Culture

Maria Teresa Horta, the Last of Portugal’s ‘Three Marias,’ Dies at 87

Published

1 month ago

February 11, 2025

Maria Teresa Horta, the Last of Portugal’s ‘Three Marias,’ Dies at 87

Maria Teresa Horta, a Portuguese feminist writer who helped shatter her conservative country’s strictures on women, died on Feb. 4 at her home in Lisbon. She was 87.

Her death was announced on Facebook by her publisher, Dom Quixote. The Portuguese prime minister, Luis Montenegro, paid tribute to her on X, calling her “an important example of freedom and the struggle to recognize the place of women.”

Ms. Horta was the last surviving member of the celebrated writers known as the “Three Marias,” who together wrote the landmark 1972 book “Novas Cartas Portuguesas” (“New Portuguese Letters”). A collection of letters the women wrote to one another about their problems as women in Portugal, it opened up a world of repressed female sexuality, infuriated the country’s ham-fisted dictatorship and led to their arrest and criminal prosecution on charges of indecency and abuse of freedom of the press.

“To feminists around the world, as well as to champions of a free press, the police action against the Portuguese women in June 1972 was an outrage that slowly became the focus of an international protest movement,” Time magazine wrote in July 1973.

The Three Marias — Ms. Horta, Maria Isabel Barreno (1939-2016) and Maria Velho da Costa (1938-2020) — became international feminist folk heroes, and the book’s fame alerted the world to repression under the Portuguese dictatorship. Simone de Beauvoir, Marguerite Duras and Adrienne Rich were among the writers who declared their public support. The National Organization for Women voted to make the case its first international feminist cause.

The case was not Ms. Horta’s first brush with controversy.

In 1967 she had been “beaten in the street” after the publication of her breakthrough volume of poetry, “Minha Senhora de Mim” (“My Lady of Me”), she told her biographer Patrícia Reis in 2019. That book “challenged something deeply rooted in this country,” she said: “the silencing of female sexuality.”

Frequent knocks on the door by the Portuguese secret police became part of her life.

The themes of her work grew from what she characterized as a dual oppression: being a woman in Portugal’s male-dominated society and growing up in a police state.

“I was born in a fascist country, a country that stole liberty, a country of cruelty, prisons, torture,” she told an Italian interviewer in 2018. “And I understood very early on that I couldn’t stand for this.”

She also wouldn’t stand for the oppression of women in Portugal’s traditional macho culture. “Women are beaten or raped just as much by a doctor, a lawyer, a politician, whoever, as by a worker, a peasant and so on,” she told the Lisbon daily Diário de Notícias in 2017. “Women have always been beaten and have always been raped. People do not consider the violence that goes on in bed, in the sexual act with their husband.”

In 1971, these preoccupations inspired Ms. Horta to start meeting every week with two friends and fellow authors, Ms. Barreno and Ms. da Costa, to share written reflections on the common themes that troubled them.

They were inspired by a classic work from the 17th century, “Letters of a Portuguese Nun,” supposedly written by a young woman shut up in a Portuguese convent to the French cavalry officer who had abandoned her. Scholars now believe the work was fiction, but its powerful expression of pent-up longing and frustration resonated with the three Marias.

Like the nun in the book, they used letters to one another, as well as poems, to express their unhappiness as women in their early 30s, educated by nuns, married and with children, in a Lisbon stifling under a 35-year dictatorship, rigid Catholicism and ill-judged colonial wars in Africa.

When they published the writings as “New Portuguese Letters,” they vowed never to reveal to outsiders, much less the police, who had written what.

“Their views and natures were far apart,” Neal Ascherson wrote in The New York Review of Books in a review of the 1975 English translation, titled “The Three Marias.” “Maria Isabel the coolest, Maria Teresa the gaudiest personality, Maria Fátima the one who swerved away from pure feminism toward social and psychological analyses of a whole people’s oppression.”

The strange hybrid — Mr. Ascherson called it “a huge and complicated garland” — is suffused with repressed rage at the condition the women find themselves in.

“They wanted the three of us to sit in parlors, patiently embroidering our days with the many silences, the many soft words and gestures that custom dictates,” one of the letters says. “But whether it be here or in Beja, we have refused to be cloistered, we are quietly, or brazenly, stripping ourselves of our habits all of a sudden.”

Another letter says, “We have also won the right to choose vengeance, since vengeance is part of love, and love is a right long since granted us in practice: practicing love with our thighs, our long legs that expertly fulfill the exercise expected of them.”

Although Mr. Ascherson found the book “often maddeningly imprecise, self-indulgent and flatulent,” he said that “where it is precise, the book still bites” and “where it is erotic, it is neither exhibitionist nor coy but well calculated to touch the mind through emotion.”

A few Portuguese reviewers welcomed it as “brave, daring and violent,” as the author Nuno de Sampayo put it in the Lisbon newspaper A Capital. They predicted a difficult reception.

Prime Minister Marcello Caetano attempted to put the authors in jail, calling them “women who shame the country, who are unpatriotic.”

On May 25, 1972, the state press censor banned the book. The next day it was sent to the criminal police department in Lisbon. When the authors’ trial opened in 1973, the crowd was so great that the judge ordered the courtroom cleared.

In May 1974, nearly two years after their arrests and two weeks after the Portuguese dictatorship was overthrown, the Three Marias were acquitted.

Judge Artur Lopes Cardoso, who had been overseeing the case, became a sudden convert, declaring the book “neither pornographic nor immoral.” “On the contrary,” he said, “it is a work of art of high level, following other works of art produced by the same authors.”

Maria Teresa de Mascarenhas Horta Barros was born in Lisbon on May 20, 1937, the daughter of Jorge Augusto da Silva Horta, a prominent doctor and a conservative who supported the dictatorship, and Carlota Maria Mascarenhas. Her paternal grandmother had been prominent in the Portuguese suffragist movement.

Maria attended Filipa de Lencastre High School, graduated from the Faculty of Arts at the University of Lisbon, and published her first book of poetry at 23. She would go on to write nearly 30 more, as well as 10 novels.

She was also a critic and reporter for several newspapers and the literary editor of A Capital.

In the 1980s, she edited the feminist magazine Mulheres, which was linked to the Portuguese Communist Party. (She was a member of the party from 1975 to 1989.)

No matter the genre — poetry, fiction or journalism — she considered writing a public duty.

“The obligation of a poet is not to be in an ivory tower; it is not to be isolated but to be among people,” she told the online magazine Guernica in 2014. “As a journalist, I never isolated myself. I was a journalist at a daily newspaper and every day I went out on the street. Every day I had contact with people.”

She won most of her country’s top literary prizes, but she caused a stir in 2012 when she refused to accept the D. Dinis Award because she objected to the government’s right-leaning politics.

She is survived by her son, Luis Jorge Horta de Barros, and two grandsons. Her husband, the journalist Luis de Barros, a former editor of the newspaper O Diário, died in 2019.

“People ask me why I am a feminist,” Ms. Horta told Guernica in 2014. “Because I am a woman of freedom and equality and it is not possible to have freedom in the world when half of humanity has no rights.”

Kirsten Noyes and Daphné Anglès contributed research.

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Culture

What to Know About the New ‘Hunger Games’ Prequel, ‘Sunrise on the Reaping’

Published

4 hours ago

March 15, 2025

Press Room

What to Know About the New ‘Hunger Games’ Prequel, ‘Sunrise on the Reaping’

What is Panem?

Panem is a fictionalized, future version of the United States. People in the country’s 12 districts, which loosely correspond to regions of the U.S., toil to supply resources to the Capitol, where the rich and powerful live. (“In school, they tell us the Capitol was built in a place once called the Rockies. District 12 was in a region known as Appalachia,” Katniss says in “The Hunger Games.”)

In the poorest district, 12, people regularly starve to death or die in coal mining accidents. Capitol citizens, on the other hand, are so wealthy that some people take tonics to make themselves throw up so they can feast on even more food. They are known for their outlandish fashion and are waited on by avoxes, enslaved people who have had their tongues cut out as punishment for treason.

About 74 years before the events of the first “Hunger Games” book, the districts rebelled against the Capitol. The ensuing civil war culminated in the Capitol obliterating the most powerful district, 13. After the rebellion, the government created the Hunger Games to punish and control the remaining districts.

What are the Hunger Games?

Every year on July 4, all district children between the ages of 12 and 18 are entered into a lottery, and one boy and one girl from each region are selected to compete in the Hunger Games. The “tributes” must battle one another in an arena to the death; the one left standing is rewarded with riches, as is his or her district.

In “The Hunger Games,” Katniss competes in the 74th Hunger Games. The televised competition, which is required viewing for all citizens, includes a macabre sort of athlete’s parade, interviews, opportunities for betting on and sponsoring the tributes and technical spectacle within the arena, including planned weather events and bioengineered creatures, or “mutts.” Katniss and Peeta Mellark, the other District 12 tribute, become the first joint victors; in “Catching Fire,” they and other previous winners must return to the arena to compete in the 75th Games, also called the third Quarter Quell.

Culture

Here are four ways Unrivaled could change the WNBA

Published

15 hours ago

March 14, 2025

Press Room

Here are four ways Unrivaled could change the WNBA

Near the end of 2022, New York Liberty star Breanna Stewart took a meeting at a New York City steakhouse to hear an idea to change the landscape of professional women’s basketball.

Stewart was preparing to spend part of another WNBA offseason abroad. Alex Bazzell, the husband of Minnesota Lynx star Napheesa Collier, had seen his wife play multiple seasons overseas, too. He pitched Stewart on a business proposition to keep most WNBA stars in the U.S. during the winter months instead.

Over red wine, Stewart was immediately interested in the concept of Unrivaled, a professional women’s 3×3 league that would promise the highest salaries in American women’s team sports. She eventually agreed to co-found the league along with Collier.

“It’s crazy to think about that meeting to where we are now,” Stewart said as Unrivaled approaches the end of its initial 10-week season.

Four of the league’s six teams play in the semifinals on Sunday. The championship game is on Monday. Stewart, whose Mist Basketball Club has already been eliminated, said Unrivaled could elevate players’ experiences across all professional women’s basketball.

The WNBA is coming off a season of record viewership. Last year was the most-watched regular season in 24 years and Game 5 of the WNBA Finals was the most-watched finals game in 25 years. The league also set records for digital consumption and merchandise and had its highest total attendance in more than two decades.

Still, Stewart is optimistic that Unrivaled can push the landscape even further.

“We’re uplifting the standard by just showing that when you invest and get behind us, anything is possible,” Stewart said.

Playoffs are quickly approaching! ⏳How are y’all preparing? ⬇️👀 pic.twitter.com/RDX4AgwN5B
— Unrivaled Basketball (@Unrivaledwbb) March 13, 2025

Here are a few ways Unrivaled could influence the WNBA:

1. Raise salaries and provide players equity

Unrivaled launched at a critical juncture in the sport. The explosive growth coincides with negotiations between the WNBA and Women’s National Basketball Players Association on a new collective bargaining agreement, where players are expected to push for higher salaries. The players opted out of the previous agreement last October.

Unrivaled paid record salaries, an average of around $220,000 per player, and provided player equity, which the WNBA doesn’t provide. Thirty-six players signed on for Unrivaled, with six more available for injury relief.

Salaries would have been a top priority for the WNBPA no matter what. But the discrepancy between average salaries (the WNBA’s average salary was around $120,000 in 2024) kept the topic of pay at the forefront this winter.

Another part of Unrivaled’s model — giving players around 15 percent of its league equity — could also be a precursor to a change in the WNBA, which is entering its 29th season this summer. The WNBPA has stated that it wants an equity-based model that evolves with the league’s business success in the next CBA.

2. Improved amenities and added childcare

The leagues have numerous differences (operational expenses, ownership structure, game format, season length, roster sizes), but Unrivaled’s commitment to prioritizing the player experience could also influence the W.

“We’re taking the things we like here and we’re going to tell our ownership,” said Rhyne Howard, a star wing on the WNBA’s Atlanta Dream and Unrivaled’s Vinyl Basketball Club.

A WNBA arms race has been underway with several franchises building new facilities and improving their amenities. Still, the offerings can vary widely from franchise to franchise.

Unrivaled created a private professional-level training space in a matter of months, outfitting a former TV production studio in the Miami area into an all-encompassing performance center and arena.

Some of what struck Unrivaled players was relatively small. The renovated facility includes a sauna and cold tub, two amenities that aren’t a 24/7 given with all WNBA clubs. Multiple players also appreciated heating pads on the training room tables.

Unrivaled vice president and general manager Clare Duwelius, the Minnesota Lynx’s former general manager, served as a point person for player requests. No ask was too big or too small, she said. “If the players put it on our radar, we aimed to provide that,” Duwelius said.

Perhaps most importantly, Unrivaled also ensured its facility offered robust childcare options. Wayfair Arena has a nursing room, nursery room and a kids room, which has toys, books, puzzles and even a mini basketball hoop with stickers of the six teams plastered on the backboard. The league hired nannies so players could drop off their kids at their convenience, whether for games, practices or other league obligations.

Katie Lou Samuelson, a forward on Phantom Basketball Club and the WNBA’s Seattle Storm, has used the services for her 1-year-old daughter.

“Napheesa’s daughter, (Skylar Diggins-Smith’s) daughter, they’ve all built a little friendship together (with my daughter),” Samuelson said. “When we first started out, she didn’t want me to leave, and now she’s like, all right mom, you can go.”

The WNBA’s 2020 CBA made significant strides in its parental care policy, and some organizations have similar setups to Unrivaled. The Phoenix Mercury have a kids’ playroom and provide childcare during games. The Minnesota Lynx use a local company to help provide nanny care, and they have a space in Target Center for kids to play and sleep.

“I just feel super comfortable knowing that I can go into any game, I can do any treatment I need to do after the games end and there’s going to be someone there watching her and taking care of her until it’s time to go,” Samuelson said. “I don’t feel rushed, and it’s been really nice.”

Breanna Stewart, an Unrivaled co-founder, hopes to bring some touches from the 3×3 league to the WNBA. (Megan Briggs / Getty Images)

3. More partnership opportunities

Unrivaled brokered partnerships with multiple companies new to women’s basketball. More than a half dozen of the league’s corporate sponsors are not existing NBA or WNBA partners, including Sephora, Wayfair, Samsung Galaxy, Morgan Stanley and VistaPrint. Collier said the league showed “what is possible when you have the players’ brand buy-in.” Lexie Hull, a guard on Unrivaled’s Rose Basketball Club who plays for the WNBA’s Indiana Fever, said Unrivaled’s partnerships highlighted that numerous companies are eager to work with women’s sports leagues and their athletes.

As a startup, Unrivaled can be more nimble. Because the WNBA is affiliated with the NBA, there is shared coordination on some dual sponsorship deals.

The WNBA increased its number of sponsorships by 19 percent last year, according to Marketing Brew, and the league had a record 24 sponsor activations at its All-Star Game fan fest last summer.

Jordin Canada, a guard on the WNBA’s Atlanta Dream and Unrivaled’s Rose Basketball Club, said Unrivaled’s deals “puts pressure” on the WNBA to put its players at the forefront of more arrangements. Some deals might fit better with just the WNBA than with the WNBA and NBA combined.

Already one of Unrivaled’s corporate partners that did not have a previous tie to the WNBA is getting involved with one of the league’s franchises. Sephora announced in early January it will be the Toronto Tempo’s founding partner.

“It’s important to bring in all sorts of brands and people and introduce them to new faces,” said Chelsea Gray, a star guard for the WNBA’s Las Vegas Aces and Unrivaled’s Rose Basketball Club. “I would encourage the (WNBA) to look at different partnerships and bring them along as well.”

4. Upping offseason promotion

Unrivaled prompted more than 30 of the WNBA’s top players to live in one area, leading to more publicity as they interacted with one another. Photo and video content was pumped out on official Unrivaled channels and on individual player platforms, keeping players more frequently in conversations among WNBA fans.

“That was a missing piece because you wouldn’t know what was happening for seven months because you were overseas,” Stewart said.

In recent years, the WNBA has stressed the importance of relevancy during its offseason. The league signs a few players each season to marketing agreements, which compensate players as brand ambassadors. But Unrivaled has boosted those efforts.

Shakira Austin, a center for Unrivaled’s Lunar Owls Basketball Club and the WNBA’s Washington Mystics, said Unrivaled has been a “10 out of 10” in capturing player personalities, creating social content that is timely to online trends. That’s something she hopes to see more of in the WNBA season.

“We’re used to being overseas in God knows what country and you’d be lucky to even get some good internet service,” Austin said. “So to be able to have 24/7 almost access to the WNBA players while we’re playing year-round now, it’s dope and I think it’s something that can continue to move forward.”

Unrivaled’s players and executives said they hope the winter venture complements the WNBA, which holds its annual draft in April and tips off its season in May.

“This league is meant to be an aid to the WNBA,” Hull said. “They’re supposed to live in cohesion.”

During the Unrivaled season, WNBA officials, including commissioner Cathy Engelbert and head of league operations Bethany Donaphin, visited the league in Florida. Stewart said she hoped they observed all aspects of the new venture.

Duwelius said players are relaying feedback to her on Unrivaled’s first season. Stewart wants more space for the in-person fan experiences and for training rooms. How Unrivaled handles injuries is worth watching as well, along with its plans for some touring games next year. Bazzell said previously that the league would visit no more than four cities — targeting non-WNBA cities and college towns — and still have a home base next season.

Unrivaled’s impact, however, could be felt in just a few weeks when players return to their WNBA markets.

“From what we did in the W, to now flipping switches to Unrivaled to soon flipping back to the W, we’re just continuing to have people know what these players are doing constantly,” Stewart said. “We just want to make sure we’re growing the sport as a whole.”

(Top photo of Napheesa Collier defending Angel Reese: Rich Storry / Getty Images)

Culture

Book Review: ‘Trespassers at the Golden Gate,’ by Gary Krist

Published

1 day ago

March 14, 2025

Press Room

Book Review: ‘Trespassers at the Golden Gate,’ by Gary Krist

There were always those who did not conform: Krist’s wide canvas is peopled with intriguing minor figures like Ah Toy, a Chinese immigrant sex worker; a French frog-catcher, Jeanne Bonnet, who fell afoul of restrictions on cross-dressing; and Mary Ellen Pleasant, a civil rights pioneer who fought to desegregate the city’s streetcars. But these individuals rarely had the means to bend the city to their own tastes and notions of justice.

And when one of the men in power — a married lawyer named Alexander Parker Crittenden — was brazenly killed by his lover, the younger, licentious, murderous woman became the scapegoat, bearing all the sins of the city.

Except for brief vignettes from the trial, Krist’s narrative does not return to the scene of the crime for more than 200 pages. This structure demands a fair amount of investment in people whose motives and morals are muddled, at best. Crittenden, his wife and his lover, Laura Fair, had all migrated to San Francisco from the antebellum South, and carried with them the prejudices of those origins: They were pro-slavery, anti-Lincoln and, in due course, Confederate sympathizers (a cause for which the Crittendens’ eldest son died). “Unfortunately,” as Krist puts it rather mildly, it was Crittenden who, while briefly serving in the California State Legislature, was responsible for writing a “notorious statute” banning the testimony of nonwhite defendants from admissibility in court.

These were people who benefited from the restrictive moral code of a “mature” Victorian city, even as they chafed at its constraints. Crittenden, who is described repeatedly as “restless” or “reckless,” did not amass a great deal of actual influence: His political ambitions were thwarted, and what money he earned ran through his hands like fool’s gold. Still, he moved around the country freely, enjoying, as his frustrated lover put it, “the man’s thousand privileges,” which included leaving his wife and children for months or years on end.

During one of those extended wanderings, in pursuit of the riches flowing out of Nevada’s silver mines, Crittenden met Fair, then a 26-year-old with a young daughter, running a boardinghouse with her mother. “Thrice married — twice divorced and once (somewhat suspiciously) widowed — the hotheaded and independent Fair refused to be fixed by the feminine clichés of her time. Amid the rampant speculation in precious metals, she amassed a substantial investment portfolio and occasionally lent her lover money.