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Arizona dispatch: students from 70 law schools and universities debate 20 proposed amendments to the US Constitution at model convention

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Arizona dispatch: students from 70 law schools and universities debate 20 proposed amendments to the US Constitution at model convention


JP Leskovich is a rising 3L at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law and JURIST’s News Managing Editor. He filed this dispatch from Phoenix. This is the second in a series of dispatches he’s filing as an embedded reporter for JURIST at the Model Constitutional Convention sponsored by the Center for Constitutional Design at ASU Law.  

Student delegates at the Model Constitutional Convention being held at Arizona State University’s Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law this Memorial Day weekend debated 20 proposed amendments to the US Constitution in their sessions Saturday.

The proposals covered a range of topics, including environmental protection, national service, future constitutional amendments, court reform, impeachment, gun control, electoral campaign periods, term limits, lifting the cap on the number of representatives in the House of Representatives, the right to marry, limiting presidential pardon power, prohibiting political gerrymandering, instituting restorative justice, abolishing death-qualified juries, Congressional representation for the territories, codifying tribal sovereignty, restricting eminent domain, restricting investment for members of Congress, and prohibiting discrimination based on sex and gender.

Contrary to the first day of the Convention, where we deliberated in smaller committees, the whole Convention—all 110 of us serving as official delegates—debated these amendments in plenary sessions. This resulted in wide-ranging debates on these topics, with heated but constructive conversation about our constitutional future. We were governed by a modified Roberts Rules, which provided us with structure so we could get things done in the time allotted (granted, it did take us nearly 8 hours!).

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In addition to debating the proposals as written, we introduced and voted on a number of amendments to the proposals. This allowed the Convention to express its democratic will and change the proposals. For example, the Equal Rights Amendment was amended to include “sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation,” instead of just “sex.” There were a number of moments where we had to call “division,” which required the chair to count each of the votes. The fact that we need to call “division” so many times showed how contentious many of these amendments were and how difficult it can be to reach a consensus.

One of the first proposals that we discussed was one that would enshrine tribal sovereignty in the US Constitution. Tribal nations in the US are sovereigns, but their sovereignty is often infringed on. This proposal would codify the current status of Indian law in the US to protect tribal sovereignty from Supreme Courts that may not understand the intricacies of Indian law and therefore limit tribal sovereignty.

“Historically, the Supreme Court is not good at doing Indian law,” said Crispin South, a Choctaw law student at Arizona State University who represented Oklahoma and introduced the proposal. “I think Justice Brennan once called Indian law cases ‘chicken shit’ cases.” He pointed to Montana v. US and Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta, saying that “those cases really for no reason abrogated the sovereignty of tribal nations with very feeble justification.” Therefore, he said, this proposed amendment is necessary to “right some precious wrongs and create a firewall for the current Indian law paradigm.”

During debate, delegates expressed support for recognizing tribal sovereignty and treating tribal nations as equals. As the delegate representing Wisconsin, I emphasized that there are 11 federally recognized tribes in the state and that constructive government-to-government relations are critical to ending the long chain of broken promises and broken treaties. South said he felt good about the debate:

I think it went well. The one bit of opposition we did get was requiring tribal nations to adopt the US Bill of Rights and I think Congress has really already done its job in enacting the Indian Civil Rights Act in that respect. So I don’t think it would be wise at this point to constitutionally require that the Bill of Rights be incorporated against tribes.

Another proposal that received considerable debate was giving the territories full voting rights in Congress. There seemed to be widespread support, with some delegates agitating to provide the territorial delegates to the Convention the ability to vote this weekend. Some expressed concerns about granting territories with small populations two Senators.

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I spoke with Rafael Montero, who was a delegate representing Colorado but is from Puerto Rico, about territorial representation and what it was like to hear people debate his own rights. “I felt the lack of information in regards to the territories and their political status, especially in regards to taxation and how taxation works in relation to how the government already has power over the territories.” He went on to say that, “on the other hand, there were people that I felt very grateful for and in solidarity with for supporting and advocating for those rights.” He emphasized that it’s important for territories to have voting representation in Congress because they are already being governed by the federal government and the President.

There were some more contentious amendments proposed, like one that would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex and gender. Some more conservative delegates expressed concerns about codifying abortion rights and transgender rights. And some of the women delegates noted that it was mostly men expressing opposition. This was definitely the most tense and contentious debate, but it still remained mostly respectful and productive.

In my first dispatch for this Convention, I expressed optimism that we could be a beacon for a new and more just constitutional order. After a day of debate, I am still optimistic that young Americans can build a better democracy, but that optimism is much more tempered and cautious. The threshold is high, and it is hard to build a broad enough coalition in a nation so divided. We are voting today, so we shall see.

Still, the fact that so many US law students and undergraduates gathered to discuss our constitutional future shows that there is a critical mass of young people that are hungering for democracy to work better.

Opinions expressed in JURIST Dispatches are solely those of our correspondents in the field and do not necessarily reflect the views of JURIST’s editors, staff, donors or the University of Pittsburgh.

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What Tommy Lloyd, Jaden Bradley and Brayden Burries said after Arizona’s win over Abilene Christian

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What Tommy Lloyd, Jaden Bradley and Brayden Burries said after Arizona’s win over Abilene Christian


Arizona is 10-0 to start a season for the 7th time in school history, and the last five games have been won by at least 20 points.

The 96-62 win over Abilene Christian on Tuesday night came only three days after winning in Alabama, with a long, late flight home in between. And there’s another game in four days in Phoenix, a stark contrast from the previous few weeks where the Wildcats played three times in a span of 19 days.

“I told our guys, this is normal,” UA coach Tommy Lloyd said. “This is the rhythm we need to get accustomed to. We had, like, a football schedule. We played three Saturdays in a row. It’s not normal. You build in days off and prep time. So we got to get more comfortable playing and preparing in tighter windows. I welcome the change in schedule, because this is definitely way more realistic than what we’ve been doing.”

Our full game recap can be found here. Below is what Lloyd and guards Jaden Bradley and Brayden Burries said afterward:

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On facing a team that fouls a lot: “Abilene Christian has an identity, they’re a scrappy defensive team. They do a great job stealing the basketball and putting pressure on you, and kind of denying some maybe normal passes you would get. So you want to be able to attack that pressure. But one of the downfalls of the way they place, there’s a lot of fouls. They have a high foul rate. We don’t overthink that, but for sure, we wanted our guys to be strong with the ball. We were able to get in the bonus early, but we still had (19) turnovers, and that’s a credit to them, a little bit, and maybe just a little bit of casualness on us that we can definitely tighten up. But I want to give Abilene some credit. They are scrappy program, and those guys played hard, and, they’ve had a lot of success for kind of a newly found Division I program.”

On having that kind of opponent in between Alabama and San Diego State: “Let’s not give us enough credit to think that we scheduled Abilene Christian in between here, thinking it’s going to prepare us for the next game. It’s just kind of how the dates worked out. But there’s no doubt. I mean, we know we’re going to have to take a look at where some of those turnovers came from and tighten some things up a little bit before Saturday.”

On Bradley going 10 for 10 from the line in first 11 minutes: “I don’t know if I had in my notes before the game that it would happen, but it happened. Jaden’s kind of proficient in getting fouls, he’s good playing downhill. He’s good playing on balance. And that’s usually a good recipe for getting a good whistle.”

On starting 10-0: “Hopefully we’re starting to establish who we want to be and what we can be. I really challenged our guys, before the game, to kind of hone in on our on-court values and our on-court identity. I think it’s important to kind of refocus on those things, they can kind of be a beacon for how we want to play and understand what’s important to us. AS opposed to thinking maybe this can be a certain game where I can play well and or I’m going to get a highlight tonight. We want to think like that. We want to honor our our values and honor our identity, and that’s what we focus on.”

On Burries’ last 5 games: “Brayden obviously is a good player, and I’ll let his performance do the speaking. And I was never worried. Maybe some people were, I don’t know if they were or not, but I know how good of a player he is. I trust my judgment. He’s playing how he’s capable of, and I think he can consistently play at this level for an extended period of time.”

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On Sidi Gueye’s development: “Before the Alabama game, I grabbed Sidi and I told him, I want him to be ready to play in a high-level game in four weeks. Sidi has gotten off to a slow, slower start here for a variety of reasons. But Sidi is really talented, and he’s a great kid. He can catch up fast, so I want to get him in catch up mode right now. Physically, just with his strength, his conditioning, his physicality, his IQ and understanding of what we’re trying to do. You could see just his ability out there and some flashes. There’s obviously more we need to get to, but let’s just have a good day today, and we’re going to follow the good day in the weight room tomorrow, and a good day of practice. We’ll just stack, and then, you know what? We’ll periodically poke our head up from the ditch that he’s digging, and we’ll see where he’s at. I don’t have a yearlong plan.”

On Gueye’s block/dunk sequence: “He’s had some of those plays in practice. And he’s really given our big fits protecting the rim. He’s not easy to score over there. He’s got great timing on blocking shots. What I really encouraging him to do, like a week ago, I’m like Sidi, when we were watching you, when we were recruiting you, you were catching all these alley-oops. I don’t think our team thinks you can catch one. So start showing us, show your teammates and then let’s create some belief in yourself and go but. But I like where he’s at, tonight, and just looking forward to what tomorrow brings.”

On going to the press early: “We spent some time on it, worked on it. We feel like we got some good pressing lineups. We want to keep exploring, we don’t want to lock ourselves in and maybe just play it one way all the time. Honestly, there was no master plan. It just kind of how the game started. I think we got a foul or something on the first possession. I’m like, what the heck? Let’s just go to our press right now. And then, to be honest with you, I called it one time, then the guys put themselves in it after that.”

On Anthony Dell’Orso: “There’s a few turnover issues today, and he’ll have to take a look at those. Delly is a really important piece. We can’t be the team we want to be without Delly being the player he can be. There’s really no other way to put it. I really appreciate what he brings to the table. I got a ton of trust and confidence in him, a few turnovers today. I really trust that guy, we’ll move on and figure out if there’s a way we can help him. In a lot of way, a guy like him will probably figure it out on his own. You know, how he how he can avoid some of those.”

On San Diego State: “I haven’t watched really any of them yet this year. I’ll start digging into them, I’m sure, tomorrow. But Coach (Dutcher), he’s done a great job there. I mean, that program with Coach Fisher before him, they’re going on a long run and being very successful. I don’t think they’re ranked right now, but I want to make sure our guys understand that just because they don’t have a number next to their name doesn’t mean they’re not as good as the teams we played already. So so our guys need to be locked in and understand that Saturday is a super important game, and it’s going to be a battle. And we got a ton of respect for San Diego State and their program.”

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On SDSU and Gonzaga joining the Pac-12 next season: “I don’t spend a lot of time thinking about stuff outside of my my reality that I’m living in every day. I’m sure it’s exciting for all of them, and I hope it ends up being a great basketball conference. I think that would be great for the West Coast to kind of re-establish another strong basketball conference.”

On playing in Phoenix: “We’re playing this game in Phoenix because we think it’s really important to connect with our fan base up there, and and I hope as many people come to that game as possible. We know there’s a lot going on around the holidays. We totally respect that, okay, but we want to go up there and we want to connect with our fans, and we have players from that area. There’s a kid in our roster right now. I think he’s number 10. He’s pretty important to the community of Phoenix. Okay, so let’s get out there and support our program. Let’s support our local players and get as many people as we can Saturday night. And this is what I know, late Saturday night games in Phoenix can be pretty special. So let’s have a ton of fun, and I hope to see everybody out there on Saturday and then at our two games over winter break.”

Bradley on scoring in double figures without a field goal: “I was just fortunate enough to make all my free throws, and my teammates took care of the rest.”

On playing a team that fouls a lot: “Just play through it, not depending on the ref to call a foul, just block that out.”

On Burries coming around after a slow start: “His first couple games we played UConn and those other games. Other freshmen were able to get their feet wet with kind of some easy games and he was thrown in the fire right away. I knew he was going to get better.”

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On past games in Phoenix: “Phoenix, the crowd up there it’s crazy, it’s pretty much like a home game for us. We’re about to go play a great San Diego State team. Just knowing we’re gonna have the crowd on our side, we still got to come and bring it, bring the energy and do everything we need to take to win.”

Burries on his recent run: “I feel like I’m starting to get more comfortable, just learning after the vets like JB and Delly, and the coaches believing in me. It’s just confidence, I’m starting to get it. It comes from teammates just trusting me, putting extra work. And just now that if I miss a few shots I know they’re going to live and die with the shots I take.”

On what could be improved from this game: “All the turnovers we had, myself included, mainly it was just ill-advised. I feel like I got to get better at that.”

On playing Tuesday night after a flight home late Saturday: “I feel like all of us have goals of getting to like the next level, and I feel like the next level has a lot of back-to-backs. You have to get used to it.”



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Which US states are most and least diverse? Here’s where Arizona ranks

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Which US states are most and least diverse? Here’s where Arizona ranks


Arizona appeared as one of the 10 states with major diversity in the United States in a September report by the financial company WalletHub where they ranked all states from most to least diverse. 

“The American narrative is a story of diversity,” said WalletHub in its report. And what is the clearest proof of this narrative? A record of data that doesn’t lie. 

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, from 2010 to 2020, the diversity index increased from 54.9% to 61.1%. But the growth doesn’t end there, as it is projected that by 2045 there will no longer be a single ethnic majority in the country. However, diversity varies from state to state and can be defined as something that goes beyond race, gender, or ethnicity. 

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“Race and gender are probably the first things that come to mind when people think about diversity, but there’s plenty more that makes this nation diverse,” said WalletHub analyst Chip Lupo. “The most diverse states have above-average variety when it comes to people’s ages, birthplaces, languages, jobs, family structures and more.” 

To conduct their study, WalletHub compared the 50 states of the country across six key dimensions: socio-economic diversity, cultural diversity, economic diversity, household diversity, religious diversity, and political diversity. 

Do you know how diverse the state you live in is? Take a look at the results of WalletHub’s report. 

10 most diverse states in the United States 

The 10 most diverse states in the country, according to WalletHub are: 

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  1. California 
  2. Texas 
  3. New Mexico 
  4. Florida 
  5. Nevada 
  6. New York 
  7. New Jersey 
  8. Hawaii 
  9. Maryland 
  10. Arizona 

10 least diverse states in the United States 

The 10 least diverse states in the country, according to WalletHub are: 

50. West Virginia 

49. Maine 

48. New Hampshire 

47. Vermont 

46. Montana 

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45. Kentucky 

44. Wyoming 

43. Iowa 

42. Utah 

41. North Dakota 

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40. Wisconsin 

How did they determine the most and least diverse states in the United States? 

To determine the most and least diverse states in the country, WalletHub compared all 50 states across six key dimensions: socio-economic diversity, cultural diversity, economic diversity, household diversity, religious diversity, and political diversity. 

These dimensions were evaluated using 14 relevant metrics on a 100-point scale (100 being the highest score). Then, a weighted average of all metrics was calculated to determine each state’s overall score, which was used to rank the states from most to least diverse. 

The metrics analyzed included: 

Socio-economic diversity

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  • Household-income diversity 
  • Educational-attainment diversity 

Cultural diversity 

  • Racial and ethnic diversity 
  • Linguistic diversity 
  • Birthplace diversity 

Economic diversity 

  • Industry diversity 
  • Occupational diversity 
  • Worker-class diversity 

Household diversity 

  • Marital-status diversity 
  • Generational diversity 
  • Household-type diversity 
  • Household-size diversity 

Religious diversity 

  • Evangelical Protestant, Mainline Protestant, Black Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, other or unaffiliated 

Political diversity 

  • Conservative, moderate, liberal, unclaimed 

What were Arizona’s results? 

Arizona occupied the 10th overall place in the list. In addition, other of its metrics and their respective placements were: 

  • Eighth in income diversity 
  • 19th in educational-attainment diversity 
  • 11th in Racial and Ethnic Diversity 
  • Ninth in linguistic diversity 
  • Third in birthplace diversity 
  • Ninth in industry diversity 
  • 30th in worker-class diversity 
  • 17th in marital-status diversity 
  • Sixth in generational diversity 
  • 10th in household-type diversity 
  • 10th in household-size diversity 

Reach out to La Voz reporter Paula Soria via email: psoriaaguilar@gannett.com. 



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Arizona women’s basketball pulls away late to defeat Chicago State

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Arizona women’s basketball pulls away late to defeat Chicago State


The University of Arizona women’s basketball team (8-2) defeated Chicago State University (1-10) 89-70 on Monday, Dec. 15 in McKale Center. This marks the Wildcats’ second consecutive victory after snapping a brief losing streak last week. 

Graduate guard Mickayla Perdue delivered a remarkable performance for the Wildcats, scoring a career-high 34-points. Her shooting ability was on full display as she converted four 3-pointers from well beyond the arc. Perdue’s long-range accuracy not only increased Arizona’s scoring output but also created opportunities for aggressive drives to the basket. Her assertiveness resulted in frequent trips to the free throw line, where she shot 10-of-12 from the charity stripe. 

Redshirt junior combo guard Tanyuel Welch complemented Perdue’s efforts with an efficient double-double. Welch contributed 18 points and recorded 10 rebounds, showcasing her versatility on both ends of the floor. She was highly effective, shooting 70% from the field, which played a key role in helping the Wildcats maintain momentum and dictate the pace of the game. 

For the Cougars, sophomore guard Aiyanna Culver emerged as the offensive leader, finishing with a team-high 23 points. Culver demonstrated her shooting range by going 5- for-10 from 3-point territory, providing a consistent scoring threat and keeping Chicago State competitive throughout the contest. 

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The Wildcats entered the game aiming to control the tempo and establish dominance from the outset. They capitalized on Chicago State turnovers to build a quick 7-0 lead. However, Arizona struggled with ball control in the second quarter, committing several turnovers that allowed Chicago State to close the gap. 

Later in the first half, graduate guard Noelani Cornfield made a significant impact with multiple key steals, finishing the game with five takeaways alongside frequent trips to the free throw line. Her efforts helped Arizona maintain momentum and secure a 45-33 lead heading into halftime.

Chicago State came out of halftime with a surge of energy, led by Culver’s three triples in the quarter. The Cougars had multiple offensive rebounds which led to extended possessions and second chance points which helped keep the lead within reach. 

The Wildcats went through a scoring drought during the first three minutes of the fourth quarter, which allowed the Cougars to reduce the deficit to just 2-points, their shortest gap since the opening tip. 

Arizona responded by ramping up the tempo and embarked on a decisive 26-9 scoring run, highlighted by 13 points from Perdue in the final period. During this stretch, Chicago State struggled taking care of the basketball, committing nine turnovers in the fourth quarter and totaling 30 for the game. 

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Despite making several mistakes throughout the game, the Wildcats demonstrated tremendous resilience. Each time adversity struck, Arizona responded with tenacious defense and huge scoring runs. These efforts were largely fueled by the leadership and experience of their veteran players, who set the tone for the team. 

Looking ahead 

Arizona head coach Becky Burke will look for her team to clean up the turnovers as Arizona  prepares for its final non-conference matchup against Bellarmine University. The game is scheduled for Thursday, Dec. 18 in McKale Center and will be streamed live on ESPN+.


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