nation’s chemical weapons program. 

Warnings to Russia: Whereas Biden’s declaration could conjure recollections of Obama’s ill-fated “crimson line” warning in 2013, the present US President has a united NATO on his facet.  

On Thursday, NATO Secretary Basic Jens Stoltenberg mentioned the alliance would reinforce its chemical, organic and nuclear protection programs amid fears over Russia’s intentions.

In a joint assertion Thursday, the leaders of the G7 warned Russia towards the usage of chemical, organic or nuclear weapons. 

“Any Russian use of chemical or organic weapons “can be a breach of all guidelines, all agreements and all present conventions,” German Chancellor Olaf Scholz added. “We will solely say: Do not do it!” 

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Nasa may ask SpaceX to retrieve astronauts stuck at space station

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Nasa may ask SpaceX to retrieve astronauts stuck at space station

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Nasa said on Wednesday it is considering tapping SpaceX to shuttle two astronauts back to Earth from the International Space Station following technical difficulties with the Boeing CST-100 Starliner spacecraft they took to get there.

Astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore, who were supposed to return to Earth nearly two months ago, may now stay at the station until February. SpaceX had a mission to the space station planned for later this month to deliver crew and supplies, but the US space agency has now pushed it back until September to weigh whether it should bring the astronauts home.

The SpaceX mission may carry only two astronauts aboard instead of four, leaving two seats to ferry Wilmore and Williams home early next year. Officials from Nasa said they were still evaluating which spacecraft to use to bring Williams and Wilmore back, and the agency would decide in mid-August.

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“We’re in a new situation in that we have multiple options,” said Nasa associate administrator Ken Bowersox. “We don’t just have to bring a crew back on Starliner. We can bring them back on another vehicle.”

“Reasonable people could take either path,” he added, but the agency was “getting more serious about evaluating our other options”.

The move would be a blow to Boeing, which is being scrutinised by regulators over the quality and safety of its processes to manufacture commercial aeroplanes. It plead guilty in July to defrauding the US Federal Aviation Administration.

Nasa astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore are greeted by the crew of the International Space Station © AP

Starliner is meant to compete with billionaire Elon Musk’s SpaceX to bring crew and supplies to the space station. But the programme has had its own hurdles, coming in billions of dollars over budget and with multiple launch delays even before Williams and Wilmore lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida on June 5, with plans for an eight-day mission.

Since lift-off, helium has leaked from the Starliner and five of its thrusters have functioned improperly. Nasa officials said scientists and engineers were studying the problems to determine their cause.

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If Nasa decides to transport Wilmore and Williams back to Earth via SpaceX, Boeing and the agency will need to reconfigure certain software parameters so that Starliner can undock from the space station automatically for its return, rather than requiring crew members to steer.

While Boeing was “very confident” that Starliner can bring the astronauts home, Bowersox said, some staff at Nasa were “more conservative”.

“The Nasa community in general would like to understand a little bit more of the root cause and the physics,” said Steve Stich, manager for Nasa’s commercial crew programme.

Boeing said on Wednesday that, “we still believe in Starliner’s capability and its flight rationale”, a term that means it is safe for a mission to continue. “If Nasa decides to change the mission, we will take the actions necessary to configure Starliner for an uncrewed return.”

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Judge rules against majority of claims in Black student's hair discrimination case

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Judge rules against majority of claims in Black student's hair discrimination case

Darryl George of Mont Belvieu, Texas, faced multiple suspensions for not cutting his hair.

Michael Wyke/AP


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Michael Wyke/AP

Darryl George of Mont Belvieu, Texas, faced multiple suspensions for not cutting his hair.

Darryl George of Mont Belvieu, Texas, faced multiple suspensions for not cutting his hair.

Michael Wyke/AP

A federal judge has dismissed most of the claims in a lawsuit filed by a Black Texas high school student who alleged that school officials had violated his civil rights by insisting he cut his hair to fit school policy.

Darryl George’s battle with Barbers Hill High School in Mont Belvieu (a town roughly 40 minutes outside of Houston) began last summer when he faced numerous in-school suspensions over his natural locs.

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School officials said George’s locs fell below his eyebrows and ear lobes, according to local media reports, which violates the district’s dress code for male students.

George missed most of his regular classes in his junior year, spending the day in in-school suspension.

“He has to sit on a stool for eight hours in a cubicle,” Darryl’s mother, Darresha George, told The Associated Press at the time. “That’s very uncomfortable. Every day he’d come home, he’d say his back hurts because he has to sit on a stool.”

As a result, George and his mother sued the school district, the district superintendent, his principal and assistant principal as well as Texas Gov. Greg Abbott and Attorney General Ken Paxton for violation of the state’s CROWN Act (Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair), which bans race-based hair discrimination.

George was initially suspended just a day before the Texas law went into effect statewide on Sept 1 of last year.

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In the Tuesday ruling, U.S. District Judge Jeffrey Brown dismissed the claims against Abbott, Paxton, and the district and school employees.

Brown also dismissed claims that enforcement was primarily being done against Black students, as well as the claim that George’s First Amendment rights had been violated as a result of the district policy. The judge said the school had not shown a “persistent, widespread practice of disparate, race-based enforcement” with its policy. When it came to the free speech claim, he determined there was no precedent to demonstrate that hair length is supported under the First Amendment.

However, George’s claim of sex discrimination stood. In his ruling, Brown wrote: “What is the rationale for the dress code’s distinction between male and female students? Because the District does not provide any reason for the sex-based distinctions in its dress code, the claim survives this initial stage.”

Brown acknowledged that the state’s case had its issues, invoking a similar case from 1970 in which the judge concluded that “the presence and enforcement of the hair-cut rule causes far more disruption of the classroom instructional process than the hair it seeks to prohibit.”

Brown wrote: “Regrettably, so too here.”

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Map: 5.2-Magnitude Earthquake Strikes Southern California

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Map: 5.2-Magnitude Earthquake Strikes Southern California

Note: Map shows the area with a shake intensity of 4 or greater, which U.S.G.S. defines as “light,” though the earthquake may be felt outside the areas shown. The New York Times

A moderately strong, 5.2-magnitude earthquake struck in Southern California on Tuesday, according to the United States Geological Survey.

The temblor happened at 9:09 p.m. Pacific time about 14 miles southwest of Lamont, Calif., data from the agency shows.

As seismologists review available data, they may revise the earthquake’s reported magnitude. Additional information collected about the earthquake may also prompt U.S.G.S. scientists to update the shake-severity map.

Aftershocks in the region

An aftershock is usually a smaller earthquake that follows a larger one in the same general area. Aftershocks are typically minor adjustments along the portion of a fault that slipped at the time of the initial earthquake.

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Quakes and aftershocks within 100 miles

Aftershocks can occur days, weeks or even years after the first earthquake. These events can be of equal or larger magnitude to the initial earthquake, and they can continue to affect already damaged locations.

Source: United States Geological Survey | Notes: Shaking categories are based on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. When aftershock data is available, the corresponding maps and charts include earthquakes within 100 miles and seven days of the initial quake. All times above are Pacific time. Shake data is as of Wednesday, Aug. 7 at 12:36 a.m. Eastern. Aftershocks data is as of Wednesday, Aug. 7 at 11:40 a.m. Eastern.

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