Fitness
What's in your day? Scientists have analysed how we should spend our time for optimum health
It’s known as the “Goldilocks day”: the “just right” way to allocate your time to various activities for optimal health.
Sounds like a handy guide to life, right? But is it even possible?
We already have guidelines around how much physical activity adults should get each week. So how many hours each day should we spend standing, sitting or sleeping?
New Australian research published in Diabetologica provides an hour-by-hour breakdown of daily activities to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, which include disorders of the heart, diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
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The study, from Swinburne University and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, analysed more than 2,000 people in the Netherlands, 684 of whom had type 2 diabetes.
Over seven days, they had their waist circumference, blood glucose and insulin levels, cholesterol, blood pressure and triglycerides (a type of fat found in blood) measured.
By examining how participants with the healthiest results divvied up their time, the researchers came up with what they say is an optimum day for cardiometabolic health.
Christian Brakenridge from Swinburne’s Centre for Urban Transitions led the research, and says the activity plan is “like a North Star” — something to aim towards.
“I think people might kind of baulk at the idea of these strong quantitative guidelines, but the take home message here is we really want people to sit less, move more and sleep for appropriate durations,” Dr Brakenridge says.
The average Australian sits for about eight hours a day but desk-based office workers can spend around 10 hours seated.
And most of us only get two hours of physical activity each day (that’s light and moderate activity combined), which is about half of what the study recommends.
Light physical activity includes slow walking or doing chores, and moderate to vigorous activity can be brisk walking, jogging or difficult tasks like shovelling.
Dot Dumuid is a time-use epidemiologist at the University of South Australia. For years she’s studied the healthiest ways to spend our time.
She provided statistics for the new study, and noted its narrow focus on cardiometabolic risk factors.
“I like when studies put other outcomes in there as well, like cognition, for example.”
Dr Dumuid says very few study participants managed four hours of activity day in, day out.
“There’d be a few super-achievers … but that’s not feasible for heaps of people.
“You could do it, but you’d have to give up something else.”
And that activity trade-off is where things get interesting.
Adjusting the levers of your life
The perfect day for your heart might be quite different to the perfect day for your brain.
Dr Dumuid has studied the “optimum” 24 hours for a range of health outcomes, and is particularly interested in what happens when you take time from one category and put it in another.
For example, physical activity is great for heart health. But if it comes at the cost of sleep, Dr Dumuid says that can be detrimental for those with anxiety and depression.
And people need to spend more hours sitting than moving if they want to optimise academic performance and cognitive function, as that’s when we usually do things like study, read or play music.
While Dr Dumuid is yet to come up with a “Goldilocks day” for adults, she has one that she says is most beneficial for the mental, physical and cognitive function of children aged 11 and 12.
But even with children, priorities can shift, and if exams are approaching, a student might need to temporarily adjust the dial to manage their time differently.
To help with this, Dr Dumuid developed an online tool which lets students rank what’s most important to them to give a more personalised 24-hour breakdown.
“One size rarely fits all in population health,” she says.
More than one optimum day
No matter how much time we want to invest in being happy and healthy, not everyone has complete agency over how they spend their day.
There can be many limitations depending on where you live, what you earn and whether your capacity is restricted, for example, by chronic health conditions.
And the daily activity combinations researchers looked at in the new study didn’t incorporate things like social interactions, which can improve mental and physical health.
So how many hours a day should we spend socialising? Recent research in Nature found there’s no universal balance between solitude and socialising.
In fact, solitude (when the person chooses it) can reduce stress levels.
This is another reason why Dr Dumuid thinks we’ll never have one single optimum day for overall health.
Instead, perhaps we’ll one day have multiple “best days” with different purposes.
“In the future you might wake up and decide ‘OK, today I want to preference my mental health, let me see what my options are.’
“Then you focus on something else the next day, and then over a week you can balance it out to be a good, healthy week.”
Dr Brakenridge hopes his findings will be used by the federal government to update current health guidelines so they can better reflect the full spectrum of human behaviour.
He says Australia should look to Canada, which has the world’s first 24-hour movement guidelines that lay out how much time adults should spend doing aerobic activities, muscle strengthening, sleeping, sitting and using a screen.
Get the latest health news and information from across the ABC.
Fitness
Fitness coach says ‘just cardio isn’t enough’; shares 1 exercise women over 35 must do to stay strong and healthy
As we age, our bodies naturally start losing muscle mass and bone density, which can affect strength, metabolism, and overall health. Many women over 35 notice changes in energy levels, weight distribution, and endurance, making it essential to adopt exercises that not only tone but also strengthen the body.
Tara LaFerrara, fitness coach and personal trainer, shares in her September 22 Instagram post why women over 35 should start incorporating strength training into their routines and how it can transform both body and health. (Also read: Doctor with 25 years experience warns ‘ghee-loaded meals, sugary chai’ harm South Asians’ health; shares 6 key insights )
Why does muscle loss matter after 35
If you are a woman over 35 and not doing any sort of strength training, Tara warns you’re in for a rude awakening. “I’m talking the moment that your body starts to slow down, get weaker, and feel like you hurt more,” she shares.
“It is not just ageing, it is muscle loss, and it starts way earlier than you think. After the age of 35, we start losing muscle every single year. And that muscle is so important because it is your metabolism, your bone density, your energy, and just the ability to bounce back when life throws things at you,” says Tara.
Can cardio and pilates alone keep you strong
She emphasises that cardio and Pilates alone aren’t enough. “You need to lift, squat, push, pull, and press. It’s not about getting bulky and muscular, it’s about getting strong enough to handle ageing on your own terms.”
Her advice is simple: “So if you’re tired of feeling like your body is working against you, start working with it. Pick up some weights. Your future self will thank you.”
Strength training after 35 isn’t just about aesthetics; it’s about maintaining health, mobility, and resilience. As Tara highlights, incorporating resistance exercises into your routine is one of the best ways to support your body through the natural changes that come with age.
Note to readers: This article is for informational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your doctor with any questions about a medical condition.
This report is based on user-generated content from social media. HT.com has not independently verified the claims and does not endorse them.
Fitness
New Year’s Fitness Resolutions Start with Healthy Sleep | Newswise
Newswise — As the New Year approaches, many Americans are setting fresh intentions to eat better and move more — and new data show those habits may deliver an unexpected bonus: better sleep. According to a new survey from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 59% of adults say eating a well-balanced diet helps them sleep slightly or significantly better. Staying active throughout the day may also help improve sleep. According to the survey, adults say exercising in the morning (42%) or evening (46%) helps them sleep slightly or significantly better.
“Sleep is one of three pillars of a healthy lifestyle, including eating a well-balanced diet and incorporating regular physical activity,” said AASM spokesperson Dr. Kin Yuen. “When people make New Year’s resolutions or select their ‘nudge word’ for the year, they often prioritize diet and exercise. These changes don’t just support physical health—they also improve sleep.”
The findings suggest that New Year’s resolutions don’t need to be isolated goals. Improving one aspect of health, whether diet, exercise, or sleep, can create positive ripple effects across all three areas of wellness. This is especially true for younger adults, with those 25-34 being the most likely age group to say a well-balanced diet (64%) or exercise in the evening (60%) helps them sleep better.
“Sufficient sleep significantly reduces the risk of chronic illnesses, such as obesity, heart disease, and even depression and anxiety,” said Yuen. “Whether you’re improving your diet, increasing your activity level, or managing stress, prioritizing sleep gives you the energy and mental clarity needed to start the year strong.”
Here are some tips from the AASM on how to develop healthy sleep habits and reap all the benefits of your New Year’s resolutions:
- Create a consistent bedtime routine — Make sure you are giving yourself enough time to get the recommended seven or more hours of sleep per night.
- Make time in your daily routine for physical activity — Pick physical activities that you enjoy and that match your abilities.
- Eat a well-balanced diet — Try to meet the recommended daily servings of fruits and vegetables, grains, and protein.
- Disconnect from devices at night — Turn off all electronics at least 30 minutes to an hour before your bedtime to help prepare for sleep.
For more information, or to find a local AASM-accredited sleep center, please visit sleepeducation.org. View 2025 AASM Sleep Prioritization Survey results in the AASM newsroom.
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About the Survey
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine commissioned an online survey of 2,007 adults in the U.S. The overall margin of error fell within +/- 2 percentage points with a confidence interval of 95 percent. Fieldwork took place between June 5-13, 2025, by Atomik Research, an independent market research agency.
About the American Academy of Sleep Medicine
Established in 1975, the AASM is a medical association that advances sleep care and enhances sleep health to improve lives. The AASM membership includes more than 9,500 physicians, scientists, and other health care professionals who help people who have sleep disorders. The AASM also accredits 2,300 sleep centers that are providing the highest quality of sleep care across the country (aasm.org).
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