World
What is the history of foreign interventions in Haiti?
The proposal initially sparked an uproar. In October 2022, then-Haitian Prime Minister Ariel Henry and 18 top officials called on the international community to send a “specialised armed force” to help combat the spread of gang violence in Haiti.
But Haiti has struggled with a long, fraught history of foreign involvement — and the prospect of a new wave of outside interference was met with scepticism.
Now, experts say that public opinion is shifting in Haiti, as the violence continues to fester and Haiti’s already tenuous government is on the verge of yet another shake-up.
“In October 2022, most Haitians were against an international force,” said Pierre Esperance, executive director of Haiti’s National Human Rights Defense Network (RNDDH). “But today most Haitians will support it because the situation is worse, and they feel there are no other options.”
Still, the history of international involvement in Haiti casts such a long shadow that it continues to be a divisive subject — both among the Haitian people and the outside forces that would potentially be involved.
A new level of crisis
The instability in Haiti entered a new chapter this week when Prime Minister Henry — an unelected official who has been serving as de facto president — announced that he planned to resign.
The announcement came after mounting international pressure, as well as threats from the gangs themselves. One of the country’s most notorious gang leaders, Jimmy “Barbecue” Cherizier, told reporters that a “civil war” would erupt if the deeply unpopular Henry did not step down.
The calls for an international force to intervene arise from the acute nature of the situation, Esperance and other experts told Al Jazeera.
Gang violence has forced more than 362,000 Haitians from their home, largely in and around the capital of Port-au-Prince. The United Nations estimates that at least 34,000 of those have been displaced since the start of the year.
Armed groups have also taken control of roadways and other vital arteries around the country, limiting the flow of supplies. With high rates of poverty already driving malnutrition, the UN has warned the country is at risk of famine.
“The gangs control more than 95 percent of Port-au-Prince,” Esperance said. “Hospitals don’t have materials, there’s not enough drinking water, the supermarkets are almost empty. People are staying at home because it’s very dangerous.”
Will Kenya take the lead?
With gang violence at crisis levels and Haiti’s government in shambles, some Haitians are increasingly looking abroad for assistance.
An August poll released by the business alliance AGERCA and the consultancy DDG found that about 63 percent of Haitians supported the deployment of an “international force” to combat the gangs.
An even higher portion — 75 percent — said the Haitian police needed international support to reestablish order.
But countries like the United States and Canada have baulked at the prospect of helming such a force themselves, though they have offered to back other governments that might lead one.
In July 2023, Kenya announced it would be willing to deploy forces to Haiti and potentially lead a multinational security mission.
The UN Security Council threw its support behind the initiative, approving the Kenya-led mission. But the effort has since stalled, amid court challenges and other slowdowns.
In January, a Kenyan court ruled that deploying forces in Haiti would be “illegal and invalid”. And just last Tuesday, Kenyan officials said they would pause any deployment to Haiti until a new government was in place.
Jonathan Katz, the author of the book The Big Truck That Went By: How the World Came to Save Haiti and Left Behind a Disaster, told Al Jazeera that the international community’s hesitation to lead a mission to Haiti is a testament to the poor track record of past foreign interventions.
“These countries are saying, ‘We need to do this because we can’t think of any other solution,’” said Katz. “But nobody wants to do it themselves because every single one of these interventions throughout Haiti’s history have ended with significant egg on the face for everyone involved.”
‘A direct colonial occupation’
Since the early 1900s, there have been at least three direct interventions in Haiti, including a decades-long occupation by US forces.
That occupation lasted from 1915 to 1934 and was carried out in the name of restoring political stability after the assassination of then-President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam.
But during their time in Haiti, US forces oversaw widespread human rights abuses and the implementation of a “corvée”, a system of forced labour sometimes likened to slavery.
“Slavery it was — though temporary,” said US civil rights leader James Weldon Johnson, writing for The Nation magazine in 1920.
“By day or by night, from the bosom of their families, from their little farms or while trudging peacefully on the country roads, Haitians were seized and forcibly taken to toil for months in far sections of the country.”
US soldiers even removed substantial funds from the Haitian National Bank, carting them off to New York.
“This was a direct colonial occupation that began under US President Woodrow Wilson and lasted for five administrations, both Republican and Democrat,” Katz said of that period. “Later occupations were carried out with varying degrees of directness and indirectness.”
A hand in Haiti’s politics
For instance, the US would intervene again in Haitian politics during the Cold War, as it propped up governments friendly to its interests in the name of anti-Communism.
Positioning himself as an anti-Communist leader upon his election in 1957, Haitian President Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier actively courted US support, even as he led a brutal campaign of state violence against his own people.
Despite misgivings about Duvalier, the US offered him aid: US Ambassador Robert Newbegin, for instance, arrived in Port-au-Prince prepared to give Duvalier’s administration approximately $12.5m in 1960 alone.
One estimate puts the total US support given to Haiti under Duvalier and his son, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier, at $900m. Meanwhile, the Duvaliers faced accusations of murder, torture and other violations.
The US also sent troops to intervene directly in Haiti. In 1994, for instance, US President Bill Clinton sent a contingent of about 20,000 troops to restore Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power after he was overthrown by the country’s military in 1991.
That deployment took place in parallel with a UN mission that ran from 1993 to 2000, also with the support of the US.
In 2004, Aristide was overthrown once more, but this time, the US encouraged him to step down, flying him out of the country and sending troops to the island alongside nations such as France and Chile.
That force was then replaced by the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, known as MINUSTAH, which lasted from 2004 until 2017 and was led by the Brazilian military.
While MINUSTAH was tasked with enhancing security, it soon faced allegations of committing rape and other atrocities against civilians. A massive cholera outbreak that killed more than 9,300 people was also traced back to a sewage leak from a UN facility.
A Haitian-led future
Given its pockmarked history of Haitian intervention, the US has expressed wariness towards leading a new international mission to Haiti. Many are calling for solutions to be Haitian-led, instead of foreign-led.
“We need to give the Haitians time and space to get this right,” former US special envoy to Haiti, Daniel Foote, said in a recent interview with NPR.
“Let’s let the Haitians have a chance to mess up Haiti for once. The international community has messed it up beyond recognition countless times. I guarantee the Haitians mess it up less than the Americans,” he added.
For his part, Katz said the Kenya-led mission, with its UN backing, would have provided a buffer for the US and other powers that have a checkered history in the region.
In the 20th century, the US carried out these occupations of Haiti. Later, you get these outsourced occupations by the UN, which the US supports,” said Katz.
“But these always turn out poorly for the reputations of those involved, and they never leave the country on a better footing. So now with this Kenyan-led initiative, you have an almost double-outsourced intervention.”
A last resort
But with the Haitian government in disarray and violence rampant, some experts question what systems are in place to foster recovery.
President Jovenel Moise’s assassination in 2021 left a power vacuum in Haiti’s government, and no general elections have been held since. Katz argues the US made the situation worse by lending support to Henry, whose popularity has cratered amid questions about his commitment to democracy.
“Anybody paying attention has been saying for years that this was an unsustainable situation that was going to explode,” said Katz. “When there’s no legitimate democracy, it opens the door for people with the most firepower.”
Both Katz and Esperance point out that, while countries like the US have helped equip the Haitian National Police, the boundary between the officers and the gangs they are meant to combat is often porous.
The gang leader Cherizier, for instance, is himself a former member of the Haitian National Police’s riot control branch.
The result is that Haitians feel like they have no choice but to look abroad, Esperance explained.
“We need a functional government. An international force will not be able to solve the problem of political instability,” said Esperance. “At the same time, Haiti cannot wait. We are in hell.”
World
AI Creator Says She Made Tilly Norwood ‘as Realistic as Possible’ to ‘Provoke More of a Reaction’
The creator of AI “actor” Tilly Norwood has admitted she made Norwood “as realistic as possible” to “provoke more of a reaction.”
Eline Van Der Velden, founder and CEO of AI company Particle6, gave some insight into the development of Norwood, who shook Hollywood when she was unveiled earlier this fall. “I wanted to create a character that we could use, because we didn’t want to infringe on anyone’s likeness,” said Van Der Velden, speaking at TV confab Content London. “We wanted to create an original character. That took months and months of — you know, [we] thought of the name and the character and who she was and what she looked like. And it’s, you know, 2000 iterations and really strange things to get to where we got.”
Expanding on those iterations, she said: “There were so many versions of her where she was too beautiful, or, you know, didn’t quite have that girl next door authenticity, right? And ultimately, that’s what made Tilly go around the world.”
However Van Der Velden’s creation quickly received backlash across Hollywood, with unions SAG-AFTRA and Equity along with numerous actors condemning Norwood, while “The Terminator” director James Cameron called the idea of AI performers “horrifying.”
Van Der Velden, who appeared to choose her words carefully as she spoke on the panel about AI on Thursday afternoon, said of Norwood: “I think she also represented a moment in time, I think, where the hit — the industry needed to look at itself and think, ‘Oh, hold on, this is where the tech’s at.’ And I think she showed that.”
Asked by the panel moderator whether the “photo realism” had helped her go around the world, Van Der Velden replied: “We thought about making a half robot … but I chose not to go in that direction because I felt, as an artist, you want to provoke a reaction in the audience, always, in my opinion, and we all agree, if you make content, we’re in this business, and I thought it would provoke more of a reaction if she is as realistic as possible.”
However Van Der Velden was keen to reassure the audience, made up of industry figures, that Norwood is not intended to replace performers. “She’s always meant to stay in the AI genre,” said the creator. “She’s not meant to take real actors’ jobs. That’s not the game. The whole point is this industry is going to grow and we’re developing.”
World
Bulgaria rocked by protests as country draws close to Eurozone membership
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Bulgaria’s government withdrew an unpopular 2026 draft budget after tens of thousands of angry people took to the streets in the capital, Sofia, and other cities across the country.
The protests have been led mostly by young Bulgarians who claim the government is concealing widespread corruption. Business groups and members of the opposition also say the draft budget would harm Bulgaria’s economy just before it’s set to join the Eurozone in early 2026.
“Gen Z took to the streets because they want to stay in Bulgaria, but they want a renewed, different, corruption-free Bulgaria,” Daniel Lorer, member of Bulgaria’s parliament, told Fox News Digital.
BULGARIA’S SUPPORT FOR UKRAINE’S NATO MEMBERSHIP GROWS STRONGER DURING ZELENSKYY’S VISIT
A protester holds a placard bearing the logo of the popular Japanese manga One Piece, a symbol adopted by Gen Z protest movements worldwide, during an anti-government protest in Sofia on Dec. 1, 2025. Tens of thousands of people held anti-government protests in Bulgaria on Monday, widening an anti-corruption movement sweeping the European Union’s poorest country as it prepares to adopt the euro. (Nikolay Doychinov / AFP via Getty Images)
“They want reforms. The government refused to listen. The budget it proposed simply extended all its previous policies, funded through higher taxes, social security contributions and more debt,” Lorer added.
As the protests continued, Bulgaria’s government, led by Prime Minister Rosen Zhelyazkov, eventually backed down, vowing to drop the most divisive elements of the budget, including tax and social security increases.
The prime minister said a new budget will be proposed at a later date.
“The government saw what the citizens who protesters had to say…I support these people who protest for more rights, more democracy, more justice. We believe that the protest is not so much political, but more of a social, human side, in search of more dialogue, more tolerance, and more harmony in social relations,” Prime Minister Zhelyazkov said at a press conference.
“This is a visible protest of young people, young people who are looking for their place in the future of Bulgaria, which we are obliged to hear, and we are obliged to do what is necessary to be secured with the funds that the country has,” Zhelyazkov added.
The protests were mostly peaceful. However, some masked protesters clashed with police after attacking offices of the ruling party in Sofia.
BULGARIA IMPOSES EU ENTRY BAN ON 2 SUSPECTED RUSSIAN SPIES
Political stability in an EU country, one with a longstanding history with neighboring Russia, is ripe for Moscow’s usual tricks of intervening in the domestic affairs of its former communist bloc allies.
“Russia is always glad to stir unrest. Anything that upsets the democratic process in any EU country is welcome, and even more so in Eastern Europe, their former sphere of influence,” Lorer said.
Bulgarian President Rumen Radev, who holds a largely ceremonial position, sided with the opposition and opposed the budget, calling for the resignation of the government and early elections.
A protester pushes a burning garbage bin during scuffles with police at a demonstration organized by Bulgaria’s opposition PP-DB coalition against the proposed financial framework of the country’s budget, Sofia, Bulgaria, Dec. 1, 2025. (Dimitar Kyosemarliev/Reuters/File Photo)
The move could risk political gridlock and weaken Bulgaria’s alliance with NATO allies and the EU, Ruslan Stefanov, director for the Center for the Study of Democracy in Sofia, told Fox News Digital.
“Radev, who echoes Kremlin talking points and opposes the Euro, could still sabotage the process despite it being legally irreversible. This is a volatile mix that threatens stability and could invite more unwelcome Russian meddling,” Stefanov said.
Bulgaria, along with Romania, is set to join the Eurozone in January 2026. While joining the Eurozone is seen as a major step in Bulgaria’s political and economic development, the adoption of the currency is unpopular in large segments of society, as fears of inflation and the cost of living hamper the livelihoods of everyday Bulgarians.
FARMERS FLOOD BULGARIA’S CAPITAL PROTESTING EU REGULATIONS, HIGH ENERGY COSTS
Bulgaria, one of the poorest nations in the European Union, joined the EU in 2007 and formally began the process of joining the Eurozone in 2018. The Lev, Bulgaria’s currency, was included in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism in July 2020.
Russian President Vladimir Putin meets Russian delegation and some officials ahead of the Istanbul talks, on May 14, 2025 in Moscow, Russia. (Kremlin Press Office / Handout/Anadolu via Getty Images)
Since announcing that the country will join the monetary union, skepticism has abounded, and many Bulgarians are not convinced that their economic prospects will improve once they are part of the union.
Many experts and observers have concluded that Russia has been behind a persistent social media campaign to stoke opposition and sow doubt and confusion as Bulgaria’s accession date draws near.
World
Are sperm banks in Denmark rejecting donors based on their IQ?
By Euronews
Published on
A post on X claiming that Denmark has introduced an IQ threshold of at least 85 for sperm donors has sparked confusion, debate and memes, but ultimately is misleading.
In reality, Denmark has no legal IQ requirement for sperm donors, although donors must go through a risk assessment interview and medical history review to check for any genetic risk factors.
The country, which is well known for its liberal sperm donation laws, has at least a dozen sperm-bank operations active, despite no definitive public registry.
The two largest that are internationally recognised are the European Sperm Bank and Cryos International, the latter described as the “world’s largest sperm and egg bank”.
Cryos International says its donors must be between 18 and 45 years old, be physically and mentally healthy, undertake legal and medical screening and live in Denmark whilst donating. A single donor can donate to up to 12 families under wider Danish regulations.
Only in 2011 did Cyros introduce another requirement for donors: red-haired donors were turned away because, the company’s founder said, the bank already had plentiful supplies.
The European Sperm Bank has the same age requirements, and says its donors are required to go through a “thorough screening process” that checks for serious hereditary diseases and sexually transmitted infections.
Whilst it’s untrue that all Danish sperm banks and the country of Denmark have IQ requirements, one does: Donor Network, a sperm bank headquartered in the city of Aarhus.
The Cube, Euronews’ fact-checking team, reached out to Donor Network, whose CEO confirmed that the sperm bank has an IQ threshold of 85 and rejects those with a criminal record from donating.
“As far as we know, we are the only bank in the world with these requirements,” CEO of Donor Network, Jakub Knudsen, told The Cube.
Confusion and memes stem from an article written in November by the Danish broadcaster DR, which highlights Donor Network.
In late November, a post containing a rewritten clip from the article was shared widely online, sparking speculation that Donor Network’s requirements expanded to the whole of Denmark.
Controversy abounds
Whilst social media is awash with memes around Donor Network’s requirements, the topic raises some ethical considerations.
According to DR, medical ethicists say screening donors for certain hereditary conditions reduces the likelihood of certain negative outcomes, such as between 2007 and 2018, when a Danish sperm donor with a pathogenic gene mutation that increased the risk of cancer conceived 52 children.
However, according to Daniela Cutas, associate professor of medical ethics at Lund University, screening potential donors for their IQ and criminal record is trickier, because it assumes a higher IQ and a lack of criminal record can be genetically determined.
Broad consensus says that while traits such as a parent’s IQ can influence a child’s intelligence, environmental factors play a major role in shaping a child’s cognitive development.
However, according to Knudsen, scientific literature shows that “IQ is a strong predictor of, not just academic success and income, but also mortality, risk of ADHD, etc. and has a high heritability of 50-80%.”
“We wouldn’t feel comfortable selling these individuals as donors, as we wouldn’t recommend them to our own patients,” he said.
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