Education
Opinion | Artificial intelligence, Trump and the Future: 13 Gen Z-ers Discuss
Fill in the blank: I’m feeling “blank” about the
way things are going in the country these days. Fill in the blank: I’m
feeling “blank” about the
way things are going in
the country these days.
Anaka, 23, Pa., Black, ind.
Alaura, 23, Tenn., white, ind.
Darrion, 26, Ind., Black, Rep.
President Trump is trying to remake the global economy. He’s overseeing a much more restrictive and aggressively enforced immigration policy. Artificial intelligence is, potentially, about to change everything. In the past five years, everyone has lived through a pandemic and serious inflation for the first time in generations.
In Opinion’s latest focus group, we spoke with 13 young people — 12 relatively recent college grads and one rising college senior — navigating the rocky surface of all this change in America, about issues ranging from Mr. Trump’s presidency to how they’re using A.I. in everyday life.
How much the economy of the past five years has shaped the mind-set of 20-somethings really came through in the conversation. The group described doubts about the degrees they sought, worries and frustrations about the cost of living, dreams that emphasized financial stability and making money, the realities of still getting help from family and the enduring economic and social effects of the pandemic on their generation. “I think it made us less social and more on our phones,” one participant said. “It was really isolating.”
All of this, including real divides in the group about systemic factors and individual ambition, led to some big questions, the kind you might be asking yourself: Is America in decline, or are the best days ahead? Is America the kind of place where, if you work hard and play by the rules, you can thrive? And most important, what would you want to know about your future?
Participants
Alaura 23, Tennessee, white, independent, mental health care
Anaka 23, Pennsylvania, Black, independent, program coordinator
Armaan 23, Massachusetts, Asian, Republican, looking for work
Bayleigh 24, Texas, white, Democrat, nurse
Conner 23, Florida, white, Republican, master’s student, server
Daniel 26, Georgia, white, independent, landscaper
Darrion 26, Indiana, Black, Republican, automotive engineer
Emily 20, New Jersey, white, independent, student, fitness instructor
Evan 23, New York, Latino, Republican, administrative assistant
Heather 23, Oregon, white, Democrat, assistant
Jeff 25, Utah, white, Republican, cybersecurity analyst
Jonnie 27, Missouri, Latino, Democrat, looking for work
Molly 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
Transcript
Moderator, Margie Omero
Fill in the blank: I’m feeling “blank” about the way things are going in the country these days.
Armaan, 23, Massachusetts, Asian, Republican, looking for work
Hesitant.
Anaka, 23, Pennsylvania, Black, independent, program coordinator
Disappointed.
Evan, 23, New York, Latino, Republican, administrative assistant
Honestly, I was going to say the same: Disappointed.
Emily, 20, New Jersey, white, independent, student, fitness instructor
Yeah, disappointed, not hopeful.
Bayleigh, 24, Texas, white, Democrat, nurse
Nervous.
Alaura, 23, Tennessee, white, independent, mental health care
Interested.
Daniel, 26, Georgia, white, independent, landscaper
Fearful and uncertain.
Molly, 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
Sad.
Jonnie, 27, Missouri, Latino, Democrat, looking for work
Nervous.
Darrion, 26, Indiana, Black, Republican, automotive engineer
Optimistic.
Conner, 23, Florida, white, Republican, master’s student, server
I’m going to say “optimistic” as well.
Heather, 23, Oregon, white, Democrat, assistant
Worried.
Jeff, 25, Utah, white, Republican, cybersecurity analyst
Cautiously optimistic.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Darrion and Jeff, why “optimistic”?
Darrion, 26, Indiana, Black, Republican, automotive engineer
I feel the economy, inflation, prices are going to get a little rough before they get rosy. But in the long run, it’s going to get better under the new president and all that, I think I have faith in him to do well.
Jeff, 25, Utah, white, Republican, cybersecurity analyst
There’s always going to be issues, regardless of who’s running the country, but I feel like the leaders of our country all have the same interests at heart, which is to improve the country, even though the way they’re going to go about doing that is different.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Alaura, tell me why you said “interested.”
Alaura, 23, Tennessee, white, independent, mental health care
I’m just interested in how it’s all going to play out, whether it’s tariffs or cutting funding for various government agencies.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Molly, you said “sad.”
Molly, 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
I think I knew the outcome of the election wouldn’t be what I wanted. And it wasn’t. And going into this administration, I had an idea of what things would look like. You can have those expectations, but living through it — waking up to the news every day of this next thing that’s happening, this next structure that’s being threatened or challenged, this next thing that’s being stripped away from us — it just gives me an overwhelming feeling of sadness and genuine despair.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Emily, you said “disappointed, not hopeful.”
Emily, 20, New Jersey, white, independent, student, fitness instructor
Just disappointed, I think, in the economy and the way things are going and the way things cost so much. It just makes me feel like I’ll never be able to afford a house or get out on my own.
Heather, 23, Oregon, white, Democrat, assistant
I agree with Emily. As someone who lives at home with her parents, it’s hard to think about some of the good things nationally just because I can’t afford to live on my own. I just get worried about things that I probably won’t be able to do until I’m a certain age or things like that, where you’re young and you want to experience things, but it’s hard when things cost so much.
or the same four years from now? Do you think things will
be better, worse or the same
four years from now?
Alaura,
23, Tenn., white, ind.
Conner,
23, Fla., white, Rep.
Darrion,
26, Ind., Black, Rep.
Emily,
20, N.J., white, ind.
Evan,
23, N.Y., Latino, Rep.
Jeff,
25, Utah, white, Rep.
Jonnie,
27, Mo., Latino, Dem.
Anaka,
23, Pa., Black, ind.
Armaan,
23, Mass., Asian, Rep.
Molly,
21, Ill., white, Dem.
Bayleigh,
24, Texas, white, Dem.
Daniel,
26, Ga., white, ind.
Heather,
23, Ore., white, Dem.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Bayleigh, why do you think it will be the same?
Bayleigh, 24, Texas, white, Democrat, nurse
It’ll be the end of Trump’s administration, but I think the instability will remain consistent through the next four years.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Evan, what makes you think things will be better?
Evan, 23, New York, Latino, Republican, administrative assistant
I would just hope they’ll learn from their past mistakes. After four years, if you don’t get better or something, then what are you doing? So I would just hope. But from real life experience, knowing someone with immigration problems, I worry things will get worse because there’s no real structure to help people that have been here for years, that helped grow the economy, have been working and contributing and whatnot. People who shop at Walmart, who drive the cabs. They’re helping the economy. The ones trafficking people, those kinds of people, they should go. So I would just hope that the leaders’ habits would change. But sometimes they can just be the same.
Jonnie, 27, Missouri, Latino, Democrat, looking for work
I just think this administration will stabilize. I think it’s scaring a lot of people. Maybe I’m just being hopeful, too. But I think inflation will probably be better by then. I can’t imagine this direction forever. I think things will just stabilize.
in his second term so far, how would you grade him? If you were to give Trump
a grade on how he’s doing in
his second term so far, how
would you grade him?
Alaura,
23, Tenn., white, ind.
Conner,
23, Fla., white, Rep.
Emily,
20, N.J., white, ind.
Evan,
23, N.Y., Latino, Rep.
Jeff,
25, Utah, white, Rep.
Anaka,
23, Pa., Black, ind.
Daniel,
26, Ga., white, ind.
Jonnie,
27, Mo., Latino, Dem.
Armaan,
23, Mass., Asian, Rep.
Bayleigh,
24, Texas, white, Dem.
Molly,
21, Ill., white, Dem.
Jonnie, 27, Missouri, Latino, Democrat, looking for work
I gave him a C. Nothing horrible has happened, really. I guess that makes it OK. But at the same time, tariffs and stuff — I don’t like that.
Evan, 23, New York, Latino, Republican, administrative assistant
I gave him a B. I like how he’s trying to basically put certain countries on blast, or he’s giving them a stern warning about the products they’re sending us and their prices. He’s very smart in that regard of making sure that low-income consumers can buy products at a good rate. And I would say on immigration and whatnot, I think he’s doing pretty good. But then again, he’s even deporting people by accident and sending them to the crazy jail and across the world and whatnot, and they actually didn’t do anything. So I would say he cares about deporting immigrants, the ones that are doing bad, but then at the same time, he’s not knowing how to distinguish which ones are bad.
Moderator, Margie Omero
But that still leads you to a B?
Evan, 23, New York, Latino, Republican, administrative assistant
I like how stern he is, how focused he is on at least trying to get something done. But I mean, I feel as though Trump actually cares about creating change. Pep in his step, at least. Biden was, like, a Sleepy Joe.
Darrion, 26, Indiana, Black, Republican, automotive engineer
I gave him a C. I think it’s a little bit positive and negative. I’m positive in the sense that I like the way he’s portraying the image of America on an international scale, like the trade wars, tariffs and all that. And negatively because of his impact in cryptocurrency and the stock market. He created the $Trump coin, and since then, the crypto market has not really been the same. There’s been a lot of uncertainty, like bearishness and all that. So that’s negative.
Moderator, Katherine Miller
How are you or people you know experiencing the job market right now?
Daniel, 26, Georgia, white, independent, landscaper
I think it sucks. I think it’s the worst it’s ever been. It feels like there are thousands of people applying for a single job. I just feel like ever since Covid, things have been shifted and changed for the worse in the work force.
Jeff, 25, Utah, white, Republican, cybersecurity analyst
I just graduated about a month ago with a degree in information security, which I think is very highly technical. There are definitely jobs out there. The problem isn’t the market; it’s hiring managers and companies saying, “We don’t necessarily care about your degree. We want you to have four to five years of experience for an entry-level role.” The companies are just holding unrealistic standards for what entry level is.
Moderator, Katherine Miller
What do you feel like an entry-level job should be like? When you have your first job, what’s the kind of experience you should be getting out of it?
Jeff, 25, Utah, white, Republican, cybersecurity analyst
It should build off of the degree that you get in college or — not everyone goes to college — the certifications you get in trade school, for example. It should include mentorship from senior employees and have tasks that introduce you to what more advanced things are going to be like. And they should be able to train and build you up on the job.
Moderator, Katherine Miller
Heather, how do you feel like the job market is today?
Heather, 23, Oregon, white, Democrat, assistant
I have a job, and I think it always feels different when you don’t have one and are looking for one. But I’ve heard similar things to Jeff. It’s like the entry-level positions are wanting people with all this experience, where it’s not possible. I would say it’s not too good right now.
Moderator, Margie Omero
What’s going well or less well for you personally?
Conner, 23, Florida, white, Republican, master’s student, server
I’m looking at my finances, and I’m hoping that it’s going in a better direction.
Jonnie, 27, Missouri, Latino, Democrat, looking for work
I guess my personal life is going pretty well. Less well is I have no idea how I’m going to survive without my parents’ help or what I’m going to really do in the future.
Anaka, 23, Pennsylvania, Black, independent, program coordinator
I graduated last December, and I got my first real job paying me more than minimum wage. So you guys hang in there, for sure.
Moderator, Margie Omero
For folks who feel that things are not going well for them personally, who or what is standing in the way?
Armaan, 23, Massachusetts, Asian, Republican, looking for work
I do think the job market’s not in the best place right now. My friends and I just graduated over the summer, and we’re all looking for jobs. There are very few of us who have managed to even get to an interview position. I know people who are applying to upwards of, like, 80 and 100 jobs a day, because they assume it’s just volume that you have to go to eventually land that job.
Bayleigh, 24, Texas, white, Democrat, nurse
I landed my first real job, too. That’s helped me get over what was a big slump in my life. I felt really upset about myself. I was like, “I just got a degree. I’m smart. I know what I’m doing.” And nobody’s hiring, and nursing is a pretty big field. But it’s worked out now.
Moderator, Margie Omero
How does your life compare with how you thought it might be at this stage in your life?
Jonnie, 27, Missouri, Latino, Democrat, looking for work
I guess I thought maybe I’d be a little farther ahead, like maybe have a house or something, which now is so unrealistic.
Conner, 23, Florida, white, Republican, master’s student, server
I thought that postgrad, at least with my bachelor’s, that I would be moved out, living on my own. And now it just doesn’t make any sense. But it’s just not realistic. It would be unwise to move out.
Evan, 23, New York, Latino, Republican, administrative assistant
I’ve always been optimistic and practical about life. About five years ago, they gave away those stimulus checks. Everybody around me spent theirs, but I saved mine. I’m very grateful to have freedom every day to just work, to live. I’m perfectly fine. I’m just going to continue to have good structure in my life.
Bayleigh, 24, Texas, white, Democrat, nurse
I thought I would be a lot more independent from my parents. But I still feel pretty reliant on them.
How many people are living with family
members or are otherwise financially dependent
in some way on their family currently? How many people are living with
family members or are otherwise
financially dependent in some way
on their family currently? 9 people raised their hands.
Alaura, 23, Tenn., white, ind.
Anaka, 23, Pa., Black, ind.
Armaan, 23, Mass., Asian, Rep.
Bayleigh, 24, Texas, white, Dem.
Conner, 23, Fla., white, Rep.
Daniel, 26, Ga., white, ind.
Darrion, 26, Ind., Black, Rep.
Emily, 20, N.J., white, ind.
Evan, 23, N.Y., Latino, Rep.
Heather, 23, Ore., white, Dem.
Jeff, 25, Utah, white, Rep.
Jonnie, 27, Mo., Latino, Dem.
Molly, 21, Ill., white, Dem.
Moderator, Margie Omero
What do you hope for yourself in the next five years? Heather?
Heather, 23, Oregon, white, Democrat, assistant
I’m 23. I think that’s a little old to be living with my parents. But I got my degree and am working on that job right now. I’d like to find a single job, just one, that can hopefully pay my bills — rather than working two, like I am now — and make me live on my own.
Moderator, Margie Omero
What do you see for yourself or hope for yourself in the next 20 or 30 years?
Armaan, 23, Massachusetts, Asian, Republican, looking for work
In 20 years, 30 years, I’d like to have a business that’s just paying the bills and an offshoot of that business or another business that essentially is what grants me financial freedom to just enjoy my life and maybe even help other people along the way.
Daniel, 26, Georgia, white, independent, landscaper
I’d like to be completely financially stable, have a house, have kids, be able to support them all through college.
Jeff, 25, Utah, white, Republican, cybersecurity analyst
Along with affording my own home, I hope I’ll be able to have a higher-level management position. And I hope by that point, I’ll be able to just live a good life with family and some golden retrievers as well. That’s the dream.
Jonnie, 27, Missouri, Latino, Democrat, looking for work
I definitely think, yeah, very successful, married, kids, nice house, I hope all of that.
Molly, 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
I just want to be healthy, have food in the pantry, a roof over my head — and an in-unit washer and dryer would be my dream, honestly — but financially independent.
Moderator, Margie Omero
How achievable do you think your dream is?
Jeff, 25, Utah, white, Republican, cybersecurity analyst
One thing that I’ve tried to get away from is never putting my success or my failures in the hands of other people. I just want to put my faith in myself rather than in people who make policy decisions in Washington. And I want to be in complete control.
Moderator, Katherine Miller
A couple of people mentioned Covid this evening. In terms of the impact that the pandemic had on your life, is there anything that you feel older people don’t get about the impact of the pandemic on you and people in your age bracket?
Heather, 23, Oregon, white, Democrat, assistant
Learning was so different because a lot of it was online. I’m not sure older people always get that.
Conner, 23, Florida, white, Republican, master’s student, server
I feel like our momentum slowed, because most of us were coming out of high school and going right into college. And I just feel like that time period during the pandemic either slowed us down or the companies that we would have been on track to work for laid off a bunch of their employees and are just keeping their core employees, and now they’ve gotten comfortable with just those employees. We’re the generation looking for jobs.
Armaan, 23, Massachusetts, Asian, Republican, looking for work
I was supposed to join college that year, but then because of Covid, I chose to defer a year and instead take that year to work with my dad in the family business.
Jonnie, 27, Missouri, Latino, Democrat, looking for work
Covid, at least for me and the people I know, I think it made us less social and more on our phones. It was really isolating.
Evan, 23, New York, Latino, Republican, administrative assistant
I feel like Covid made people feel — maybe it made people lazier. A lot of people I know dropped out of college. It felt like time was slowing down or on hold because Covid made things pause. You just got to be in your house or hang out with your friends, not thinking about life. I think some people started to care less about what they’re actually cultivating for their life.
Anaka, 23, Pennsylvania, Black, independent, program coordinator
I agree that Covid made us less social. I think it’s hard for us to talk to each other outside of our phones. We’re watching other people’s lives that look more successful than us. So there’s that false sense of competition that we have to deal with. There’s so much competition. And at the same time, we’re not talking to each other. So yeah, there’s definitely a sense of isolation in my generation. And I don’t think that was there before.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Let’s switch gears a bit.
personally use artificial intelligence? How often would you
say you personally use
artificial intelligence?
Bayleigh,
24, Texas, white, Dem.
Heather,
23, Ore., white, Dem.
Molly,
21, Ill., white, Dem.
Alaura,
23, Tenn., white, ind.
Anaka,
23, Pa., Black, ind.
Daniel,
26, Ga., white, ind.
Emily,
20, N.J., white, ind.
Jeff,
25, Utah, white, Rep.
Armaan,
23, Mass., Asian, Rep.
Conner,
23, Fla., white, Rep.
Darrion,
26, Ind., Black, Rep.
Evan,
23, N.Y., Latino, Rep.
Jonnie,
27, Mo., Latino, Dem.
Moderator, Margie Omero
The people who are using it every day, tell me how you’re using it.
Jonnie, 27, Missouri, Latino, Democrat, looking for work
I use it to help me with shopping and personal advice, job advice, diet and exercise advice, advice on everything — really, finances. I use it like a friend.
Darrion, 26, Indiana, Black, Republican, automotive engineer
I just started making content on YouTube and Twitch, and I use A.I. to write scripts.
Armaan, 23, Massachusetts, Asian, Republican, looking for work
I think it’s become like the new Google for me. Any sort of information I need, instead of going and typing it in Google, I just go to the app because I think it provides a little more in-depth analysis than Google would.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Has anybody used it for classwork?
Emily, 20, New Jersey, white, independent, student, fitness instructor
I’ll be honest. I use it for everything I do in school. I’ll give it my finance homework questions, honestly, because it’s like I’m never going to pass that class without it, because I just can’t understand it. This is simply the only way. I’ll use it to help me with papers to generate ideas.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Do you think it’s helped you learn more in those classes?
Emily, 20, New Jersey, white, independent, student, fitness instructor
I think it has made it easier. I feel like I’m using A.I. mostly in the classes where I don’t feel like the professor’s doing a good job at teaching me. Not everyone is made to be a teacher. Some of my professors also encourage me to use A.I.
Anaka, 23, Pennsylvania, Black, independent, program coordinator
We’re seeing an issue with the job market for entry-level jobs that require experience, and A.I. has taken some of the experiences that I guess we were supposed to be hands-on with.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Does anyone else think A.I. is replacing the entry-level job, so you need to come in with a little bit more experience?
Anaka, 23, Pennsylvania, Black, independent, program coordinator
I think that’s coming from both sides. I can tell when a job description was written by A.I., and I think there are a lot more graduates, more than the country has ever seen. Everyone I know has either been to college and graduated or at least tried to go. So it’s just an intense time.
Moderator, Margie Omero
I want to hear from some people who don’t use A.I. that often.
Heather, 23, Oregon, white, Democrat, assistant
I never really got on the A.I. bandwagon, really. I used Quizlet, I think, as a way some people were using A.I., and some classes, it feels like it’s giving you a little bit of an upper hand. So I think I tried to get away from that a little bit, because I didn’t want my future self to regret it.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Why would your future self regret it?
Heather, 23, Oregon, white, Democrat, assistant
Just because I think it would give me an upper hand. It would give me answers. And I don’t know, part of school is you really thinking about certain things. So I kind of wanted to actually do that in my last couple of years rather than use the internet.
Molly, 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
A.I. just really freaks me out. In general, I don’t understand it, and I don’t want to be a part of it, really. I don’t want to give it information. I don’t want to help it learn.
Moderator, Margie Omero
What’s going to happen?
Molly, 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
I just don’t like these big A.I. companies. I feel like they’re not very well regulated at this point. I have read about how terrible some of these things are for the environment. I don’t want to be judgmental, because I know how common it is, but I just see no need for it in my life.
Jeff, 25, Utah, white, Republican, cybersecurity analyst
I use A.I. just to help with my job functions. I feel like it’s definitely helped me become a little bit more efficient with the way that I do things.
Daniel, 26, Georgia, white, independent, landscaper
I don’t really use A.I. too much. It’s kind of affecting the job market, though, because it’s doing everything that a person could be doing, and it’s sifting through all the applications, maybe a person would see a certain résumé more positively than an A.I. would. It’s just too robot-y.
Moderator, Katherine Miller
How do you feel about the role that social media plays in your life?
Bayleigh, 24, Texas, white, Democrat, nurse
I personally only follow people that I know, and I have a private account, and I enjoy it. I only let people I know follow me. So it kind of feels like when my friends are away on trips and I’m looking at their story, I feel like I’m there with them. I do sometimes doomscroll on TikTok if I have too much time. And then I’ll start seeing things that people are accomplishing. And I’m like, “Man, I’m so behind.” So it’s definitely like a seesaw. You have to balance. And I think I’m getting better at that.
Anaka, 23, Pennsylvania, Black, independent, program coordinator
Social media used to be something that I wanted to use to interact with my loved ones. But I don’t think I want to use it for that anymore. As of right now, it just seems negative. I looked up what too much screen time does to your brain. And it is actually, like, diminishing gray matter. So in my generation and below, our gray matter is, like, being ruined. So I don’t know. I’m mad at social media. Yet I am still an avid social media user. But we don’t know a life without it. It’s like an addiction.
behind us or happening now? Are America’s best days
ahead of us, behind us or
happening now?
Alaura,
23, Tenn., white, ind.
Conner,
23, Fla., white, Rep.
Daniel,
26, Ga., white, ind.
Darrion,
26, Ind., Black, Rep.
Evan,
23, N.Y., Latino, Rep.
Jonnie,
27, Mo., Latino, Dem.
Molly,
21, Ill., white, Dem.
Armaan,
23, Mass., Asian, Rep.
Bayleigh,
24, Texas, white, Dem.
Emily,
20, N.J., white, ind.
Anaka,
23, Pa., Black, ind.
Molly, 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
I don’t know, but I think about the past, about the history of this country — I don’t think those were our best days. I don’t think our best days are now. That leaves the future.
Darrion, 26, Indiana, Black, Republican, automotive engineer
I actually think that the trade wars and tariffs are a step in the right direction for the country. So I have hope for better days ahead.
Bayleigh, 24, Texas, white, Democrat, nurse
Because of what we’re currently going through, I just don’t feel positively about our future.
Emily, 20, New Jersey, white, independent, student, fitness instructor
I just don’t see the country ever being united again as it used to be or people loving it anymore.
Moderator, Margie Omero
When you say “united again as it used to be,” when was that time, do you think?
Emily, 20, New Jersey, white, independent, student, fitness instructor
Maybe, like, the early 2000s. I don’t think people were so against each other like now. I feel like it’s just like you’re either this or that. And it’s so far apart. I just feel like there wasn’t so much hate going on. Maybe that doesn’t sound right, but that’s what I think.
Moderator, Katherine Miller
Anaka, you said our best days are happening now.
Anaka, 23, Pennsylvania, Black, independent, program coordinator
I feel like history repeats itself. We’re always going to be living in the worst and the best times because of human nature. Social media, it kind of exacerbates a lot of opinions. But in real life, we’re all speaking right now about each other’s opinions. And there’s not one where I can’t get into someone’s head and think, “OK, I understand,” even if maybe I don’t agree. The time is now because we’re alive now.
statement? If you work hard and play by the
rules, you can have a good life and thrive. How much do you agree with
this statement? If you work
hard and play by the rules, you
can have a good life and thrive.
1 means I completely disagree. and 5 means I agree completely.
2
Anaka,
23, Pa., Black, ind.
Molly,
21, Ill., white, Dem.
3
Alaura,
23, Tenn., white, ind.
Armaan,
23, Mass., Asian, Rep.
Bayleigh,
24, Texas, white, Dem.
Conner,
23, Fla., white, Rep.
Daniel,
26, Ga., white, ind.
Darrion,
26, Ind., Black, Rep.
Emily,
20, N.J., white, ind.
4
Evan,
23, N.Y., Latino, Rep.
Jeff,
25, Utah, white, Rep.
Jonnie,
27, Mo., Latino, Dem.
Molly, 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
I just think it’s, like, that pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps mentality that I don’t really think is true. The American dream is like, if you just work hard, you’re going to have all the successes. You’re going to have a McMansion in the suburbs and a pool and five kids. And it’s just not the reality. You can work so, so, so hard and never reach those goals you have in your mind or those goals that have been artificially set for you.
Moderator, Katherine Miller
Evan, you said it was mostly true that if you played by the rules and worked hard, you could have a good life. Why?
Evan, 23, New York, Latino, Republican, administrative assistant
I feel like everything is mostly within your hands. Everything is for the taking. And as long as you don’t do the wrong thing, tax evasion and whatnot, you could do whatever you want. You could be very successful.
Moderator, Margie Omero
Let’s think a little about the big picture. Many of you recently graduated. What’s one thing you know now that you wish you knew when you were in high school?
Darrion, 26, Indiana, Black, Republican, automotive engineer
I wish I’d known more about cryptocurrency. I wish when I was in high school, I was able to get some coins. I think I would have been very rich by now.
Armaan, 23, Massachusetts, Asian, Republican, looking for work
I chose my university based on the co-op program, where you work for six months at a place. And I wanted to try a start-up, as well as an established corporate business. So I would probably go the other route and just do corporate because they would be more likely to hire in this day and age and not a smaller start-up.
Molly, 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
I wish I would have appreciated being younger and being in high school more than I did. I think you always have a tendency to want to be older, want to be in college, want something different. You never appreciate it fully in the moment.
Daniel, 26, Georgia, white, independent, landscaper
I would say, go for a degree that actually matters. All degrees matter, but something that is going to get me a job, like a nurse, an engineer, a software engineer, something with computers. I went for a business degree. And I just feel like it’s a good, rounded degree to have. But I don’t know.
Heather, 23, Oregon, white, Democrat, assistant
I would probably tell myself to be more open-minded earlier on, about everything, anything.
Emily, 20, New Jersey, white, independent, student, fitness instructor
I would tell myself to save my money instead of spending it in stupid places. And I would also tell myself that nothing is ever that serious. I spent a lot of high school stressing out a lot and having a lot of anxiety about a lot of things. I just look back on it now and think, “You’re never going to remember that teacher or that one grade.” It’s not that deep. Some things are not that deep.
Moderator, Margie Omero
If you could ask a question of your older self and your older self had to tell you the truth, what would you ask?
Jeff, 25, Utah, white, Republican, cybersecurity analyst
I think the biggest piece of career advice — how I can escalate up the ladder as quickly as possible.
Anaka, 23, Pennsylvania, Black, independent, program coordinator
Are you happily married? And how did you fix your credit score?
Jonnie, 27, Missouri, Latino, Democrat, looking for work
I would ask, “Is there any person I should avoid, any types of people I should avoid?”
Conner, 23, Florida, white, Republican, master’s student, server
I would ask him if it was worth it to get a master’s or if I could do it without, because it’s a lot of money to spend for a career.
Armaan, 23, Massachusetts, Asian, Republican, looking for work
I would probably ask if I’m on the right path or not.
Bayleigh, 24, Texas, white, Democrat, nurse
I have zero idea. I don’t think I want to know.
Evan, 23, New York, Latino, Republican, administrative assistant
I’d probably ask him, “How can I tell where the success is at?” I want to be like Kevin Durant. I want to join all the shooters. I want to join All-Stars. I want to be at the right place at the right time. I want to be with the right people. So I want to just know where the process is at.
Darrion, 26, Indiana, Black, Republican, automotive engineer
What is the price of Bitcoin, and what projects would be best to invest in?
Heather, 23, Oregon, white, Democrat, assistant
Do we have a job that my degree is catered toward?
Emily, 20, New Jersey, white, independent, student, fitness instructor
I’d ask if we have a lot of money and if we’re happy.
Alaura, 23, Tennessee, white, independent, mental health care
I would ask my 40-year-old self if there’s anything that I should do that I might not be aware of.
Molly, 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
Am I happy?
Moderator, Margie Omero
What do you think your 40-year-old self is going to say?
Molly, 21, Illinois, white, Democrat, looking for work
I have no idea. I hope they say yes.
Education
Read Oklahoma Student Samantha Fulnecky’s Essay on Gender
This article was very thought provoking and caused me to thoroughly evaluate the idea of gender and the role it plays in our society. The article discussed peers using teasing as a way to enforce gender norms. I do not necessarily see this as a problem. God made male and female and made us differently from each other on purpose and for a purpose. God is very intentional with what He makes, and I believe trying to change that would only do more harm. Gender roles and tendencies should not be considered “stereotypes”. Women naturally want to do womanly things because God created us with those womanly desires in our hearts. The same goes for men. God created men in the image of His courage and strength, and He created women in the image of His beauty. He intentionally created women differently than men and we should live our lives with that in mind.
It is frustrating to me when I read articles like this and discussion posts from my classmates of so many people trying to conform to the same mundane opinion, so they do not step on people’s toes. I think that is a cowardly and insincere way to live. It is important to use the freedom of speech we have been given in this country, and I personally believe that eliminating gender in our society would be detrimental, as it pulls us farther from God’s original plan for humans. It is perfectly normal for kids to follow gender “stereotypes” because that is how God made us. The reason so many girls want to feel womanly and care for others in a motherly way is not because they feel pressured to fit into social norms. It is because God created and chose them to reflect His beauty and His compassion in that way. In Genesis, God says that it is not good for man to be alone, so He created a helper for man (which is a woman). Many people assume the word “helper” in this context to be condescending and offensive to women. However, the original word in Hebrew is “ezer kenegdo” and that directly translates to “helper equal to”. Additionally, God describes Himself in the Bible using “ezer kenegdo”, or “helper”, and He describes His
Education
How Much Literary Trivia Do You Keep in Your Head?
Welcome to Lit Trivia, the Book Review’s regular quiz about books, authors and literary culture. This week’s challenge tests your memory of random facts and information you may have picked up, especially from reading book coverage from The Times in recent years. In the five multiple-choice questions below, tap or click on the answer you think is correct. After the last question, you’ll find links to the books if you’d like to do further reading.
Education
Are Trump’s Actions Unprecedented? We Asked Historians (Again).
Since the start of his second term, President Trump has cut budgets, made demands on public institutions, and attacked the media and speech in actions regularly called unprecedented.
In April, we asked presidential historians if they could come up with comparable examples in previous administrations — and to tell us when they couldn’t. You can read that earlier article here.
We went back to the historians (and some political scientists) to help us categorize the administration’s actions and pronouncements that have happened since: whether they’re unprecedented, relatively common or somewhere in between.
No clear precedent
President Trump has taken some actions that do not have a comparable historical example, according to historians.
Used the military to attack and kill suspected drug smugglers
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump has ordered the military to kill people aboard boats he says have been smuggling drugs, claiming the power to redefine drug trafficking as armed conflict.
IN THE PAST
Historians said the closest parallels to Mr. Trump’s strikes in international waters were attacks on pirates — from Thomas Jefferson’s attacks on Barbary corsairs to Barack Obama’s use of military force against Somali pirates in 2009. But President Obama’s efforts were largely rescue missions; Jefferson was also responding to the capture of American ships.
“Since the 1970s, presidents have claimed the right to take military action, including murderous assaults, against nonstate actors who threaten the United States,” said Jeremi Suri, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin. However, he said, “the United States has generally not targeted drug smugglers in this way.”
“The U.S. has helped other governments in Central America to apprehend drug traffickers. No presidents have unilaterally killed alleged drug smugglers in international waters.”
Manisha Sinha
Professor of American History, University of Connecticut
No clear precedent
Cast doubt on vaccine efficacy and safety
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
With Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as health secretary, the Trump administration has begun to overhaul American vaccine policy. A vaccine skeptic, Mr. Kennedy replaced a vaccine advisory panel with handpicked members. The panel ended a decades-long recommendation to vaccinate babies against hepatitis B at birth. Mr. Kennedy also canceled hundreds of millions of dollars in grants and contracts to develop mRNA vaccines. Mr. Trump hailed Covid vaccines as a miracle during his first term but has since questioned whether they work, and Mr. Kennedy has called them “the deadliest vaccine ever made.”
IN THE PAST
Previous presidents have typically promoted vaccines. The government has changed the vaccine schedule and pulled recommendations for vaccines before, including for a rotavirus gastroenteritis vaccine in the 1990s. And manufacturers have voluntarily withdrawn vaccines from the market. But no presidential administration has made such an effort to dismantle vaccine policy.
“Other presidents tried to expand vaccines. This goes all the way back to George Washington during the Revolutionary War, who mandated smallpox inoculations for his army.”
Robert Watson
Professor of History, Lynn University
No clear precedent
Asked states to gerrymander to add more seats for his party
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump and his aides have pushed for lawmakers across the country to redraw maps in favor of Republicans.
IN THE PAST
This has not been done publicly, though an adviser to George W. Bush, Karl Rove, was reported to have lobbied state legislators to redistrict in 2003.
“No previous president has done this so overtly, but gerrymandering for political advantage has been a basic tool of political parties since the earliest years of the republic.”
Kendrick Clements
Professor, University of South Carolina
No clear precedent
Owned a company that received a major investment from a sovereign state
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
Earlier this year, a state-controlled United Arab Emirates firm used $2 billion of cryptocurrency issued by World Liberty Financial — a start-up owned by the Trump family — to invest in a crypto exchange. That effectively serves as a huge deposit for World Liberty, which can then generate returns in the tens of millions of dollars each year.
IN THE PAST
Historians said there was no comparable example.
“Past presidents took pains to put their holdings in a blind trust or to divest entirely from identifiable individual companies.”
Andrew Rudalevige Professor of Government, Bowdoin College
No clear precedent
Tried to remove a member of the Federal Reserve Board
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump tried to fire a Federal Reserve governor, Lisa Cook, accusing her of mortgage fraud. (The Supreme Court stopped the firing until it could hear arguments in January, and she maintains her innocence.) It’s part of a broader, stated effort to gain more influence over the board.
IN THE PAST
Presidents have fought with the Fed before; under President Harry Truman, the head of the Board of Governors resigned amid a disagreement with the administration. But no president has directly fired a Federal Reserve official.
“They have often put pressure on the Fed, but I don’t know of any president who has claimed the power to fire a sitting governor and tried to carry it out.”
David Greenberg Professor of History, Rutgers University
No clear precedent
Ended data collection efforts across government
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
The Trump administration has stopped or plans to stop collecting data on environmental disasters, climate change, food insecurity, emissions from polluters and more.
IN THE PAST
No president has stopped data collection at such a scale.
“There have been other presidents who have appointed people as heads of agencies but who opposed the missions of those agencies. But that is a far cry from eliminating the government’s longstanding practices of producing reliable data, on nearly everything of concern to the public and for which the government is responsible.”
Michael Gerhardt
Professor of Jurisprudence, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Law School
No clear precedent
Ordered a review of public museums to align with administration views
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
The White House told the Smithsonian Institution — a museum group founded and funded by the federal government — that it would have 120 days to change any content that the administration found problematic in “tone, historical framing and alignment with American ideals.”
IN THE PAST
There’s no comparison for such a broad and public demand on the nation’s museums, historians said.
There have been instances of perceived pressure, or limited influence. A former Smithsonian administrator claimed that the National Museum of Natural History toned down an exhibit on climate change during the George W. Bush administration. And it was reported that the Nixon administration told what is now the National Museum of American History to close an exhibit on voting rights ahead of a ball that was part of Nixon’s second inauguration.
No clear precedent
Cast doubt on official Bureau of Labor Statistics jobs numbers
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump claimed without evidence that weak job numbers from the Bureau of Labor Statistics were “rigged” and fired the agency’s commissioner.
IN THE PAST
No president has done this publicly and so directly in the years the Bureau of Labor has been collecting and publishing data. (Since the late 1800s.) Ronald Reagan once said a framing of B.L.S. data was misleading, but didn’t question the data itself. Richard Nixon’s administration made some changes to how B.L.S. reported monthly data. But when he threw doubt on the B.L.S., it was in private conversation. (It was eventually revealed that he had blamed Jewish people working at the agency for unfavorable statistics.)
“Presidents have always spun bad numbers; few have declared war on arithmetic itself.”
Alexis Coe
Presidential historian and senior fellow at New America
No clear precedent
Sought damages from the Justice Department for federal investigations into him
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump is reported to have demanded that the Justice Department pay him $230 million in compensation for past investigations into his actions.
IN THE PAST
There’s no real comparison, historians say. Andrew Jackson was once fined for suspending habeas corpus; he lobbied Congress for a refund. But that lobbying took place after his presidency, said Matthew Warshauer, professor of history at Central Connecticut State University. (It was successful.)
Has happened, but under different circumstances
In several cases, Mr. Trump’s actions are precedented, but there are details that make them different: scale, context, motivation or results.
The following are events in which our scholars did not always agree on the extent of a precedent.
Sent the National Guard to cities
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump has expanded the role of the National Guard, deploying its troops to cities as part of a stated federal crackdown on crime. In several cases, governors or local officials have sued to block the deployments.
IN THE PAST
Presidents have deployed the National Guard to cities numerous times, including to protect civil rights advocates marching from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama; to enforce Brown v. Board of Education in Little Rock, Ark.; in response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots; to quell a riot in Detroit in 1943; and to help Hurricane Andrew relief efforts in Florida.
But in most cases, unlike President Trump, presidents deployed the National Guard at the request of, or with the cooperation of, state lawmakers. (That was not the case when presidents used the National Guard to support integration in Arkansas and protect civil rights activists in Alabama.)
“With the exception of using troops to protect American citizens during the height of civil rights reform, American presidents have typically respected the authority of states and only mobilized troops at the request of state lawmakers.”
Nicole L. Anslover
Associate Professor of History, Florida Atlantic University
Has happened, but under different circumstances
Directed the attorney general to investigate or prosecute political rivals
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump has pushed Attorney General Pam Bondi and his Justice Department to investigate or seek criminal charges against his perceived enemies, including George Soros, the billionaire Democratic donor; the former F.B.I. director James B. Comey; and the New York attorney general Letitia James.
IN THE PAST
Nixon also tried to use the federal government — including the Department of Justice — to go after his “enemies list” through investigations and other legal harassment. One memo from his White House counsel describes “how we can use the available federal machinery to screw our political enemies.”
But “it was on a limited case-by-case basis, and many of his own appointees and federal workers thwarted his illegalities,” said Robert Watson, a professor of history at Lynn University.
“Nixon tried to act in secrecy and deny his vendettas.”
Jeremi Suri
Professor of History and Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin
Has happened, but under different circumstances
Carried out large-scale immigration raids
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
Federal agents have conducted immigration enforcement raids in several Democrat-led cities, arresting and detaining thousands in Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles and Charlotte, N.C., among others.
IN THE PAST
Eisenhower carried out deportations of illegal immigrants, known at the time as “Operation Wetback.” These targeted Mexican migrants, and they were more focused on agricultural border areas than major cities.
Has happened, but under different circumstances
Arranged for a government stake in a U.S. company
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
The Trump administration allowed Japan’s Nippon Steel to take over U.S. Steel in exchange for a “golden share” giving the White House a permanent say in the company’s business. (The Trump administration has also purchased shares or options in other private companies involved in minerals, nuclear energy and semiconductors.)
IN THE PAST
The U.S. government received shares of auto companies while bailing them out during the Great Recession in 2009, but it sold those within a few years to recoup some of the money it had spent.
The Trump effort has centered on national security concerns. Prior administrations have taken control of the private sector briefly during wartime, but those were not ongoing ownership stakes.
“I can’t think of an example when companies were forced to pay premiums of this sort to the U.S. government — even giving federal actors formal long-term decision-making authority for corporate behavior — as a cost of doing business.”
Andrew Rudalevige
Professor of Government, Bowdoin College
Has happened, but under different circumstances
Carried out a major demolition and renovation of the White House
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
The Trump administration took down the East Wing of the White House to build a 90,000-square-foot ballroom.
IN THE PAST
The White House went through a demolition and renovation under President Truman, when the building was in danger of physical collapse.
Other presidents have made renovations — including significant expansions — but historians could not name another demolition of a major part of the building.
Has happened, but under different circumstances
Struck a deal with drug companies to sell prescriptions at lower prices and set up an online drugstore with the president’s name
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump has tried to lower prescription drug prices through two primary channels: He has made deals with numerous major drugmakers (including Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly) to sell drugs to Medicaid at lower prices; and he has committed to starting TrumpRx, a portal through which patients can buy drugs directly from drugmakers.
IN THE PAST
Previous presidents have tried various strategies to make prescription drugs more affordable, including negotiating with industry. (Most recently, the Biden administration brought drugmakers to the negotiating table.)
A marketplace with the president’s name on it is new.
“Earlier efforts to cut drug costs — Bill Clinton’s aborted price-control proposals, George W. Bush’s Medicare Part D expansion, Barack Obama’s negotiation push under the Affordable Care Act — were policy fights, not product launches.”
Alexis Coe Presidential historian and senior fellow at New America
Has happened, but under different circumstances
Pulled back public infrastructure grants in mostly blue states
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
The Trump administration has frozen and terminated grants for infrastructure that were largely set to be in districts that vote Democratic, and the president has bragged about it. “A lot of good can come down from shutdowns,” Mr. Trump said in October. “We can get rid of a lot of things that we didn’t want, and they’d be Democrat things.” (Some Republican districts have also lost projects.)
IN THE PAST
Pulling back funds already allocated is unusual, scholars told The Times. Presidents have often directed government benefits to key constituencies and favored states and districts, but not in such a public and direct manner.
When Nixon’s administration made large cuts to military bases in the early 1970s, states in the Northeast were hit the hardest, leading to speculation that politics played a role.
“Presidents have always played politics with public monies, although often as discreetly as possible.”
Stephen F. Knott
Emeritus Professor of National Security Affairs, United States Naval War College
Has happened, but under different circumstances
Signed large cuts to health care programs into law
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
The sprawling policy bill pushed by the president and passed by Republicans in July contained more than $1.1 trillion in cuts to health care programs, including roughly $900 billion in cuts to Medicaid — about 11 percent of projected spending on the program over a decade.
IN THE PAST
Under President Reagan, Congress reduced Medicaid and Medicare spending. Medicaid cuts in the early 1980s totaled $1 billion each year, around 5 percent of annual Medicaid spending. The cuts came in the form of smaller payments to states, which then cut services. (People forced off welfare rolls by Reagan’s administration often lost Medicaid benefits, too.) George W. Bush signed into law policy changes that made smaller reductions in Medicaid spending.
The Affordable Care Act, signed by President Obama in 2010, included more than $700 billion in reductions to Medicare, though the bill increased spending on health care overall.
“Since the beginning of federal health care programs in the 1930s, policymakers have been more likely to expand than cut such programs.”
Kendrick Clements Professor, University of South Carolina
Has happened, but under different circumstances
Auctioned face-to-face access
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
Mr. Trump invited people who spent the most on his personal cryptocurrency to a White House gala dinner.
IN THE PAST
Many presidents have rewarded their major donors with special privileges. (Bill Clinton gave some top donors meals, outings and overnight stays; major fund-raisers also stayed overnight in George W. Bush’s White House; and inaugurations have long been a way for donors to get close to the president.) But Mr. Trump, not his campaign, personally benefited from the crypto investments.
“The standards of White House conduct related to maintaining proper distance from acts of bribery, perceived or real, have demonstrably deteriorated over the years. In 1958, White House chief of staff Sherman Adams was forced to resign from the Eisenhower administration because he had accepted a vicuña overcoat and a rug from a Boston businessman under investigation by the Federal Trade Commission.”
Russell Riley
Professor of Ethics and Institutions, University of Virginia’s Miller Center
Has happened, but under different circumstances
Attacked the media, including suing newspapers
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump has directed defamation lawsuits against The Wall Street Journal and The Times. He has also sued Paramount (before starting his second term) over a Kamala Harris interview; blocked reporters from parts of the White House where they’ve been allowed for decades; threatened to pull broadcasters’ licences over late-night hosts he dislikes; imposed restrictions on military reporters; and persuaded Congress to cut funding for public media.
IN THE PAST
No other sitting president has specifically filed a defamation lawsuit against a newspaper. (Theodore Roosevelt did sue a small-town newspaper for libel for accusations of drunkenness, but only after leaving office.)
There is, however, a long history of attempts by presidential administrations to pressure the news media over critical coverage. Abraham Lincoln shut down pro-Confederacy newspapers during the Civil War and arrested their editors; in World War I, the government charged some journalists who opposed the war under the Espionage Act; the Nixon administration tried to stop the publication of the Pentagon Papers. Nixon also listed journalists on his “enemies list” and ordered wiretaps of reporters.
“White House grumping about critical coverage is an age-old feature of the Washington community. But rarely has this gone beyond a sharp elbow in the press room or maybe a back-channel call to the publisher to yelp.”
Russell Riley
Professor of Ethics and Institutions, University of Virginia’s Miller Center
Not uncommon
A few of Mr. Trump’s moves are, if not standard practice, still actions that other U.S. presidents have taken in recent decades.
Put on a military parade
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
In June, President Trump presided over a procession of troops, weaponry and military vehicles in Washington in commemoration of the Army’s 250th birthday and his own 79th.
IN THE PAST
Large-scale military parades aren’t uncommon, though they often happen during or at the close of a war. Among other examples, George H.W. Bush held a large military parade in 1991 after the Persian Gulf War, and John F. Kennedy hosted one during his inaugural in 1961, at the height of the Cold War.
Not uncommon
Established fast-track visas for wealthy immigrants
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
The president has launched a program that is intended to allow people to buy legal residency in the U.S. with a $1 million “contribution” to the U.S. government.
IN THE PAST
The U.S. has long had a program that allows entrance to wealthy immigrants: the EB-5 program, for people willing to invest $1 million (less in some circumstances) in a business that would hire Americans. President Trump’s program is new in style — it’s called the “gold card” — but not in function.
“Bill Clinton created the Immigrant Investor Pilot Program, with Obama extending the idea to the Regional Center Pilot Program. It’s actually not a new thing what President Trump is doing.”
Thomas Balcerski
Presidential Historian, Eastern Connecticut State University
Not uncommon
Helped broker an agreement for a cease-fire in Gaza, and an exchange of hostages and prisoners
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
The administration’s deal between Hamas and Israel in October — which Jared Kushner, Mr. Trump’s son-in-law, helped broker — resulted in a cease-fire and the release of the remaining Israeli hostages and hundreds of Palestinian prisoners.
IN THE PAST
It’s common for American presidents to step in and help negotiate deals between Israel and Arab nations; President Biden negotiated a cease-fire and prisoner exchange, though the deal fell apart.
“President Trump should be applauded for his effort in the Mideast. This is his greatest foreign policy achievement so far.”
Wilbur C. Rich
Emeritus Professor of Political Science, Wellesley College
Not uncommon
Pulled back United Nations funding
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump has withdrawn or frozen U.S. funding for several agencies within the U.N., including the World Health Organization and the Human Rights Council.
IN THE PAST
The Reagan administration, claiming mismanagement at the U.N., withheld funds in the 1980s. George W. Bush withheld money from the U.N.’s Population Fund over concerns about abortion and other family planning issues.
“The anti-U.N. rhetoric has been part of the Republican political discourse for some time.”
Manisha Sinha
Professor of American History, University of Connecticut
Not uncommon
Attacked Iran’s nuclear facilities
TRUMP’S ACTIONS
President Trump ordered an attack on three key nuclear sites in Iran in June, without seeking congressional authorization.
IN THE PAST
Though Mr. Trump was the first to bomb Iranian nuclear sites, previous administrations have engaged in sabotage of Iranian nuclear systems — including the George W. Bush and Obama administrations’ development and use of the computer worm Stuxnet. (That was a destructive program that targeted centrifuges and delayed Tehran’s ability to make nuclear weapons.)
More broadly, presidents have long taken military actions without congressional sign-off.
About the data
For this project, we reached out to dozens of historians and political scientists, including some participants of C-SPAN’s Presidential Historians Survey. We asked them to provide us with relevant precedent to specific Trump actions, if there were any, and to describe how those precedents were and were not similar to what Mr. Trump has done.
We received responses from 36 experts. In addition to those we quoted, we used notes and research from: Andrew Bacevich, Paul Brandus, Vernon Burton, Jeffrey Engel, Michael A. Genovese, Harold Holzer, Chandler James, Scott Kaufman, Thomas J. Knock, Douglas L. Kriner, Allan Lichtman, Bruce Miroff, Barbara Perry, Gary Richardson, Robert Schmuhl, Craig Shirley, Brooks Simpson, Robert Strong, Tevi Troy, Mark K. Updegrove, Ted Widmer, B. Dan Wood and David B. Woolner.
We categorized actions based on the overall responses, along with additional reporting and research.
Justin Vaughn and Brandon Rottinghaus of the Presidential Greatness Project assisted in establishing a list of historians and constructing the initial survey.
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