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Did Musk do a ‘Nazi’ salute and does it play into neo-fascists' hands?

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Did Musk do a ‘Nazi’ salute and does it play into neo-fascists' hands?

Historians disagree over the significance of Musk’s gesture, which is reminiscent of the greeting used by 20th century fascists and their modern-day supporters.

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Tech billionaire Elon Musk has sparked widespread speculation after he made two swift gestures at Trump’s inauguration rally which have been likened to a ‘Nazi’ salute.

Musk, who will head Trump’s newly-created department of government efficiency, greeted supporters by thumping his chest before emphatically extending his right arm forward, palm facing down. The gesture was repeated twice.

While many have slammed Musk’s move as a hostile evocation of 20th century fascism, others have dismissed it as a spontaneous act of emotion that carries no real political significance.

Euronews spoke to two renowned historians who dismissed the notion Musk was intentionally emulating the ‘Nazi’ salute.

We break down what we know about the history of the salute, and its relevance in modern-day politics.

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What are the so-called Roman and Nazi salutes?

What is sometimes referred to as a Roman salute is a gesture adopted by 20th-century fascists. In this salute, the right arm is extended upwards, with the palm facing down and fingers joined together. 

It was used as a greeting by the fascist regime of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, imposing its use with a 1925 royal decree. There is no substantive evidence to support Mussolini and his entourage’s claims that the greeting originates from ancient Rome.

Historians agree the salute was invented in the 19th century and used in films and plays, and that its association with ancient Roman culture is inaccurate.

A similar salute was later adopted by Nazi Germany as a sign of allegiance to Adolf Hitler.

The US Pledge of Allegiance, where Americans swear loyalty to their flag, was originally accompanied by the “Bellamy salute,” which bore an uncanny resemblance to what later became associated with fascism. 

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The Bellamy salute was scrapped by the US Congress in 1942 and replaced with the hand-over-heart gesture amid fears it could be mistaken for the fascist salute.

How is it being used today?

Today, the salute remains one of the most recognisable symbols of Nazi ideology and its use is illegal in a raft of European countries including Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

It has also been adopted by modern-day neo-fascist groups.

In January last year, a video emerged showing hundreds of neo-fascist militants performing the salute during a rally marking the deaths of three far-right activists.

Italy’s top court then ruled the salute was not a crime unless it endangered public order or risked reviving fascist parties.

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How do historians and online hate experts read Musk’s gesture?

Historian Richard Evans told Euronews that Musk’s gesture cannot be interpreted as a Nazi gesture as his gaze follows his hand rather than looking straight ahead.

He also pointed out that Trump “is not a fascist” as he doesn’t share the fascist desire to “militarise society” and take over countries “beyond their backyard.”

“However, having said that, the danger to democracy is obvious. And it’s the danger to truth, justice and fairness,” Evans added.

Speaking to Euronews, Roger Griffin, Emeritus professor in modern history and expert in fascist studies, described Musk’s actions as “a grey area between a deliberately glorifying gesture and a spontaneous gesture.”

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“It is a masculine display of celebration with ideological underpinnings,” Griffin added. “It does not make Musk a political fascist, but nevertheless shows how he subscribes to the megalomaniac ideologies of Trump.”  

Griffin explained that neither Musk nor Trump can be associated with fascism despite several aspects of their politics and governance “ticking the boxes” of fascist ideology, such as xenophobia and a readiness to flout the rule of law.

“It is misconceived to see either Trump or Musk as fascists because fascism is an elaborated political ideology aimed at creating a new world order. Yet, they are both turbocharging the real threat to democracy, which is the de-liberalisation and dehumanisation of democracy,” he explained.

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Jared Hold, a senior researcher at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, told AP that he was “sceptical” Musk had acted on purpose as such an act of “self-sabotage wouldn’t really make much sense at all.”

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Others believe Musk asked intentionally. Ruth Ben-Ghiat, a history professor at New York University, wrote that “it was a Nazi salute and a very belligerent one too.”

The dismissal of the gesture by Musk’s allies and other groups, including the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), a non-profit founded with the aim of combating anti-Semitism, have also been met with incredulity.

Democrat representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez replied to a post in which ADL dismisses Musk’s gestures, accusing the organisation of “defending a Heil Hitler salute that was performed and repeated for emphasis and clarity.”

Could it fuel neo-fascist groups?

Whether intentional or not, Musk’s gesture has invigorated neo-Nazi groups world wide.

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White supremacist group White Lives Matter reacted on Telegram with the message: “Thanks for (sometimes) hearing us, Elon. The White Flame will rise again.”

The leader of the American neo-Nazi group Blood Tribe said: “I don’t care if this was a mistake. I’m going to enjoy the tears over it.”

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“Incredible things are happening already,” Andrew Torba, the founder of Gab, a social media known for its far-right, white supremacist user base, wrote over a picture Musk’s salute.

Evan Kilgore, a Holocaust denier and right-wing commentator, wrote on X: “Did Elon Musk just Heil Hitler… We are so back.”

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Kilgore has worked for a conservative activist group called Turning Point USA which hosted a pre-inauguration ball on Sunday attended by both Trump’s son, Donald Trump Jr, and Vice President JD Vance.

Professor Roger Griffin told Euronews that while Trump’s vision of an “illiberal democracy” should not be mistaken for fascism, there are clear signs he and his entourage is normalising right-wing radicalisation.

On Wednesday, President Trump defended his decision to pardon those convicted of assaulting police officers during the January 2021 Capitol attacks and refused to discard giving extremist groups such as Proud Boys and Oath Keepers a place in US politics.

Members of both far-right militia groups were among the rioters imprisoned for their role in the attacks and were among those released this week after Trump signed an executive order granting their clemency.

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Horvath to Heidenreich on 4th-and-goal leads No. 22 Navy to a 17-16 win over Army

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Horvath to Heidenreich on 4th-and-goal leads No. 22 Navy to a 17-16 win over Army

BALTIMORE (AP) — Blake Horvath to Eli Heidenreich.

That’s the connection that led Navy to such a memorable season — and the two of them came through again on the biggest play of the biggest game.

Horvath threw an 8-yard touchdown pass to Heidenreich with 6:32 remaining — on fourth-and-goal — and No. 22 Navy rallied to beat Army 17-16 on Saturday. Heidenreich, the career and single-season leader in yards receiving for the Midshipmen, caught six of Horvath’s seven completions on the day.

“Who wouldn’t go to him?” Horvath said. “Talk about an all-time Navy legend. You’re going to be talking about Eli Heidenreich for years and years and years.”

Although it was clearly a passing situation, and Heidenreich was Navy’s top target, he was single covered over the middle.

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“Tried to bring some pressure on them,” Army coach Jeff Monken said. “Good throw and good catch.”

With President Donald Trump in attendance, Navy (10-2) got its second straight victory over Army (6-6), and the Midshipmen won the Commander-In-Chief’s Trophy for a second straight season. The Black Knights have not beaten a Navy team that was ranked by the AP since 1955.

Horvath was fortunate to have the chance to throw that decisive touchdown pass. On second-and-goal from the 1, he lost the ball while attempting a tush push. Army linebacker Eric Ford had a chance to scoop it up, but Navy running back Alex Tecza lunged over to prevent that, and Heidenreich eventually fell on the ball back at the 8.

“That’s probably the last thing you want to see on the 1-yard line is you turn around and the ball is just bouncing behind you,” Heidenreich said. “I was blocking down. I thought he had pushed in, and kind of out of my peripheral I saw it going behind me.”

On the next play, Horvath was nearly sacked, but he was able to throw the ball toward Tecza as he went down. The ball fell incomplete instead of being caught around the 15, which was just as well for Navy because it made going for it on fourth down a more viable option.

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“I kind of felt like we had to,” Navy coach Brian Newberry said. “The nature of what they do offensively, despite how well we played in the second half, you may not get the ball back.”

Even after Heidenreich’s touchdown and an Army punt, Navy still had to escape one more near-turnover. On third-and-3 from the Army 43, the ball popped loose on a run by Horvath, but he was able to catch it out of the air. It came loose again and the Black Knights recovered, but after a review, Horvath was ruled down before the second fumble — a yard short of the line to gain.

Tecza then ran for the first down that enabled Navy to kneel out the clock, and Horvath appeared to wave goodbye at the Army sideline. There was a bit of a ruckus near midfield after the final kneel-down before things eventually calmed down for the traditional singing of the alma maters.

“They want to talk all their crap during the game and act like they’re so tough,” Horvath said. “The excuse last year was that they played a conference championship game before us. This year, we’ll see what it is.”

The Black Knights were trying to turn the tables on Navy after a ranked Army team — which had just won the American Conference title — lost to the Midshipmen last year.

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The teams traded touchdown drives to start the game, each lasting 13 plays, 75 yards and over seven minutes. Horvath had a 5-yard scoring run, and Army quarterback Cale Hellums answered with a 2-yarder. Army’s first drive didn’t end until 5 seconds into the second quarter.

Then it was a while before anyone reached the end zone again. With Army up 10-7 late in the second quarter, the ball slipped out of Horvath’s hand while he was looking to pass. Army recovered the fumble at its own 45 with 20 seconds to play and moved into range for a 45-yard field goal by Dawson Jones.

Navy’s defense stiffened in the second half, but the Midshipmen still flirted with disaster. Horvath threw an interception in the third quarter that was initially returned to the end zone — before a replay showed Army’s Justin Weaver had a knee down when he picked off the pass at the Navy 32. The Black Knights had to settle for three — Dawson connected on a career-long 48-yard kick.

Navy’s Wing-T offense has been explosive this season. The Midshipmen entered the day with an FBS-high 10 plays of at least 60 yards. Army mostly kept them contained, but Horvath slipped free for a 37-yard run that set up a third-quarter field goal that made it 16-10.

After Hellums’ underthrown pass was intercepted by Phillip Hamilton, giving Navy the ball at the 50 with 11:19 to play, Tecza’s 24-yard run made it first-and-goal from the 5.

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Trump tossed the coin before the game at midfield, then returned at halftime to walk from the Navy sideline to the Army one.

One that got away

Army defensive lineman Jack Bousum, who is from Annapolis, had a big game against his hometown team. He finished with 1 1/2 sacks and a fumble recovery.

The takeaway

Army: The Black Knights were the better team in the first half Saturday but didn’t do much offensively after that.

“They beat blocks,” Monken said. “We didn’t sustain the blocks we needed to.”

Navy: Horvath made some big plays and some bad ones, and the Navy defense was stout in the second half. The Midshipmen finished tied for first in the AAC this year but missed out on the league title game because of tiebreakers. This victory matters more to them anyway.

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Up next

Army: Faces UConn in the Fenway Bowl on Dec. 27.

Navy: Faces Cincinnati in the Liberty Bowl on Jan. 2.

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This story has been corrected to show Army took over at the Navy 32 after Horvath’s interception.

___

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2 US Army soldiers, interpreter killed in Syria ambush attack, Trump warns of ‘very serious retaliation’

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2 US Army soldiers, interpreter killed in Syria ambush attack, Trump warns of ‘very serious retaliation’

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President Donald Trump warned Saturday that there will be “very serious retaliation” after a lone Islamic State gunman in Syria killed two U.S. Army soldiers and a U.S. interpreter in an ambush attack.

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Chief Pentagon spokesperson Sean Parnell announced earlier that the soldiers and interpreter were targeted in the central Syrian town of Palmyra in an attack that left three others wounded. U.S. Central Command said the deaths and injuries were a “result of an ambush by a lone ISIS gunman in Syria.”

“We mourn the loss of three Great American Patriots in Syria, two soldiers, and one Civilian Interpreter. Likewise, we pray for the three injured soldiers who, it has just been confirmed, are doing well. This was an ISIS attack against the U.S., and Syria, in a very dangerous part of Syria, that is not fully controlled by them,” Trump wrote on Truth Social. 

“The President of Syria, Ahmed al-Sharaa, is extremely angry and disturbed by this attack. There will be very serious retaliation,” he added.

SYRIANS MARK FIRST YEAR SINCE ASSAD’S FALL AS US SIGNALS NEW ERA IN RELATIONS

U.S. forces patrol in Syria’s northeastern city of Qamishli in the Hasakeh province, on Jan. 9, 2025.  (Delil Souleiman/AFP via Getty Images)

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In comments to reporters outside of the White House on Saturday, Trump also said, “This was an ISIS attack on us and Syria. And again, we mourn the loss and we pray for them and their parents and their loved ones.”

Parnell wrote on X that the attack happened as the soldiers “were conducting a key leader engagement.”

“Their mission was in support of ongoing counter-ISIS/counter-terrorism operations in the region,” he added, noting that “The soldiers’ names, as well as identifying information about their units, are being withheld until 24 hours after the next of kin notification. “

Secretary of War Pete Hegseth said that, “The savage who perpetrated this attack was killed by partner forces.”

“Let it be known, if you target Americans — anywhere in the world — you will spend the rest of your brief, anxious life knowing the United States will hunt you, find you, and ruthlessly kill you,” Hegseth also said in a post on X.

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Parnell said the attack is currently under investigation. A Pentagon official told Fox News Digital that the attack unfolded in a place where the Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa does not have control.

President Donald Trump meets with Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa at the White House on Nov. 10, 2025. A Pentagon official told Fox News Digital that the attack on the soldiers on Saturday, Dec. 13, 2025, unfolded in a place where the Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa does not have control. (Syrian Presidency/Anadolu via Getty Images)

“I’m praying for the brave U.S. soldiers and civilian who lost their lives, those who were injured in this attack, and the families who bear this profound loss,” Army Secretary Daniel Driscoll wrote on X. “The men and women who serve our country represent the very best of our nation. We mourn the passing of these heroes and honor their service and sacrifice.”

A senior U.S. official earlier confirmed to Fox News there were multiple injuries after American service members were ambushed in Syria.

“The United States, CIA and military forces are reportedly deeply involved in securing and stabilizing the situation in Syria,” Dan Diker, president of the Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs, recently told Fox News Digital.

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The injured in Saturday’s attack were taken by helicopters to the al-Tanf garrison, which is near the border with Iraq and Jordan, The Associated Press reported, citing Syrian state media.

ISRAELI OFFICIAL ISSUES STARK WARNING AFTER CHILLING SYRIAN MILITARY CHANTS RESURFACE

U.S. Army soldiers prepare to go out on patrol from a remote combat outpost on May 25, 2021, in northeastern Syria.  (John Moore/Getty Images)

There are currently around 900 U.S. troops in Syria.

The U.S. had eight bases in Syria to keep an eye on ISIS since the U.S. military went in to prevent the terrorist group from setting up a caliphate in 2014, although three of those bases have since been closed down or turned over to the Syrian Democratic Forces.

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On Monday, tens of thousands of Syrians flooded the streets of Damascus to mark the first anniversary of the Assad regime’s collapse.

U.S. Army soldiers stand near an armored military vehicle on the outskirts of Rumaylan in Syria’s northeastern Hasakeh province, bordering Turkey, on March 27, 2023.  (Delil Souleiman/AFP via Getty Images)

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Those celebrations came a year after former Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad fled the capital as rebel forces swept through the country in a lightning offensive that ended five decades of Assad family rule and opened a new chapter in Syrian history.

Fox News’ Lucas Tomlinson, Ashley Oliver, Jennifer Griffin, Benjamin Weinthal and Ashley Carnahan contributed to this report.

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EU dismisses Russia’s lawsuit against Euroclear as ‘speculative’

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EU dismisses Russia’s lawsuit against Euroclear as ‘speculative’

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The European Commission has dismissed as “speculative” and groundless a lawsuit launched by the Russian Central Bank against Euroclear, the Brussels-based central securities depository that holds €185 billion in immobilised assets.

In a short statement published on Friday morning, the Russian Central Bank announced the start of legal proceedings for the “recovery of damages” and blamed Euroclear for preventing the release of the assets, which are subject to EU law.

The lawsuit was submitted to the Arbitration Court in Moscow.

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The development comes with the EU still hammering out a plan to channel Russia’s sovereign assets into a zero-interest reparations loan to Ukraine, a process with Euroclear at its centre. EU leaders are meant to make a final decision when they meet on 18 December.

“Our proposal is legally robust and fully in line with EU and international law. The assets are not seized, and the principle of sovereign immunity is respected,” Valdis Dombrovskis, the European Commissioner for the Economy, said on Friday afternoon.

“We kind of expect that Russia will continue to launch speculative legal proceedings to prevent the EU from upholding international law and to pursue the legal obligation for Russia to compensate Ukraine for the damages it has caused.”

According to Dombrovskis, all European institutions that have Russian assets, from Euroclear to private banks, will be “fully protected” against Moscow’s retaliation. The EU has controlled €210 billion in assets of the Russian Central Bank since February 2022.

The sanctions regime already allows Euroclear to “offset” any potential loss, he added.

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For example, if a Russian court orders the seizure of the €17 billion that Euroclear has on Russian soil, Euroclear will be allowed offset the loss by tapping into the €30 billion that its Russian counterpart, the National Settlement Depository, has stored within the EU.

Additionally, the reparations loan, if approved, will introduce a new mechanism to deal with state-to-state disputes. If Russia seizes the sovereign assets of Belgium in retaliation, Belgium will be allowed to “offset” the lossagainst the €210 billion, while Russia will not recover the amount it has seized when the assets are freed.

The Belgian factor

The legal safeguards are meant to allay the concerns of Belgium, which remains the chief opponent of the reparations loan. Belgian Prime Minister Bart De Wever has repeatedly warned of the risk a successful legal challenge could pose.

“We put forward a proposal. We are confident in its legality and its court-proof character,” a Commission spokesperson said.

Euroclear, which declined to comment, has previously criticised the reparations loan as “very fragile”, legally risky and overtly experimental.

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The lawsuit comes a day after EU countries agreed to trigger an emergency clause to immobilise the Russian Central Bank assets for the foreseeable future.

Under the new law, the €210 billion will be released only when Russia’s actions “have objectively ceased to pose substantial risks” for the European economy and Moscow has paid reparations to Kyiv “without economic and financial consequences” for the bloc – a high bar that is unlikely to be cleared any time soon, if ever.

The indefinite immobilisation is meant to further placate Belgium and Euroclear in order to facilitate the approval of the reparations loan next week.

In a separate statement, the Russian Central Bank said it “reserves the right, without further notice, to apply all available remedies and protections if the proposed initiatives of the European Union are upheld or implemented”.

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