News
How and Where the National Guard Has Deployed to U.S. Cities
Since taking office, President Trump has relied on the National Guard to help implement a sweeping agenda on crime and immigration, kicking off a blitz of deployments that have rattled cities, tested the limits of his legal authority, and drawn in the Supreme Court.
So far, Mr. Trump has called upon the military force to help stop illegal crossings at the southern border and staff immigration facilities; to guard federal property and personnel amid protests in Chicago, Los Angeles and Portland, Ore.; and to back crime-fighting efforts in Washington, D.C., and Memphis. He has done all this while publicly mulling similar actions in cities like Baltimore, New Orleans and San Francisco.
National Guard deployments to U.S. cities
Who is in charge of National Guard deployments?
The deployments, which have provoked fierce lawsuits from state and local leaders, are not all on the same legal footing. The main difference, according to experts in armed forces law, comes down to who commands the Guard: the president, or the governor of an individual state.
Who approves the deployment?
Governor
Both president and governor
President
Who commands the Guard?
Governor
Governor
President
How is the Guard paid?
State funds
Federal funds
Federal funds
Can the Guard perform law enforcement duties?
Yes, unless prohibited by state law
Yes, unless prohibited by state law
No, with narrow exceptions
When called into action by a governor responding to a state-level emergency, the Guard serves under a status known as state active duty, under which there is no general prohibition against troops conducting law enforcement. In recent years, Guard members under that status have policed the southern border, patrolled New York City’s subway platforms and helped support crime-fighting efforts in Albuquerque.
But when deployed under the president’s command — typically, when called to train or fight overseas — National Guard troops become federalized and are subject to a section of the U.S. Code known as Title 10, the same laws governing other active-duty military branches.
Where National Guard troops have deployed under Title 10
Crucially, troops under that status are forbidden, with narrow exceptions, from performing law enforcement under the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which came about after the federal government withdrew troops from the Southern states defeated in the Civil War.
In Chicago, Los Angeles and Portland, where Mr. Trump has deployed the Guard over governors’ objections, he has done so by placing the troops directly under federal control — itself a legally contentious move. As a result, troops’ activities there are largely restricted to guarding federal property.
A third status, known as Title 32, combines aspects of state and federal duty. In that hybrid designation, Guard troops remain under their governor’s command, but the deployment receives federal funding and comes at the request of the president or secretary of defense.
Where National Guard troops have deployed under Title 32
In Memphis, where the governor is commanding the Guard mission at Mr. Trump’s urging, and in Washington, D.C., where the president has authority over the local Guard, troops have deployed under a hybrid status. Guard soldiers in those cities have more openly patrolled the streets, but they have so far steered clear of serving warrants or making arrests.
Military law experts say the distinction between those different deployment statuses is critical not only to what troops can do on the ground but also to how courts will weigh the legal questions posed by Mr. Trump’s rapid assumption of power.
“There is very little case law on all of this,” said Elizabeth Goitein, a senior director at the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University’s law school, “partly because domestic deployment of the military has happened extremely sparingly in our nation’s history.”
What the courts say
In court, the Trump administration has argued that the president has broad authority to federalize the National Guard anywhere in the country, at any time, whenever he feels it is necessary to enforce the law or suppress disorder.
That power, federal lawyers say, extends from an obscure, rarely invoked statute that gives the president authority to federalize the force in times of rebellion, invasion or when the president is otherwise unable to enforce federal law.
But the Trump administration has gone further, arguing that the same statute grants the president a sweeping exemption from the Posse Comitatus Act, the law barring the use of federal soldiers for law enforcement. Presidents typically have had to invoke the Insurrection Act, an extreme step, to claim such an exemption.
Further complicating the issue are Mr. Trump’s moves to deploy the National Guard across state lines, a step usually taken only with the consent of all parties involved, said Mark Nevitt, an associate professor at Emory University School of Law.
Mr. Trump has pushed to deploy federalized Guard troops from Texas to Chicago, and troops from California to Portland, while several Republican governors have agreed to send troops under their command to Washington, D.C.
National Guard troops that have deployed to another state
State leaders in California, Illinois and Oregon have contested the Trump administration’s arguments in court, and rulings so far have been divided. The administration has recently appealed to the Supreme Court in the Illinois case, setting the stage for a high-stakes decision that could shape how the Guard is used moving forward.
Officials in Tennessee and Washington, D.C., have also challenged the deployments to their cities.
Military law experts described Mr. Trump’s actions as a rarity in U.S. history, highlighting that the president’s aggressive maneuvering of federalized Guard troops comes in the face of protests far more subdued than the kind of mass unrest that has been used to justify their use in the past.
But Kevin Greene, a co-director of the University of Southern Mississippi’s Center for the Study of the National Guard, said it also strikes at a question dating back to the country’s earliest days, and the founders’ skepticism of a standing army on domestic soil.
“The history of the United States is about the pendulum swinging back and forth as it relates to the militia and the National Guard, as to who has authority over it, and who should,” he said.
News
Car With Explosive Devices Crashes Into Athletic Club in Portland, Ore.
The authorities said that a driver rammed a car containing multiple explosive devices and propane tanks into an athletic club in Portland, Ore., early on Saturday, leaving behind a complex scene that officials said they were still dismantling more than 12 hours later.
The driver was killed, officials said. The driver’s identity and motive were not immediately known.
The medical examiner’s office has “been unable to determine the identity of this individual because of the risk involved as we continue to clear away other explosive devices,” Chief Bob Day of the Portland Police Bureau said during a news conference on Saturday afternoon.
Portland Fire and Rescue responded to a report that a car had crashed through the front entrance of the Multnomah Athletic Club and caught fire around 3 a.m., according to Terry Foster, a spokesman for the department.
The driver had been slowly driving around the club before ramming the car through its front window, turned right and crashed near several restaurants on the ground floor, according to Cmdr. James Crooker of the Portland Police Bureau.
Employees of the club found the car “engulfed in flames,” Commander Crooker said. No employees of the club were injured, said Mike Benner, a Portland Police Bureau spokesman.
After the fire was under control, emergency responders found a man dead in the car, the authorities said.
Shortly after 4 a.m., the Portland Police Bureau’s Explosive Disposal Unit entered the club and found several incendiary devices and improvised explosive devises inside the car, Sgt. Jim DeFrain, the supervisor of the Metro Explosive Disposal Unit, said during the news conference.
Some of the explosive devices had detonated and caused “significant damage,” Sergeant DeFrain said. Several other explosives had started to go off but did not completely detonate.
Sergeant DeFrain declined to specify the number of explosive devices investigators had found, or what they were.
He said that there had been “three or four times” when his team found a new explosive device it needed to handle, including moments before the news conference, which happened around 3 p.m. local time.
“This is a dirty, dangerous, complex job,” Sergeant DeFrain said. “I’ve been a bomb technician here in the city for over 13 years. This is by far the most complex scene that I’ve ever dealt with.”
The authorities have been using robots to remove the propane tanks and other dangerous materials, he said.
“There is a concern that they could go off if we don’t handle them appropriately,” he said.
The police advised the public to avoid the area near the club, which overlooks Providence Park in Portland’s Goose Hollow neighborhood.
The Multnomah Athletic Club said on social media that it expected a prolonged closure.
Charles Leverton, the general manager of the club, said during the news conference that its community was shaken after the crash.
The facility is among the largest athletic and social clubs in the United States, according to its website. The 600,000-square-foot, eight-floor facility has multiple restaurants, swimming pools, athletic courts and banquet facilities.
The inside of the club was “not as damaged as it could have been,” given the number of explosive devices, Commander Crooker said.
Keith Wilson, the mayor of Portland, said that emergency responders had prevented a “catastrophic event.”
The crash on Saturday came less than a month after another car crash near the club that injured a security guard, Chief Day said. The authorities do not believe the two crashes were related.
Chief Day acknowledged that the crash happened mere hours after “May Day” workers protests in Portland concluded. But he said the crash did not appear to be related to domestic terrorism.
“We feel confident in assuring the community that there are no other threats, that this is isolated,” he said.
News
Bard College’s president to retire after scrutiny of relationship with Jeffrey Epstein
Bard College President Leon Botstein speaks during the 153rd Commencement at Bard College, May 25, 2013, in Annandale-on-Hudson, N.Y.
Philip Kamrass/AP
hide caption
toggle caption
Philip Kamrass/AP
ANNANDALE-ON-HUDSON, N.Y. — The longtime president of Bard College announced his retirement Friday, months after it was revealed that he had a much deeper relationship with Jeffrey Epstein than was previously known.
Leon Botstein, who has been president of the small, liberal arts college inn New York for a half century, will retire at the end of June, he wrote in an email provided to The Associated Press by Bard.

In the note, Botstein, 79, didn’t mention the scrutiny of his ties to Epstein, except to say that he had waited to announce his retirement publicly until the completion of an independent review of his relationship with the notorious sex offender.
He said he would remain on Bard’s faculty as a teacher and musician.
Botstein was not accused of any involvement in Epstein’s exploitation and abuse of girls and women. But he was among a long list of prominent and notable men and women who maintained friendly relationships with him for years, despite his status as a convicted sex offender.
A trove of documents released by the U.S. Justice Department this year showed that Botstein and Epstein had met on multiple occasions, with Epstein sometimes arriving at Bard by helicopter. The president had also asked Epstein to be a guest at the 2013 graduation ceremonies and suggested they meet for an opera performance.
In addition, Botstein reached out to Epstein weeks after the The Miami Herald reported new details on Epstein’s criminal prosecution in 2018, saying “I want you to know that I hope you are holding up as well as can be expected,” and had separately referred to his “friendship” with Epstein in at least two emails.

Epstein steered $150,000 to Botstein in 2016, which the president has previously said he donated to the college. Botstein has previously denied having a personal connection with Epstein, instead saying his contacts with Epstein were centered on fundraising for the college.
Bard’s trustees enlisted the outside law firm WilmerHale to conduct an independent review of the communications between Epstein and Botstein. The review found that the president did not do anything illegal but “made decisions in the course of that relationship that reflect on his leadership of Bard,” according to a summary provided by the college.
“In his public statements and his statements to the Bard community, President Botstein minimized and was not fully accurate in describing his relationship with Epstein,” the review said.
At one point, according to the review, Botstein disagreed with a senior faculty member who felt Bard should not engage with Epstein, concluding that the president “relied on his view that a person convicted of crimes involving sex with a minor—’an ordinary sex offender’, in his words—could be presumed to be rehabilitated in the same way that any other convicted person should, in his view, be given that presumption.”
“President Botstein forcefully argues that Bard’s need for funds was paramount. His view was, ‘I would take money from Satan if it permitted me to do God’s work,’ ” the review said.

The Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees at Bard, in a separate message, wrote that it is grateful for Botstein’s decades of service to the college, but added that the “concerns raised in recent months have been serious and deeply felt.”
It said funds associated with Epstein will be directed to organizations that support survivors of sexual harm.
Bard’s media relations office released a statement calling Botstein “a transformative leader with the vision and unwavering commitment that has shaped Bard into the world-class educational institution it is today.”
News
Trump’s Vision for D.C. ‘Garden of Heroes’ Statues Grows in Size and Cost
President Trump’s vision for his National Garden of American Heroes is growing larger and most likely more expensive than his initial estimates, with the latest plans calling for reflecting pools, dining facilities and an amphitheater alongside 250 life-size statues of notable Americans.
The plans have expanded to the point that they could require significant redevelopment of West Potomac Park, an area of mostly sports fields near the National Mall, according to documents obtained by The New York Times. The statues alone could cost more than the $40 million approved for the project by Congress, according to the Trump administration’s estimate.
Based on the latest renderings, the Garden of Heroes could rank among the more expensive and time-consuming projects Mr. Trump has undertaken as he works to remake the nation’s capital in his own style.
Construction has yet to begin, raising questions about whether Mr. Trump will run out of time — and money — to deliver on his ambitions before the end of his second term. If Mr. Trump were to solicit donor funds, as he has done with his ballroom project, it could renew ethical concerns about attempts to court favor with the White House.
The latest drawings depict a “Heroes Walk,” connecting themed areas dedicated to categories of American figures, including politicians, soldiers, scientists, activists, artists and athletes. The set of honorees is eclectic: George Washington, Ronald Reagan and Amelia Earhart are on a list circulated by the administration, along with Elvis Presley, Kobe Bryant, Alfred Hitchcock, Dr. Seuss and others.
Accompanying the statues would be formal gardens, reflecting pools and plazas arranged in a style reminiscent of classical European planning traditions, according to renderings reviewed by The Times. The Trump administration has yet to settle on a final plan or submit it to any oversight board.
One of the most prominent features in the plans would be a large amphitheater carved into the landscape at the water’s edge, suggesting the space is intended to function both as a performance venue and as a ceremonial gathering place.
The plans also include cafes and open recreational spaces.
“President Trump’s National Garden of American Heroes will be built to reflect the awesome splendor of our country’s timeless exceptionalism,” said Davis Ingle, a White House spokesman. “President Trump continues to beautify and honor our nation’s capital during America’s historic semiquincentennial celebration.”
Proposed in his first term, Mr. Trump initially hoped to have the project completed by July 4 of this year, the 250th anniversary of American independence. But administration officials are now hoping to have a few dozen statues ready to unveil in time, with the remainder of the project to be completed by the end of Mr. Trump’s term.
Sanitizing History
Mr. Trump first proposed a Garden of Heroes during his first term, at a time of widespread protesting over the murder of George Floyd in police custody. Protesters had toppled statues of Confederate generals and leaders, and in some instances vandalized monuments to national icons like George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.
Mr. Trump denounced those actions as attempts to “erase our values” and he signed an executive order authorizing the monument garden. The election of Joseph R. Biden Jr. as president interrupted those plans, but since Mr. Trump took office for a second time, he has taken the project up again in earnest.
Paul M. Farber, the director of Monument Lab, a nonprofit public art, history and design studio based in Philadelphia, noted that the description of the historical figures being honored portrays a sanitized version of American history.
Mr. Trump’s executive order detailed most of the figures to be featured with statues, and a White House task force overseeing festivities for the country’s 250th anniversary also published a list, with biographies of those selected.
The description of Martin Luther King Jr., for instance, praises the civil rights leader for having a “can-do” spirit, but makes no direct mention of the racism that he fought.
“To not name the injustice that made people ‘significant Americans’ is a sanitizing of the history,” Mr. Farber said. “Whether it’s Ida B. Wells-Barnett or Frederick Douglass, when you look at the fine print, you understand the Faustian bargain here, which is representation at the cost of real history.”
Under the “journalists” category, there are two honorees: Edward R. Murrow of CBS, and Alex Trebek, who hosted the game show “Jeopardy!”
The National Endowment for the Humanities has solicited “preliminary concepts” for individual statues from artists who must be American citizens. Mr. Trump has directed that subjects be depicted in a “realistic” manner, with no modernist or abstract designs allowed.
Artists who are selected will receive awards of up to $200,000 per statue, which must be made of marble, granite, bronze, copper or brass. (That price is a relative bargain. Outdoor public sculptures can cost roughly $1 million each to produce in cities like New York.)
Still — even if the statues cost $200,000 each, for a total of $50 million — there is not enough money appropriated by Congress to pay for them. And then there is the matter of the redevelopment of the land, the reflecting pools and all the rest in the latest plan.
Hurdles Ahead
Since the start of his second term, Mr. Trump has embarked on what he has characterized as an effort to beautify the nation’s capital. He has run into hurdles.
The president is in the midst of a legal battle over whether he can unilaterally build a $400 million ballroom at the White House with donor funds, after he abruptly demolished the historic East Wing. He is also in court fighting to close the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which he has renamed the Trump-Kennedy Center, for a major renovation. He has proposed building a 250-foot triumphal arch near Washington’s border with Arlington, Va. Next to his proposed garden is a golf course that Mr. Trump wants to make into a luxury destination.
His plans for the Garden of Heroes have yet to go before any review panel.
Should Mr. Trump leave office without finishing his signature projects, the next administration would be faced with choices about whether to finish them or abandon them.
It’s an issue other countries have faced as well, said Ken Lum, a sculptor, professor and Chair of Fine Arts at the University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design.
“I don’t think it’s like the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, where it was this great project of Gaudi and people said, ‘No, we must finish this,’” Mr. Lum said. “I think there’s going to be a lot of debate in terms of, ‘We don’t need to finish this. Maybe we should even take it down.’”
Mr. Trump has tapped several people closely associated with the National Civic Art Society, a nonprofit that endorses traditional styles of architecture, to oversee the Garden of Heroes, according to three people close to the project.
The garden would most likely need to overcome some legal hurdles, including the possible need for exemption under the Commemorative Works Act, which restricts what can be built around some federal lands in Washington. The site’s proximity to the Potomac also could introduce concerns about ecological disruption.
Mr. Trump appears to have left himself room to make five last-minute nominations; there are only 245 people on a list the administration distributed. The White House did not reply to questions about whom he would choose to fill extra slots.
In an interview with The New York Times in January, Mr. Trump described his plans for the Garden of Heroes as “beautiful.”
“That’s going to be most likely right on the Potomac River,” he said, adding: “It’s going to be a beautiful complex. You’re going to have the hall of — you know, it’s — we’ll call it a hall. We call it a lot of things, but the memorials or statues are going to — it’s going to be beautiful.”
-
Pittsburg, PA4 minutes agoPanini A. Chowdhury: How much did Pittsburgh buy with its national introduction?
-
Augusta, GA10 minutes agoWest Augusta festival celebrates Cinco de Mayo with Latin cuisine
-
Washington, D.C16 minutes agoDC Weather: Sunny and pleasantly cool start to May
-
Cleveland, OH22 minutes agoMan in critical condition after shooting on Cleveland’s East Side: EMS
-
Austin, TX28 minutes ago
William Brian Moriarty Obituary
-
Alabama34 minutes agoA quick history of the University of Alabama for commencement weekend
-
Alaska40 minutes agoBook review: ‘The North Face of Summer’ offers a compassionate look at an Alaska conflict
-
Arizona46 minutes agoArizona Lottery Powerball, The Pick results for May 2, 2026