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Citizens wage David vs. Goliath fight to save Bismarck-Mandan rail bridge

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Citizens wage David vs. Goliath fight to save Bismarck-Mandan rail bridge


Editor’s note: This is the first of the three-part series called “Battle for the Bridge,” chronicling efforts to spare the Bismarck-Mandan rail bridge from demolition.

BISMARCK — The geometric trusses of the railroad bridge spanning the Missouri River have served as a popular backdrop in photographs for years, providing a scenic background for graduation pictures, wedding photos and promotional images.

The 140-year-old bridge is not only iconic, but historic. It was built in the 1880s, when Bismarck was a raw town on the Dakota Territory frontier.

Bismarck’s history, in fact, is enmeshed with the railroad. It originated in 1872 as Camp Greeley, a military post to protect the Northern Pacific Railway as it pushed west toward the Pacific Coast.

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The rail bridge spanning the Missouri River between Bismarck and Mandan was key to opening passage to the northwestern United States.

Troy Becker / The Forum

In one whirlwind week in September 1883, soon after the bridge opened, notable figures including Sitting Bull, a young Theodore Roosevelt, then-President Chester Arthur and former President Ulysses S. Grant rode trains across the bridge.

But the iconic bridge’s days appear to be numbered. BNSF Railway, the successor to the old Northern Pacific, has declared that the bridge has reached the end of its useful life and wants to tear it down, replacing it with one capable of supporting two sets of tracks.

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The railroad’s plan to dismantle the bridge, announced in 2017, has provoked a citizen campaign,

led by a group called Friends of the Rail Bridge,

to save the historic structure.

It’s a decidedly David vs. Goliath battle, with the preservation group taking on a corporate behemoth with $92.6 billion in assets and more than 36,000 employees.

So far, BNSF is getting its way. The railroad has secured all of the federal and state permits required to build the replacement bridge and, once finished, tear down what was the first bridge to cross the upper Missouri River — a span that played a crucial role not only in opening western Dakota Territory for settlement, but the Pacific Northwest as well.

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“I’d argue it’s the most historically significant standing structure on the Northern Plains,” said Erik Sakariassen, a leader of Friends of the Rail Bridge. “There’s a lot of reasons why it became extremely important.”

The bridge played a crucial role in the cutthroat bid to move the territorial capital from Yankton to Bismarck, an event that contributed to the breakup of Dakota Territory into North Dakota and South Dakota, he said.

“Basically, it opened up settlement of the Northwest,” said Ann Richardson, another leader of Friends of the Rail Bridge. “The idea that it’s just another bridge is wrong. To America, this was an extremely significant bridge.”

The bridge’s precarious position is made clear by the cranes looming nearby, poised to begin construction on the $100 million replacement once the last obstacle is removed.

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A train with an orange BNSF engine crosses a rail bridge over still waters.

A train loaded with coal rolls past on the Bismarck-Mandan Rail Bridge as work continues on a new structure just a short distance away.

Darren Gibbins / The Bismarck Tribune

Now, all that stands in the way of the end of the historic bridge is a legal challenge by the Friends of the Rail Bridge, which doesn’t object to the new bridge but is pleading for the old bridge to be spared.

A court proceeding that could determine the fate of the historic bridge is set for Thursday, Nov. 16, when the North Dakota Supreme Court will hear arguments over the contested state permits for the project.

Crossing the ‘mighty Missouri’

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The birth of the Missouri River bridge between Bismarck and Mandan, a vital crossing in the first transcontinental railroad across the nation’s northern tier, had its origins with a stroke of Abraham Lincoln’s pen.

In 1864, Lincoln signed legislation making available a massive federal land grant to finance the undertaking — a law granting 40 alternate sections of land per mile in the Dakota, Montana and Washington Territories and 20 alternate sections per mile in Minnesota and Oregon.

A few years later, the newly created Northern Pacific Railway Co. bought the charter and gained access to enormous land holdings, providing not only the rail corridor but surplus lands that could be sold to finance construction.

The settlers who followed the tracks bought much of that land, linking remote areas to the rest of the country.

In 1871, the Northern Pacific Railway started laying track eastward from Kalam, Washington, and westward from near Duluth, Minnesota.

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By 1872, the track reached what became Bismarck. Then, in 1873, a financial panic caused a depression, thrusting many businesses into bankruptcy and halting construction of the Northern Pacific, leaving Bismarck as the eastern terminus of the incomplete rail line.

The Missouri River between Bismarck and Mandan posed a formidable challenge, one described by the Northern Pacific in a promotional advertisement as:

“Almost equivalent to scaling and tunnelling great mountain ranges to construct the ‘First of the Northern Transcontinentals’ was the bridging of the mighty Missouri, greatest river barrier of the Northwest.”

Bridge builders watched the migrating bison and “confidently located the vital structure where the great herds swam the stream,” the Northern Pacific ad said.

Before the bridge was built, the frozen Missouri became a “bridge of ice” during the frigid months of January and February from 1879 to 1881, with tracks laid across the river to enable trains to cross with supplies.

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In the warmer months, transfer steamboats were used to ferry goods and supplies across the river.

The Northern Pacific made a seemingly unconventional choice by hiring a self-taught engineer to design the bridge.

George Shattuck Morison was a Harvard-educated lawyer whose only formal engineering training was in general mathematics.

But he had an aptitude for mechanics and became a civil engineer who specialized in steel truss bridges.

Morison’s choice for the bridge’s location was logical: It provided the shortest route between tracks that had been laid on both sides of the river.

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Historic photo of the rail bridge between Bismarck and Mandan.

This historic photograph shows the rail bridge crossing the Missouri River between Bismarck and Mandan after it was completed in 1883. The steel trusses on the bridge were replaced in 1905 to accommodate heavier trains and cargoes.

Contributed / Library of Congress

The river’s wide channel — 3,000 feet — was long for a bridge, so starting in July 1880 Morison had workers build a dike to narrow the river. Crews hauled in 33,000 tons of rock scavenged from the prairies surrounding Bismarck and Mandan.

One of the most daunting construction challenges was building two stone support piers within the river.

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To accomplish that, workers built airtight wooden chambers called caissons, equipped with iron edges on the bottom to help seat them in the muddy river bottom. Steamboats towed the caissons into place and sunk them.

Air compressors kept the chambers dry and ran pumps to suck loose sand from the caisson floor. Working by the light of lanterns and torches — a risk since the chambers were sealed with flammable caulk sealant — workers used picks and shovels to excavate the claystone bottom.

Workers faced another hazard: formation of nitrogen gas bubbles in their bloodstream whenever they moved abruptly from the pressurized chamber to normal atmospheric pressure onshore, a decompression sickness called “the bends” because of its effects on the limbs.

Workers in cramped wooden caisson chamber.

Workers crowded into cramped airtight wooden chambers called caissons to excavate the Missouri River bottom while building stone support piers for the rail bridge between Bismarck and Mandan. Several men died building the bridge.

Contributed / Library of Congress

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A number of workers died or suffered permanent injuries, according to a history of the bridge written by Ed Murphy, the state geologist whose interest in the bridge grew out of the longstanding soil instability problems on the river’s east bank.

Workers completed major construction of the bridge on Oct. 18, 1882. Three days later, engineers tested the bridge’s structural soundness. A crowd of thousands watched as the deflection of eight locomotives was measured.

When the test was successfully completed, the locomotives blew their whistles. Guests from around the country gathered for a luncheon at the InterOcean Hotel in Mandan and later that evening at the Sheridan House in Bismarck.

After completing the finishing touches, including painting, the contractors turned the bridge over to the Northern Pacific Railway on Aug. 1, 1883.

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Historic Missouri River rail bridge with buildings.

The Northern Pacific Railway built the bridge crossing the Missouri River between 1880 and 1883. It was the first bridge to span the upper Missouri River.

Contributed / Library of Congress

Former President Grant crossed the rail bridge on Sept. 5, 1883, after participating in laying the cornerstone for the new territorial capitol in Bismarck, an event the Northern Pacific had reason to celebrate.

Sitting Bull — whose Hunkpapa Lakota fought ferociously to keep the railroad out of their bison-hunting grounds — also attended and rode the train across the river from Mandan.

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Grant was among the dignitaries who traveled west in a VIP train car to attend the “last spike” ceremony at Gold Creek, Montana Territory, signifying the completion of the Northern Pacific railroad, on Sept. 8.

Train crossing Missouri River bridge.jpg

A train crossing the rail bridge over the Missouri River as it approaches Bismarck in the early 1900s. The square trusses were replaced with stronger, curved supports to accommodate heavier trains and loads in 1905.

Contributed / State Historical Society of North Dakota

The day before, on Sept. 7, young Roosevelt crossed the Missouri River rail bridge en route to the Little Missouri Badlands, where he went to hunt bison, whose numbers were rapidly dwindling due in no small part to the arrival of the railroad.

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BNSF Railway’s announcement in 2017 of its plans to replace the historic rail bridge caught Bismarck and Mandan by surprise.

Residents recoiled at the plan to demolish the bridge, so much a part of the twin cities’ history and identity.

Missouri River rail bridge between Bismarck and Mandan.jpg

Friends of the Rail Bridge are fighting to save the historic rail bridge between Bismarck and Mandan and propose converting it into a pedestrian bridge that would be connected to trail systems on both sides of the Missouri River.

Contributed / Marshall Lipp

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The North Dakota State Historic Preservation Office agreed that the bridge is “eligible for the National Register of Historic Places,” meaning it has historic significance.

A diverse band of citizens joined together in 2018 to form Friends of the Rail Bridge, a nonprofit organization with the mission of presenting an alternative to preserve the old bridge.

The preservation group commissioned a study from the North Dakota State University architecture department’s landscape architecture program to explore turning the rail bridge into a pedestrian bridge that could connect to recreational trail systems on both sides of the river.

In 2019, the rail bridge was placed on the National Trust for Historic Preservation’s list of America’s 11 most endangered places for the year.

The NDSU team estimated in 2019 that conversion would take 14 months and cost $6.9 million. Friends of the Rail Bridge have proposed that the pedestrian bridge could be part of a recreation and entertainment complex that also includes new riverfront developments in Bismarck, including its Heritage Landing and Gateway to Science building.

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Other proposed features include a potential boardwalk and beach area at the site of Keelboat Park, an amphitheater or a riverfront hotel near Steamboat Park.

“Allowing this bridge to be demolished when there are so many opportunities for riverfront development is inconceivable,” said Margie Zalk Enerson, a member of Friends of the Rail Bridge.

Efforts to save the bridge resulted in an agreement in 2021 shaped with the involvement of the U.S. Coast Guard, which has federal permitting authority for the bridge project, that spelled out interested parties and concrete steps that would have to be taken.

But the planned agreement unraveled. Among other problems, the preservation group was unable to sign up a crucial governmental partner, state or local, so it was unable to present a plan showing preserving the bridge was technically and economically feasible, in the judgment of the State Historic Preservation Office.

“While we are saddened by these developments,” Bill Peterson, the state’s historic preservation officer wrote in June 2021, the time had come to “address removal of the bridge.”

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After a three-year review, the U.S. Coast Guard determined in December 2022 that the rail bridge “is approaching the end of its useful life and needs to be replaced.” The best option, federal officials concluded, is to build a new bridge about 20 feet upstream and to remove the old bridge.

Friends of the Rail Bridge argues that the old bridge could be spared by building the new bridge 92.5 feet upstream.

The state of North Dakota, meanwhile, appears resigned to the fact that the historic bridge will be coming down.

In early 2023, the North Dakota Department of Water Resources granted state permits allowing BNSF to build a new bridge and demolish the old bridge, although the preservation group is challenging those permits in court.

On Sept. 27, the State Historical Society of North Dakota announced that it had selected three organizations to salvage parts of the old bridge through a $500,000 BNSF Railway grant provided under an agreement with the U.S. Coast Guard.

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The grant will pay to create an exhibit about the rail bridge at the North Dakota Railroad Museum in Mandan, a series of videos and the display of salvaged remnants of the old bridge to be featured in a plaza in Mandan.

Come back to InForum for part two of the “Battle for the Bridge” series, which will cover how Gov. Doug Burgum’s office gradually backed away from preserving the bridge, a move which preservationists said was devastating blow to their efforts.





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North Dakota

Take a look at the most popular Life stories from the year

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Take a look at the most popular Life stories from the year


FARGO — The world of feature stories is always full of interesting and often quirky tales about some of the most unique people. Here’s a look at the stories our readers couldn’t get enough of this past year.

N.D. actor played Kathy Bates’ husband in “Matlock”

Pictured (L-R): Sam Anderson, who grew up in Wahpeton and graduated from UND stars with Kathy Bates in the new “Matlock” on CBS.

Contributed/CBS ©2024 CBS Broadcasting, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Wahpeton, North Dakota, native Sam Anderson has starred in nearly 200 movies and television shows throughout his 50-year career and

his latest is alongside Oscar-winner Kathy Bates in the new “Matlock.”

Reporter Tracy Briggs caught up with Anderson earlier this fall while the show was airing on CBS, and he called the experience “a gift”.

The reboot of Andy Griffith’s legal drama (which ran from 1986-1995) reimagines Matlock with Bates in the titular role of Madeline “Matty” Matlock who is investigating the death of her daughter, whom she shares with her husband Edwin, played by Anderson.

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“I love what it says about women, particularly older women, and it’s funny and heart-wrenching. It really makes you think and gets you in the heart, and that’s my favorite kind of work,” Anderson said.

Jeffrey Fonder remembered as the face of Dempsey’s

In a black and white photo, a bearded man in a Dempsey's sweatshirt sits at a cluttered desk with a cigarette between his fingers.

Jeffrey Fonder in the spring of 2022 in the office at Dempsey’s Public House where he worked for two decades.

Contributed / Ben Hoos

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In August, the unofficial greeter of Dempsey’s Public House died and the community outpouring for

Jeffrey Fonder, who’d worked at a downtown staple since 2006, remembered him

as someone who “made everyone feel like family”, according to longtime regular Dan Haglund. Fonder, who eventually became general manager after started as a bartender, won Best Bartender in the High Plains Reader’s Best Of poll multiple times. When he wasn’t greeting customers, Fonder helped book bands and often enjoyed the music himself from either behind the bar or in front of the stage, reporter John Lamb wrote.

North Dakota queens crowned

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Codi Miller, 31, of Mandan (left) has been selected as Miss North Dakota 2024, and Jaycee Parker, 17, of Minot AFB was selected as Miss North Dakota Teen 2024 during the annual competition held Sunday, May 12, in Watertown.

Contributed

In May,

two North Dakota women were crowned

during the annual competition in Watertown, South Dakota. Codi Miller, 31, of Mandan was selected as Miss North Dakota, and Jaycee Parker, 17, of Minot AFB was selected as Miss North Dakota Teen. Both advanced to the national pageants that were held in August.

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Fargo restaurateurs, chef and bakery nominated for James Beard Awards

 032023.F.F.JAMESBEARD

Business partners Ryan Nitschke and Nikki Ness Berglund were nominated as Outstanding Restaurateur for this year’s James Beard Awards, the highest honor in the American dining industry.

Forum file photo

Fargo’s food scene earned several nods at the beginning of

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2024 as semifinalists for James Beard Awards,

one of the highest honors in the American food industry. Business partners

Nikki Ness Berglund and Ryan Nitschke,

who run

several area eateries,

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made the list as Outstanding Restauranteur while

Nichole’s Fine Pastry & Café

was nominated for Outstanding Bakery in the country, reporter John Lamb wrote. Additionally,

Andrea Baumgardner

, owner of the

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now-closed BernBaum’s,

was nominated for Best Chef Midwest, a region that includes North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. While none of the local nominees went on to win their respective categories, their nominations illustrate just how notable the local culinary culture is becoming.

Moorhead artist transforms bungalow into charming gem

09xx24.F.FF.SUOMALA_HOUSE

Lana Suomala stands outside of her newly updated home while holding a piece of her home left from before she completed the renovations on Wednesday, Aug. 28, 2024, in Moorhead.

Alyssa Goelzer / The Forum

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Moorhead artist and former educator Lana Suomala

has experienced a lot of life changes recently, one of which was the completion of a renovation that turned her 100-year-old bungalow into a bright and charming gem on a sleepy half-street in Moorhead. When she purchased it, the home lacked necessary updates and reeked of cat urine, reporter Tammy Swift wrote, but she enlisted contractors and put plenty of sweat equity into the home to showcase its beautiful features like sweeping arches and natural maple floors.

The result is a lovely little home

where Suomala can continue reinventing herself and inspiring others along the way.

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Secrets to growing a show-stopping clematis vine

Growing-Together-03380.jpg

A healthy grouping of clematis adorns the side of Don Kinzler’s garage.

Britta Trygstad / Special to The Forum

Don Kinzler has been sharing incredible gardening knowledge in his Growing Together and Fielding Questions columns since March 2013, and readers love it.

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This July column about about clematis, “the queen of flowering vines”, according to Kinzler,

was a hit with readers. In his conversational style, Kinzler shared important tips for growing this show-stopping perennial vine.

Minnesota man buys vintage ‘Woodie Wagon’

An older gentleman with silver hair wearing gray shorts and a white tshirt stands in front of a vintage car that is wood bodied and light blue with paint peeling

Gary Myhre, at his home outside of Glyndon, restores “woodies,” or wood-bodied automobiles. He bought this 1940 Buick Woodie Estate Wagon, whose original owner was actress Bette Davis.

Chris Flynn / The Forum

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In July, reporter Robin Huebner shared a story about a

1940 “Woodie Wagon” that once belonged to actress Bette Davis now owned by Glyndon couple Gary and Kari Myhre.

The vehicle — named for its wood body — was shown in Davis’ movie “Now, Voyager” and was last owned by an investment company employee whose possessions were repossessed after he was caught up in a Ponzi scheme and went to prison, Huebner wrote. When Davis drove the car, wooden blocks were added under the bench seat so the actress could see over the wheel. The car is one of only about 500 made, and Gary Myhre said a registry compiled more than 25 years ago indicated only about a dozen still remaining, including his in Glyndon.

Billionaire donates millions to nonprofits across Dakotas, Minnesota

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scott 2.jpg

MacKenzie Scott is seen at the Vanity Fair Oscars Party in Beverly Hills, California, March 4, 2018.

REUTERS / Danny Moloshok

In March, the

former wife of Amazon founder Jeff Bezos MacKenzie Scott made headlines in the Midwest

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when she handed out $640 million to various nonprofits throughout the country, including several in North Dakota and Minnesota.

Local recipients included Youthworks, which received $1 million to continue its work of providing youth with shelter and development opportunities; SAGE Development Authority on the Standing Rock Reservation, which received $2 million to fund renewable and sustainable energy practices; and Gender Justice, which received $2 million for its work in North Dakota, Minnesota and South Dakota to advance gender equity through the law.

Danielle A. Teigen

Danielle Teigen has a bachelor’s degree in journalism and management communication as well as a master’s degree in mass communication from North Dakota State University. She has worked for Forum Communications since May 2015 and is the author of two non-fiction history books.

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North Dakota Outdoors: Public lands success story in ND

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North Dakota Outdoors: Public lands success story in ND


Submitted Photo
The North Dakota Game and Fish Department manages more than 200 wildlife management areas consisting of more than 200,000 acres spread out across the state. NDGF photo.

“Government land” is a pretty standard designation for most public hunting property.

While 93% of land in North Dakota is held in private ownership, mixed in among the remaining 7% – from national grasslands, national wildlife refuges and waterfowl production areas – is an array of owners and managers.

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Having lived and worked in North Dakota my entire life, just the mention of these public lands evokes memories of working, hunting and appreciating what is available. Those lands previously mentioned are all considered federal lands, each with a different role and purpose.

Depending on the location and state, those same-colored signs can be found across the country.

Within North Dakota, the state Game and Fish Department manages more than 200 wildlife management areas (WMA) consisting of more than 200,000 acres spread out across the state.

As you can imagine, there are different soil, habitat and wildlife usage between Magnolia WMA just off Interstate 94 in Cass County to the remote WMAs such as Killdeer Mountain WMA in Dunn County.

What makes the 200,000-plus WMA acres found across the state similar is a concentrated effort to improve wildlife habitat and provide opportunities for hunters and other outdoor enthusiasts.

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Robert W. Henderson WMA, located just 6 miles east of Bismarck, is a good example.

Five years ago, 100 acres of the roughly 550-acre WMA was a mat of Kentucky bluegrass.

“The bluegrass got to be about 6- to 10-inches tall then it just matted itself out,” said Levi Jacobson, department wildlife resource management supervisor in Bismarck, of the land that was previously farmed. “We were grazing it aggressively to try and bust through some of that and bring some of the native plants back and we just weren’t gaining ground.

So, we had the neighboring landowner come in and farm it for three years with soybeans, corn and soybeans again.”

May 2022, the revival began by planting a diverse, native mix of 13 forbs and 10 grasses to mimic the native prairie that once dominated the landscape.

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“The first year it was planted it was really dry and we didn’t know how successful the planting would be as it often takes a couple years to express vegetation above ground as most of the growth is put into establishing roots,” Jacobson said. “And then this year, with all the moisture it really blew up and looks really good.”

Earlier in summer, some of the native species were shoulder-high and taller, with an impressive undergrowth. The wildlife in the area, from deer to pheasants, to many other bird species, should benefit.

“We try to go heavy on the forbs and the wildflowers because those are going to produce food and the grass is going to provide a lot of cover,” Jacobson said.

The truth of it is once native prairie sod is broken, it’s impossible to completely restore it to a truly native, untouched state.

While more than 75% of the state’s native grasslands have been lost over time, the department continues its effort to enhance wildlife habitat on WMAs around the state.

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Biden approves major disaster declaration for North Dakota

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Biden approves major disaster declaration for North Dakota


FARGO — Less than a month before leaving office, President Joe Biden signed off on FEMA’s declaration of the October wildfires in western North Dakota as a major disaster, allowing federal assistance to flow into the state to supplement recovery efforts.

About 40 wildfires coupled with straight-line winds Oct. 5-6 claimed two lives and destroyed nearly 120,000 acres of land, several homes and multiple outbuildings, causing damage of more than $8 million, officials said. About $3.7 million in damage was caused to rural electrical cooperatives in McKenzie and Williams counties.

The FEMA funding is available to state, tribal and eligible local governments and certain private nonprofit organizations on a cost-sharing basis for emergency work and the repair or replacement of facilities damaged by the wildfires and high winds in McKenzie and Williams counties.

Federal funding is also available on a cost-sharing basis for hazard mitigation measures statewide.

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Robert Little III has been named as the federal coordinating officer for federal recovery operations in the affected area. Additional designations may be made at a later date if requested by the state and warranted by the results of further assessments, according to a statement by FEMA.

For more information, visit

ndresponse.gov/wildfire-recovery

.

Our newsroom occasionally reports stories under a byline of “staff.” Often, the “staff” byline is used when rewriting basic news briefs that originate from official sources, such as a city press release about a road closure, and which require little or no reporting. At times, this byline is used when a news story includes numerous authors or when the story is formed by aggregating previously reported news from various sources. If outside sources are used, it is noted within the story.

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