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Lori Dengler | A 60-year perspective on the Great 1964 Alaska earthquake

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Lori Dengler | A 60-year perspective on the Great 1964 Alaska earthquake


At 5:36 p.m. AST on Good Friday 60 years ago, a small crack formed about 16 miles beneath the ground near Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. Over the next four minutes, the rupture would grow both towards the surface and laterally, displacing rock along a 500 mile long by 125-mile-wide fault surface, uplifting some areas by more than 30 feet and dropping others down nearly 8 feet.

For the whole time and area that the fault ruptured, it generated seismic waves. Almost everyone in Alaska felt it, from Ketchikan in the southeast to the eastern Aleutian Islands, and as far north as the Brooks Range, an area of over 800,000 square miles. If I center that same felt map near Humboldt Bay, It would have been felt from Los Angeles to Seattle and inland to Utah and Idaho.

Remembering what happened on March 27, 1964, is not only of historic interest. Very large earthquakes are rare and one of the few places on the planet where they occur is right beneath your feet, if you live in coastal Northern California, Oregon, or Washington. Examining what happened in Alaska provides clues to what could happen here.

I’ve read and heard many accounts of people who were in Alaska that day. There is one that is unique. Bob Pate was a salesman for radio station KHAR in Anchorage and aspired to be an on-air reporter. He carried a portable tape recorder with him and, whenever anything of interest happened around him, would turn it on and describe what was happening. That’s what he did from his home that evening.

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“Hey, we’re going through an earth (voice trails), hey boy that’s an earthquake for sure…woo-ee, that’s a good one, boy oh boy oh boy,” the recording begins. From the breathlessness of the narrator, he is very frightened. You can hear everything in the house rattling and crashing. Pate stumbles over words as he tries to describe what is going on and frequently repeats himself. The recording starts about five seconds after the shaking began. By that time, the vibrations are already violent. This strong shaking phase lasts well over a minute and some swaying continues until the end of the recording, more than three minutes later.

While Pate is frightened, he is not panicking. The action of turning on the recorder is a rational one and his attempts to describe what is going on probably help to focus his thoughts. He describes moving the television off the table, so it won’t fall. After the strongest shaking passes, he does a tour of his house to check the damage. And just like I would probably do, he keeps flicking on the light switch only to be reminded that the power is out.

About 100,000 people lived in Anchorage in 1964 and all of them, like Bill Pate, were in the zone of strongest shaking. The Modified Mercalli (MMI) scale is a qualitative measure of shaking strength that varies from zero to XII. We often use Roman numerals to distinguish intensities from magnitude. Intensity V is the level when some items topple over and everyone indoors will feel it. The Anchorage area varied between VIII and X, strong enough to toss items into the air and damage even some well-built structures.

Despite the extreme level of shaking, only nine deaths were directly caused by the earthquake. Four were in Turnagain Heights, a middle-class suburb of newer homes built on the gentle hillslope above the Cook Inlet. When the shaking began, friction melted some of the frozen ground triggering liquefaction and causing 130 acres to slide a third of a mile towards the sea. The ground didn’t move uniformly. It broke into chunks forming great chasms in between. Some of the 75 homes atop the sliding ground likewise broke apart.

Liquefaction also played a role in other parts of Anchorage. The control tower at the airport collapsed killing an air traffic controller. Several areas in the downtown subsided damaging Penny’s Department Store where two people died and Government Hill Elementary School broke in half. Fortunately, it was a holiday, and no one was in the school at the time.

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The Good Friday holiday and the early evening hour contributed to the low death toll. Schools and businesses were closed, and most people were at home. But the built environment also contributed; homes were built of wood, and outside of the liquefaction zones, had little structural damage despite their proximity to the fault rupture zone.

Fewer than one hundredth of a percent of the population died from shaking. But like Bill Pate, they were without power and other services. Areas of Anchorage were isolated from one another due to landslides and damage to roads and bridges. Severe weather prevented outside relief efforts for days; more remote areas were on their own for weeks.

For those first hours and days, it was neighbors helping neighbors. Alaskans are resilient by nature and set up informal neighborhood centers to help one another, sharing food and emergency first aid. One radio station was back on air within 24 hours, providing a calming voice and what little information was available. Lyndon Johnson, only four months into his presidency, declared a state of emergency, but it took days for assistance to reach Anchorage.

The details of what happened that Good Friday wouldn’t be known for years. It took painstaking field investigation and re-examination of data, some of which is still ongoing, to draw a more complete picture. 1964 was the dawn of the modern tectonic era and ‘subduction zone’ wouldn’t enter the literature for another six years. A very large earthquake had occurred nearly four years earlier along the coast of southern Chile and the magnitude scale in use at the time gave a value of 8.6. Using that outdated magnitude estimate, the 1964 Alaska had a value of 8.4, barely larger than the 1906 San Francisco quake then ranked at an 8.3.

It would take 15 years before the moment magnitude scale was developed and the true size of these great quakes could be accurately compared. The 1960 Chile earthquake still sits at the top of the earthquake leaderboard at a magnitude of 9.5, Alaska is in second at 9.2 and 1906 San Francisco earthquake, revised to magnitude 7.9, doesn’t even make the top 100. But these changes weren’t made until much later. For people in Alaska, they knew something extraordinary had happened.

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We still use a variation of MMI today, although now it is augmented by instruments that measure ground accelerations and responses of people who experienced the earthquake on the USGS “Did You Feel It?” web site.

In case you hadn’t noticed, there is not one mention of a tsunami in what I have written above. Tune in to next week’s column for what happened then and how it might play out differently were a repeat to happen today.

Note: You can find a link to the Bill Pate recording at https://kamome.humboldt.edu/activities/6-8/sounds-quake-grades-6-8. It is part of the online Sounds of a Quake curriculum activity that all teachers are welcome to use.

Lori Dengler is an emeritus professor of geology at Cal Poly Humboldt, an expert in tsunami and earthquake hazards. Questions or comments about this column, or want a free copy of the preparedness magazine “Living on Shaky Ground”? Leave a message at 707-826-6019 or email Kamome@humboldt.edu.

 

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Alaska’s voter roll transfer: Republicans bash hearing questioning if lieutenant governor broke the law

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Alaska’s voter roll transfer: Republicans bash hearing questioning if lieutenant governor broke the law


JUNEAU, Alaska (KTUU) – A legislative hearing into the legality of Alaska’s voter roll transfer to the federal government ended in partisan accusations Monday, with one Republican calling it a “set-up” and others saying it was unnecessary, while Democrats defended it as needed oversight.

“Andrew (Gray) and the committee has a bias. I mean, that much is obvious from watching it,” Rep. Kevin McCabe, R-Big Lake, told Alaska’s News Source walking out of the hearing before it gaveled out. “Most of the testimony was slanted against the state and against the federal government.”

The House State Affairs and Judiciary committees met jointly Monday to hear testimony about whether Dahlstrom violated the law when she transferred the entirety of Alaska’s voter rolls to the federal government.

Rep. Steve St. Clair, R-Wasilla, agreed with his Big Lake counterpart that the hearing was unnecessary.

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“I think we’re speculating on what the intent of the DOJ is and I believe we need to wait and see,” he said.

Rep. Andrew Gray, D-Anchorage and chair of the House Judiciary Committee, pushed back when told of his Republican colleagues’ reaction.

“I think that I went above and beyond to try to include everybody,” Gray said as he left the meeting. “If people are saying that if the Obama administration had asked for the unredacted voter rolls from Alaska, that all these Republicans around here would have just been like, ‘oh, take it all. Take all of our information.’

“That is not true. That is absolutely not true,” Gray added.

Rep. Ted Eischeid, D-Anchorage, backed his House majority colleague, questioning whether Republicans would have preferred if the topic not be addressed at all.

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“The minority folks on the committee had a chance to ask questions,” he said. “I think this is a meeting we needed to have. Alaskans have asked for it. I think there’s still a lot of unanswered questions. So shedding light on the state’s actions, that’s bias?”

Dahlstrom did not attend the hearing. Gray said she was invited multiple times but cited scheduling conflicts. The lieutenant governor oversees the Alaska Division of Elections under state law.

In her most recent public statement — published Feb. 25 on her gubernatorial campaign website, not through her official office — Dahlstrom defended the voter roll transfer, saying the agreement with the DOJ was “lawful, limited” and that Alaska retains full authority over its voter rolls.

“The DOJ cannot remove a single voter from our rolls,” she wrote. “Its role is limited to identifying potential issues, such as duplicate registrations or individuals who may have moved or passed away.”

Representatives from the state’s Department of Law and Division of Elections both testified in defense of Dahlstrom’s decision. Rachel Witty, the Department of Law’s director of legal services, told the committee the state viewed the DOJ’s purview.

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“The DOJ’s enforcement authority is quite broad,” Witty said. “And so, we interpreted their request as being used to evaluate and enforce HAVA compliance.”

HAVA — the Help America Vote Act — is a federal law that sets election administration standards for states.

Lawmakers also heard from an assortment of outside witnesses who largely questioned the legality of Dahlstrom’s actions, including former Lt. Gov. Loren Leman, who served under Republican Gov. Frank Murkowski, and former Attorney General Bruce Botelho, who served under Democratic Gov. Tony Knowles.

The Documents: A Months-Long Timeline

As part of the hearing, the committee released months’ worth of documents between the Department of Justice — led by Attorney General Pam Bondi — and Dahlstrom’s office, detailing the effort to transfer Alaska’s voter rolls over to Washington.

The DOJ first asked Dahlstrom to release the voter rolls in July of last year, citing the 1993 National Voter Registration Act, which requires states to allow federal inspection of “official lists of eligible voters.”

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Dahlstrom agreed to release the records in August, providing a list of voters designated as “inactive” and “non-citizens,” along with their voting records and the statewide voter registration list — but it did not include what the DOJ wanted.

“As the Attorney General requested, the electronic copy of the statewide [voter registration list] must contain all fields,” reads an email sent 10 days after Dahlstrom agreed to release the data, “including the registrant’s full name, date of birth, residential address, his or her state driver’s license number or the last four digits of the registrant’s social security number.”

Dahlstrom agreed to provide the full details months later, in December, citing a state statute that permits sharing confidential information with a federal agency if it uses “the information only for governmental purposes authorized under law.” Those purposes, she wrote in the email, are to “test, analyze and assess the State’s compliance with federal laws.”

“I attach some significance to the fact that it took the State … nearly four months to respond to the Department of Justice’s demand,” former AG Botelho told the committee.

That same day, Dahlstrom, Alaska Division of Elections Director Carol Beecher and DOJ Assistant Attorney General Harmeet Dhillon signed a memorandum of understanding governing how the data could be accessed, used, and protected.

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Dahlstrom’s office publicly announced the transfer nine days after the MOU was signed — nearly six months after the DOJ first made its request.

“Alaska is committed to the integrity of our elections and to complying with applicable law,” Dahlstrom said in the December statement. “Upon receiving the DOJ’s request, the Division of Elections, in consultation with the Department of Law, provided the voter registration list in accordance with federal requirements and state authority, while ensuring appropriate safeguards for sensitive information.”

A 10-page legal analysis from legislative counsel Andrew Dunmire, requested by House Majority Whip Rep. Zack Fields, D-Anchorage, concluded that the DOJ’s demand defied legal bounds.

“The DOJ’s request for state voter data is unprecedented,” Dunmire’s analysis states, adding that the legal justification the DOJ used to demand access to the data has never been applied this way before.

“Multiple states refused DOJ’s request, which has resulted in litigation that is now working its way through federal courts across the country,” he adds.

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The Senate holds an identical hearing Wednesday, when its State Affairs and Judiciary committees take up the same questions.

See a spelling or grammar error? Report it to web@ktuu.com



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Alaska Air National Guard rescues injured snowmachiner near Cooper Landing

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Alaska Air National Guard rescues injured snowmachiner near Cooper Landing


 

An Alaska Air National Guard HH-60W Jolly Green II helicopter, assigned to the 210th Rescue Squadron, 176th Wing, returns to Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, after conducting a rescue mission for an injured snowmachiner, Feb. 21, 2026. The mission marked the first time the AKANG used the HH-60W for a rescue. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Staff Sgt. Joseph Moon)

Alaska Air National Guard personnel conducted a rescue mission Saturday, Feb. 21, after receiving a request for assistance from the Alaska State Troopers through the Alaska Rescue Coordination Center.

The mission was initiated to recover an injured snowmachiner in the Cooper Landing area, approximately 60 air miles south of Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson. The Alaska Air National Guard accepted the mission, located the individual, and transported them to Providence Alaska Medical Center in Anchorage for further medical care.

The mission marked the first search and rescue operation conducted by the 210th Rescue Squadron using the HH-60W Jolly Green II, the Air Force’s newest combat rescue helicopter, which is replacing the older HH-60G Pave Hawk. Guardian Angels assigned to the 212th Rescue Squadron were also aboard the aircraft and assisted in the recovery of the injured individual.

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Good Samaritans, who were on the ground at the accident site, deployed a signal flare, that helped the helicopter crew visually locate the injured individual in the heavily wooded area.
Due to the mountainous terrain, dense tree cover, and deep snow in the area, the helicopter was unable to land near the patient. The aircrew conducted a hoist insertion and extraction of the Guardian Angels and the injured snowmachiner. The patient was extracted using a rescue strop and hoisted into the aircraft.

The Alaska Air National Guard routinely conducts search and rescue operations across the state in support of civil authorities, providing life-saving assistance in some of the most remote and challenging environments in the world.



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Alaska House advances bill to boost free legal aid for vulnerable Alaskans

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Alaska House advances bill to boost free legal aid for vulnerable Alaskans





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