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The 25 worst losses in college football history, including Baylor’s 2024 entry at Colorado

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The 25 worst losses in college football history, including Baylor’s 2024 entry at Colorado

Baylor plays LSU on Tuesday night in the Texas Bowl, Dave Aranda’s team looking for its seventh straight win to finish the season in a matchup that sets the table for the Fiesta Bowl quarterfinal.

The Bears bumping right up against a College Football Playoff game is fitting because one might argue Baylor could be in it without the most brutal loss in school history — one of the wildest on record in a sport made for mind-melting defeats.

As we prepare to cross over into 2025, let’s celebrate the 25 worst losses of all time. “Worst” is mostly an evaluation of circumstances, with consequences factoring heavily. Your garden-variety Hail Mary isn’t enough. We’re talking plays that couldn’t possibly be duplicated, calls that can’t be explained, gigantic leads blown and/or great seasons squandered.

And yes, a lot of these games can be flipped around as all-time best wins. But today we celebrate the losers.

One game that didn’t qualify: The original “Fifth Down” game between Cornell and Dartmouth in 1940. Cornell scored a touchdown to win 7-3 on an extra down that shouldn’t have been permitted, circumstances similar to one of the games on the list that follows. But Cornell sent a telegram the next day to Dartmouth, officially forfeiting the game. Were it not for those swell Big Red chaps, the Big Green would be on this list.

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Auburn 17, Alabama 16 • Dec. 1, 1972

“Punt Bama Punt,” they like to call it, and a nickname like that gives a game a strong chance to end up on a list like this. Paul “Bear” Bryant’s team was 10-0 and ranked No. 2 coming into this Iron Bowl against Ralph Jordan’s 8-1, No. 9 Tigers, and the higher-ranked team controlled the game — seeking a win that would provide access to a national championship shot against Texas in the Cotton Bowl. Access was denied by Bill Newton, who inexplicably blocked two punts in the final 10 minutes, and David Langner, who returned them both for touchdowns. This has it all — unimaginable plays by a hated rival, costing a team its shot at glory.

Colorado 33, Missouri 31 • Oct. 6, 1990

Missouri appears twice on this list, with middling teams, but in both cases, their losses led to conference rivals winning shares of national championships. One was pure luck, but this one was made possible by some of the worst officiating malpractice on record. Colorado quarterback Charles Johnson spiked the ball twice in a sequence that ended with him scoring on the Buffs’ fifth play, which obviously never should have happened. An underrated aspect of this debacle: Replays cast serious doubt on whether he actually got into the end zone.

Texas A&M 36, Kansas State 33 (double OT) • Dec. 5, 1998 • Big 12 title game

This is an all-time bag fumble, not just for that Kansas State team but for a program that could have gained so much from being in the first BCS title game. No. 2 UCLA’s upset loss to Miami meant Bill Snyder’s Wildcats just needed to beat the Aggies as 17.5-point favorites. They just needed to preserve a 27-12 lead in the final nine minutes of the game. But Sirr Parker caught the tying touchdown and two-point conversion, then the winner in double-overtime, and Florida State leapfrogged Kansas State and UCLA to play (and lose to) Tennessee.

Michigan State 27, Michigan 23 • Oct. 17, 2015

There aren’t enough Hail Marys in the world to approximate the improbability of Michigan punting, up 23-21, from the Michigan State 47-yard-line with 10 seconds left and Blake O’Neill fumbling the snap; O’Neill trying to pick it up and spin rather than falling on it; O’Neill getting hit and letting it pop into the air; Michigan State’s Jalen Watts-Jackson grabbing it in full stride; and Watts-Jackson following a convoy of Spartans into the end zone as time expired and his hip was broken and dislocated.

This is how Jim Harbaugh’s first meeting with Mark Dantonio ended. It would deny Harbaugh’s first team a home shot at Ohio State for a spot in the Big Ten title game — it would be six years before he won the league. The hated Spartans ended up winning at Ohio State, winning the Big Ten and earning a spot in the College Football Playoff. Circumstances and consequences, maxed out.

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Tennessee 28, Arkansas 24 • Nov. 14, 1998

A lot of people forget that Houston Nutt’s Razorbacks were 8-0 and ranked No. 9 coming to Knoxville to play the No. 1 Vols. More people remember how they blew it. The Hogs had it at their 49 with 1:47 left, up 24-22, and Tennessee had one timeout left. Arkansas went play action. UT’s Billy Ratliff drove Arkansas guard Brandon Burlsworth back and Burlsworth stepped on quarterback Clint Stoerner’s foot. Stoerner could have secured the ball as he fell, but he left it on the grass. The Vols took that incredible gift all the way to the national championship. What if Arkansas hadn’t committed an all-time gaffe? Would the following week’s 22-21 upset loss at Mississippi State gone differently? Would the Hogs have ended up in the BCS title game? We’ll never know.

Auburn 34, Alabama 28 • Nov. 30, 2013

Auburn got to this game at 10-1, ranked No. 4 on the strength of another candidate for this list — the 73-yard “immaculate deflection” to stun Georgia — but it took something more improbable to emerge as a national title contender. Nick Saban went for the win for No. 1, unbeaten Alabama with a 57-yard field goal try. It turned into a 109-yard Chris Davis return for the win, “The Kick Six.” Of course, if you want to talk repercussions, Saban and Alabama would be back again and again. A season that finished with a loss in the last BCS title game tied Auburn to Malzahn for another seven seasons, and he never lost fewer than four games again.

Nebraska 45, Missouri 38 (overtime) • Nov. 8, 1997

Show me more misery, Missouri! At least this loss to a hated conference rival that went on to win the whole thing was about bad luck, not incomprehensible human error. But what luck — Scott Frost’s pass bouncing off intended receiver Shevin Wiggins’ chest, hitting the foot of a Missouri player and bouncing up, then off Wiggins’ leg and finally into the hands of diving Cornhusker Matt Davison with the clock at zeroes. The “Flea Kicker” was not unlike Pee Wee Herman’s chain-reaction “breakfast machine” in action, and it cost the Tigers their first win over the Huskers in 20 years.

Michigan State 16, Ohio State 13 • Nov. 9, 1974

It was eventual Heisman winner Archie Griffin, Woody Hayes and No. 1 Ohio State as four-touchdown favorites at a 4-3-1 team. Michigan State fullback Levi Jackson sprinted 88 yards for the winning score and was greeted in the end zone by bell-bottomed student revelers. Then it got weird. Ohio State got to the Michigan State 1-yard line, hurried for a final play and landed on the fumbled ball in the end zone. One official signaled touchdown, another signaled time had expired, they all fled a field filling with fans, and it took 46 minutes for Big Ten commissioner Wayne Duke to tell Hayes he had officially lost. His vengeance included turning Michigan State in for NCAA violations, leading to probation that crippled the program until the late 1970s.

Cal 25, Stanford 20, Nov. 20 • 1982

“The Play,” a kickoff return for a touchdown as time expired featuring five laterals, the Stanford band on the field taking body shots and Joe Starkey’s exquisitely unhinged radio call, deserves that title and is perhaps the finest single summation of this sport. But being on the other side of that is bitter, especially considering a couple of those laterals were awfully close to forward passes and a knee sure looked like it might have been on the ground. It’s been analyzed countless times with varying conclusions. Stanford coach Paul Wiggin, fired a year later, said it crushed his program. Of course, had he not instructed quarterback John Elway to call timeout with eight seconds left before the would-be winning field goal to account for a possible miscue, there would have been no time for “The Play.”

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Miami 30, Duke 27 • Oct. 31, 2015

The winning play itself, a kickoff return consisting of eight laterals, lasting 49 seconds and winding all the way back to the Miami 3-yard line before heading back the other way, was even more breathtaking than Cal’s 1982 winner against Stanford. Problem was, officials threw a flag on an illegal block in the back. Bigger problem was, they overturned that upon review — even though the rulebook gave them no permission to review an illegal block in the back. Oh and by the way, the ACC said in a statement announcing the suspension of the entire crew (including the replay official), a runner’s knee was down and there was an additional penalty on Miami that should have been called. Shucks, sorry!

Mississippi State 21, Ole Miss 20 • Nov. 28, 2019

Rivalries abound on this list, which makes sense because nothing is worse than losing to a rival. Also, because rivalry games serve as crockpots for the absurd. Few can match the circumstances of this particular Egg Bowl, in which Ole Miss receiver Elijah Moore caught an apparent tying touchdown from Matt Corral with four seconds left and celebrated by impersonating a dog urinating in the end zone. The ensuing penalty led to a missed extra point. Firings ensued, The Athletic later writing a piece on how nearly 300 coaching careers were affected. Woof.

Colorado 38, Baylor 31 (overtime) • Sept. 22, 2024

Yes, the big play was technically a Hail Mary, but it was not the usual: drop back, set up, launch high, hope a receiver can high point or a tip lands fortuitously. This was Shedeur Sanders taking a snap from the Baylor 43, bailing left to escape an extra Baylor rusher, setting his feet for a fraction of a second and launching the dart of darts into the hands of LaJohntay Wester, who was way too available in the end zone. This came after Baylor led 24-10, squandered that, got the ball at the Colorado 26 with a 31-24 lead and 3:58 left, ran three times, missed a field goal, then let the Buffs escape from second-and-24 at their own 31 with 55 seconds left. It ended for Baylor at the goal line in overtime, Travis Hunter knocking the ball loose to erase a would-be tying touchdown.

Aranda later said his team was “cut wide open” by the loss, and it showed the next week as the Bears fell behind 28-7 to BYU at home. They stormed back and had a chance to win late but fell 34-28. What if Baylor does any one of several things to close out Colorado and isn’t battling the combo of Cougars/catastrophe hangover the next week? This turned into a team that was good enough to play for a Big 12 title.

UNLV 27, Baylor 24 • Sept. 11, 1999

Strictly in terms of circumstances, this is Baylor’s worst loss. But since Kevin Steele’s team finished 1-10 and was blown out most weeks, this will have to settle for second. What a beauty, though. The Bears had the ball at the Rebels’ 8-yard line with 28 seconds left, up 24-21. Kneel and celebrate? Nah. Steele wanted another touchdown. One play, strip, fumble and 100-yard return later, Steele’s head coaching career was off to a foreboding start.

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Central Michigan 30, Oklahoma State 27 • Sept. 10, 2016

The Hail Mary that didn’t quite get there, and had to be finished by a lateral for a 51-yard touchdown on the final play of the game would have been enough to make this part of Oklahoma State’s unwanted lore. The fact that it never should have happened makes it much worse. The Mid-American Conference crew penalized Oklahoma State for intentional grounding on what should have been the final play, a throw away with four seconds left. The crew incorrectly ruled that game couldn’t end on that play. It should have. Resulting apologies were not well received.

Colorado State 48, Washington State 45 • Dec. 21, 2013 • New Mexico Bowl

The late, great Mike Leach coached Washington State in a 67-63 loss to UCLA in 2019 that featured the third-largest blown lead in FBS history — 32 points — and yet that one didn’t quite make the cut. He has two others that did, including this doozy in which the Cougars led 45-30 with less than three minutes to play. Colorado State scored. Wazzu lost a fumble, ruled down upon review. Wazzu lost another fumble and this one counted. Colorado State scored and tied it on a “Statue of Liberty” two-point play. Wazzu fumbled away the ensuing kickoff, setting up the winning field goal.

Cal 60, Washington State 59 • Oct. 4, 2014

This one has a claim as the wildest game on record, with the teams combining for 56 points in the third quarter and the quarterbacks — Cal’s Jared Goff and Wazzu’s Connor Halliday — playing catch with no resistance. Goff threw for 527 yards and five touchdowns. Halliday threw for an NCAA-record 734 yards and six scores. So it’s a tossup and someone had to lose, right? Not when you’re Washington State and you gave up kickoff returns for touchdowns of 100 and 98 yards to Trevor Davis. Not when you’re Washington State and you suffer the ultimate college kicker moment, a 19-yard Quentin Breshears miss for the win to lose.

Georgia Tech 23, Miami 20 • Oct. 7, 2023

Mario Cristobal may yet return the Hurricanes to the heights of two decades ago and earlier, but in the meantime, he really shouldn’t be able to live down this abject failure to do math. Especially since he lost in a similar way as Oregon’s coach five years earlier — running a play and fumbling the ball away when his team could have taken a knee to kill the clock. Call it Kevin Steele-itis. Georgia Tech managing to go 74 yards in 24 seconds for the win is the kind of math that makes you think football karma was involved.

Michigan State 41, Northwestern 38 • Oct. 21, 2006

Still the largest comeback in FBS history, it saw John L. Smith’s Spartans trailing 38-3, scoring a touchdown with 7:03 left in the third quarter and ripping off another 31 in a row to shock Pat Fitzgerald’s first Northwestern team. Two interceptions and a blocked punt for a touchdown aided the madness. The Wildcats finished 4-8. For Spartans fans, this was like NFL fans watching a team win to blow a higher draft pick — they wanted Smith fired as soon as possible. He got a one-week reprieve, but a blowout loss at Indiana a week later gave them their wish.

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Texas Tech 44, Minnesota 41 • Dec. 29, 2006 • Insight Bowl

Leach was on the right side of this one, but Minnesota’s Glen Mason decidedly was not: He was fired two days after his team blew a 31-point lead in the game’s final 20 minutes. And AD Joel Maturi made it clear the nature of the collapse — not the first in Mason’s tenure — factored into the decision. Mason’s decision to go for a fourth-and-7 rather than try a field goal, up 38-21 in the fourth quarter, factored significantly into the result.

Houston 35, Pittsburgh 34 • Jan. 2, 2015 • Armed Forces Bowl

Paul Chryst had moved on to Wisconsin, Pat Narduzzi was hired to be Pitt’s next coach and Joe Rudolph in the interim oversaw an astounding squandering of a game in hand. Pitt led 31-6 with less than 11 minutes to play and 34-13 with less than four minutes on the clock. Two recovered onside kicks and a flurry of plays at the expense of Pitt’s disappearing defense changed all that.

BYU 46, SMU 45 • Dec. 19, 1980 • Holiday Bowl

This was early branding for a bowl game that has delivered consistent bangers over the years, and it was an inexplicable collapse for Ron Meyer’s Mustangs, starring Eric Dickerson and Craig James. SMU dominated for about 58 minutes, then gave up 21 points in the final 2:33 to lose. That included a recovered onside kick and a Hail Mary on the final play, Jim McMahon to a leaping Clay Brown.

Maryland 42, Miami 40 • Nov. 10, 1984

Jimmy Johnson’s defending national champion Miami Hurricanes had a tough run of luck in 1984, and anyone who follows college football has seen countless replays of Doug Flutie’s Hail Mary to beat the Canes that season. But the previous loss was worse — the largest blown lead in FBS history at the time. Frank Reich came off the Maryland bench and pulled off the unthinkable, as he would do years later with the Buffalo Bills. It was 31-0 Miami at halftime, but he threw six touchdowns after the break and the Terps stopped a tying two-point conversion to hold on.

Penn State 15, Kansas 14 • Jan. 1, 1969 • Orange Bowl

Joe Paterno went for the two-point conversion and the win with 15 seconds left to deliver his first undefeated season, but the co-Big Eight champion Jayhawks got the stop to finish 10-1 … wait, check the flag. Kansas, 12 men on the field. The Kansas fans who rushed the field headed back to the stands. And of course, the Nittany Lions converted on their second chance. Kansas coach Pepper Rodgers got star John Riggins back the next season, but his team went from 9-2 to 1-9.

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TCU 47, Oregon 41 (triple overtime) • Jan. 2, 2016 • Alamo Bowl

It was 31-0 Oregon at halftime. It was 31-31 at the end of regulation after Gary Patterson’s Horned Frogs scored points on all six of their second-half possessions. The Ducks had a reason for their offensive disappearance — quarterback Vernon Adams Jr.’s finger injury — but the defense vacated as well. Mark Helfrich responded by demoting defensive coordinator Don Pellum to linebackers coach. The 4-8 season that followed cost Helfrich his job, just two years after his team lost in the national title game.

Miami 13, Holy Cross 6 • Jan. 1, 1946 • Orange Bowl

The only bowl game in Holy Cross history — a program that dropped from what is now called FBS to FCS in 1981 — was right there for the taking. The 8-1 Crusaders were driving on the 8-1-1 Hurricanes, and coach John “Ox” DaGrosa called for a pass in the waning seconds from the Miami 26. It bounced off receiver Al Conway and into the hands of Miami’s Al Hudson, who took it back 89 yards for the win as time expired.

(Photo of Dave Aranda:  Andrew Wevers / Getty Images)

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Closed-Door Romance Books That Will Make You Swoon

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Closed-Door Romance Books That Will Make You Swoon

As a lifelong fan of romantic comedies, my list of favorite “sweet” romances is extensive.

Not because I have a spice aversion — but because the rom-coms I love most, with that classic cinematic vibe, often come with fewer peppers on the spice scale.

Some people refer to these books as “closed door.” I prefer to think of them as “in the hall” romances (though that admittedly doesn’t roll off the tongue quite the same way). The reader is there for all the swoon, the burn and the banter — but when things head to the bedroom, the reader remains out in the hallway. With less focus on what happens inside the boudoir, all that juicy heightened tension and yearning really shine. Here are a few of my favorites.

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Book Review: ‘Seek the Traitor’s Son,’ by Veronica Roth

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Book Review: ‘Seek the Traitor’s Son,’ by Veronica Roth

SEEK THE TRAITOR’S SON, by Veronica Roth


I read Veronica Roth’s new novel for adults, “Seek the Traitor’s Son,” over one weekend and had a hard time putting it down, and not just because I was procrastinating on my house chores.

There’s much about the novel one would expect from Roth, the author of the Divergent series, one of the hottest dystopian young adult series of the 2010s. Thematically, the novels are similar. Like “Divergent,” this new book is also set in an alternate, dystopian version of our world; it is also packed with vivid, present-tense prose full of capitalized labels to let you know that something different is going on; and it also centers on a classic “Chosen One” who is burdened by the mantle of savior she carries.

These are classic tropes, but I, like many other genre fiction fans, enjoy that familiarity. Still, I’m always hoping for a subversion, a tornado twist that sucks me into imagination land.

In “Seek the Traitor’s Son,” our Chosen One is Elegy Ahn, the spare heir of the most powerful woman in Cedre. Elegy likes her life, even if it’s filled with danger. See, some time ago, a virus took over the world. The contagion is strange: Everyone who is infected dies, but 50 percent of the people who die come back to life with mysterious cognitive gifts.

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After the outbreak, Earth split into two factions: The dominant Talusar, who worship the Fever, believe it is a divine gift, willingly infect themselves with it and consider anyone who does not submit to it a blasphemer; and Cedre, a small country made up of everyone who rejects the virus and the dogma around it. They are, naturally, at war.

Early in the book, Elegy, solidly on the Cedre side, and Rava Vidar, a brutal Talusar general, are summoned by an order of prophets who tell them: One of you will lead your people to victory over the other, and one of the deciding factors involves an unnamed man whom Elegy is prophesied to fall in love with.

Elegy doesn’t want this. But the prophecy spurs the Talusar into action, and so her mother assigns her a Talusaran refugee as a knight and forces her into the fray as the Hope of Cedre.

If that seems like a lot of setup, don’t worry. That’s just the first few chapters. Besides, if you know those dystopian novel tropes, you’ll get the hang of it. Roth gets through the world exposition quickly, and after a rather jarring time skip, the plot takes off, effectively and entertainingly driving readers to the novel’s exhilarating end.

The strength of “Seek the Traitor’s Son” is Roth’s character work. Elegy is a dynamic heroine. She has a lot to lose, and she leads with love, which is reflected in the intense grief she feels for the people she’s lost in the war and the life the prophecy took from her. It’s love that makes her stop running from her destiny and do what she thinks is right to save the people she has left.

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Many authors isolate their characters to back them into bad decisions, so it’s refreshing that Roth has given Elegy a community to support her. Her sister Hela in particular is a treat. She’s refreshingly grounded, and often gives a much needed reprieve from the melodrama of the other characters’ lives. (She has an important subplot that has to do with a glowing alien plant, but the real reason you should pay attention to her is that she’s funny, loves her sister so much, has cool friends and listens to gay romance novels.) Hela and Elegy’s unwavering loyalty to each other casts a positive illumination on both characters.

My favorite character is Theren, Elegy’s knight, who is kind and empathetic to everyone but himself. As the obvious romantic lead, his character most diverges from genre standard because of the nuanced depiction of his trauma. He has been so broken by his experiences that he thinks what he can do with his body is all he can offer, and it’s worth nothing to him.

But like I said, I need subversion, and for all the creative world-building, I didn’t quite get it. The most distinct part of the novel was the setting and structure of alternate Earth, as well as the subcultures born from that setting. But after ripping through the novel, I found that those details didn’t provide nourishment for thought, and the general handwaviness of the technology and history of Earth was distractingly easy to nitpick.

I am a greedy reader, so I want my books to have everything: romance, action, an intellectual theme, novel ideas about the future, and character development. “Seek the Traitor’s Son” comes close. The novel is the first in a series, and I’m willing to hold my reservations until I read the next book. Elegy and Theren are worth it.


SEEK THE TRAITOR’S SON | By Veronica Roth | Tor | 416 pp. | $29

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Revolution is the Theme at the Firsts London Book Fair

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Revolution is the Theme at the Firsts London Book Fair

To mark the 250th anniversary of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, “Revolution” is the timely theme of the Firsts London book fair, opening Thursday in the contemporary art spaces of the Saatchi Gallery.

The fair, running Thursday through Sunday, will feature 100 dealers’ booths on three floors of the neoclassical, early 19th-century building in the upscale Chelsea neighborhood and will take place at a moment of geopolitical convulsion, if not revolution. It also coincides with a profound change in reading habits: Fewer people read for pleasure, and when they do, more often it is on a screen. And yet some physical books are fetching record prices.

Why is that? Clues can be found at Firsts London, regarded as Britain’s pre-eminent fair devoted to collectible books, maps, manuscripts and ephemera. Dealers will be responding to the revolution theme by showing a curated selection of items that document political upheavals over the centuries.

While the organizers — members of the nonprofit Antiquarian Bookseller’s Association and the International League of Antiquarian Booksellers — have been eager to expand the theme to include material that throws light on revolutions in other realms such as science and social attitudes, the momentousness of the Declaration’s anniversary has spurred dealers to bring items with ties to 18th-century America.

The New York-based dealer James Cummins Bookseller, for instance, will be offering a 1775 London printing of Congress’s declaration of the “Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms” against the British authorities. Mostly written by John Dickinson and Thomas Jefferson and published just a year before the Declaration of Independence, the document represents a decisive moment in the colonies’ struggle for self-determination. It is priced at $22,500.

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“We’re generalists. We’re bringing a bit of everything,” said Jeremy Markowitz, a specialist on American books at Cummins. “But this year, because of the anniversary, we’re bringing Americana that we otherwise wouldn’t have brought.”

The London dealer Shapero Rare Books will be showing a letter written in January 1797 by Thomas Paine, one of the most influential Founding Fathers, to his friend Col. John Fellows who had served with the American militia during the Revolutionary War. The text reiterates the views of Paine’s open letter to George Washington, urging him to retire from the presidency, fearing that the office might become hereditary. With an asking price of 95,000 pounds, or about $130,000. Paine’s letter to Fellows was written just weeks before Washington stood down in March at the end of his second term, a practice later enshrined in the 22nd Amendment limiting presidents to two terms.

Bernard Quaritch, another London bookseller, will be exhibiting a first edition in book form of “The Federalist Papers,” the celebrated collection of essays written in favor of the new Constitution by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay from 1787-1788. (These texts are mentioned in Lin-Manuel Miranda’s award-winning musical “Hamilton.”) In its original binding, with the pages uncut and largely unopened, this pioneering work of U.S. political philosophy is priced at £220,000.

The fair, like the United States, has gone through its own process of reinvention. It is the sixth annual edition of Firsts London, but its origins stretch from 1958, when its more traditional forerunner, the London International Antiquarian Book Fair, was founded.

The rebranded Firsts London was initially held at an exhibition space in Battersea Park in 2019, then transferred to the Saatchi in 2021. (There is also Firsts New York and Firsts Hong Kong.) Last year the event attracted an estimated 5,000 visitors over its four days, according to the organizers, and notable sales were made.

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“Book fairs are now part of the ‘experience culture.’ In an age where everything is available at a click, fairs have to present themselves in a different way,” the exhibitor Daniel Crouch said.

Crouch will be showing two late-18th-century engraved maps printed on paper of New York by Bernard Ratzer, an engineer commissioned by the British to survey the city and its environs in 1766 and 1767 in case it became a battlefield. Ratzer’s large three-sheet map of the southern end of Manhattan and part of New Jersey and Brooklyn is priced at £240,000; his smaller map of south Manhattan at £25,000. Both date from January 1776, just six months before the Declaration of Independence was adopted in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776.

Other revolutions are also represented. The cover design of Millicent Fawcett ’s classic 1920 Suffragists tract, “The Women’s Victory — and After,” from the collection of the Senate House Library at the University of London, is the poster image for the event and the library is lending the entire pamphlet for display at the fair.

Scientific revolutions are represented by items like a 1976 first edition of Richard Dawkins’s book “The Selfish Gene,” offered at £2,250 by Ashton Rare Books of Market Harborough in Leicestershire, England. Fold the Corner Books in Surrey is offering a handwritten letter by an anonymous British spy describing scenes in Paris in 1791 during the French Revolution, and the dealers at Peter Harrington are bringing a Chinese parade banner from the Cultural Revolution. The banner and the letter are each priced at £750.

While the U.S. document’s anniversary has spurred many exhibitors to show rare 18th-century American items, the organizers stressed the fair’s wider remit.

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“We wanted to do something related to our cousins over the water, but something a bit broader than just the American Revolution,” said Tom Lintern-Mole, the chairman of this year’s London fair.

“Revolution is a concept,” he said. “It encompasses everything to do with our world. Printing itself was a revolution. It helps foment revolutions. We like to think that books make history, as well as being artifacts of it.”

In terms of making sales, science fiction and science and fantasy are genres that many traders see as the key growth areas, because of, in great part, recent Hollywood adaptations. “Affluent younger collectors are moving the needle in the market,” said Pom Harrington, owner of Peter Harrington.

Cummins is offering a 1965 first edition of “Dune” for $16,500, while the London-based Foster Books will be asking £22,500 for a 1954-1955 three-volume first edition of “The Lord of the Rings” by J.R.R. Tolkien. It is sumptuously covered in red morocco leather by the binders at Bayntun Riviere.

And with the rise of tech, online sales have increasingly replaced high street transactions, resulting in many rare-book shops closing. Tom W. Ayling, who trades from his home in Oxfordshire and is exhibiting at Firsts London, is one of the most prominent of a cohort of young dealers who sell online and at fairs without the expense of a shop.

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“I get almost all my customers through social media,” said Ayling, who has about 298,000 followers on Instagram alone.

Tolkien is a favorite subject for his engaging, regular video posts. Ayling will be bringing a copy of the author’s extremely rare collection of poems, “Songs for the Philologists.” Printed in 1936, only about 15 copies of the collection are known. Ayling is asking £65,000 for this one.

“I put as much content out there as I can to get people interested in book collecting,” Ayling said. “I want to widen the arcane world of book collecting to a mass audience.”

A mass audience collecting — let alone reading — books? That really would be a revolution.

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