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Does height matter in football? Yes, but not in the way you might think

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Does height matter in football? Yes, but not in the way you might think

Conventional wisdom has it that being tall is advantageous. The problem with conventional wisdom is that it’s often wrong.

There are studies that correlate height with happiness and higher salaries, admittedly at the cost of shorter lifespans.

In certain sports, elite athletes are almost exclusively big, such as basketball, rowing (except the cox) and volleyball (except the libero). Successful Olympic swimmers have become bigger and heavier in recent decades.

Sports, their rules and their methods of scoring and movement select ideal body types. In gymnastics, horse riding and marathon running, athletes are much smaller.

Physiological specifics beyond rudimentary height measurements — such as the importance of wingspan in swimming and leg length in marathon running — impact and predict performance.

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In football, height has always mattered, to a degree. It was historically a limiting factor for technically good but physically underdeveloped English academy players.

However, the first 59 winners of the men’s Ballon d’Or (up to 2016) had an average height of 5ft 10in (178cm), about the average height of a U.S. male. Lionel Messi, at 5ft 7in, has won the award, which recognises the world’s best footballer, more than any other male (eight times). He had to be medicated in his childhood for a growth hormone deficiency.


Lionel Messi’s lack of height has not prevented him from winning the Ballon d’Or eight times (Rich Storry/Getty Images)

Longitudinally assessing height within football, for performance benefits, is complex, since humans generally have grown taller in recent decades due to improvements in health, nutrition and medicine.

A 2019 paper from the University of Wolverhampton found a significant and linear increase in player height in England’s top division between 1973 and 2013 — a 1.23cm rise every decade. Notably, it had no correlation with team performance.

Recent title-winning teams are some of the shortest in the contemporary game. Last season’s champions in the top five European leagues rank below their league’s average height. It reflects their balanced squads, even with a mix of teams playing back fives (Inter Milan, Bayer Leverkusen) and back fours (Manchester City, Paris Saint-Germain, Real Madrid).

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European title-winners and league height

League

  

Average height (cm)

  

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2023-24 Champion

  

Average height (rank)

  

Bundesliga

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184.6

183.2 (16th)

Serie A

184.3

182.5 (18th)

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Premier League

183.3

181.3 (19th)

Ligue 1

182.2

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181.5 (14th)

La Liga

181.8

181.3 (13th)

Better teams are more balanced in all aspects — height included. They have a mix of smaller, more technical players that allow them to control games and keep possession, as well as bigger players for duels and to win matches in both boxes.

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That is particularly true of Leverkusen and Inter, with the Bundesliga and Serie A the two tallest leagues in the world.

In Germany, that largely owes to weaker teams being promoted from the second tier, who compensate for technical/tactical inferiority through low blocks and defence-first styles that require height and physicality.

That has a domino effect in demanding more target-man striker profiles for counter-attacks and long balls — even as an 18-team league, the past two seasons have seen more minutes for forwards who are at least 6ft 1in in the Bundesliga than in the Premier League, La Liga or Serie A.


Former Romania goalkeeper Costel Pantilimon is 6ft 8in (VI Images via Getty Images)

The frequency of back threes partially explains Serie A players being tall, but there has long been a focus on set-piece coaching and recent title winners (Inter under Antonio Conte, AC Milan under Stefano Piolo) have won the league with physical and high-line approaches. Serie A is the division that gives the fewest minutes to defenders under 5ft 8in and the most to defenders over 6ft 1in.

Its minutes for tall players have gone up but La Liga is still the home for small(er) players. Spain is synonymous with tiki-taka and possession football. Importantly, La Liga also has a higher proportion of domestic players than Europe’s other major leagues.

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Most successful Spanish teams have a style rooted in the country’s identity and therefore need height in fewer positions. Of Europe’s major four leagues, La Liga gives the most minutes to goalkeepers under 6ft 1in and defenders and forwards under 5ft 8in.

Logically, height should beget height, especially in central positions — it will never not be crucial for goalkeepers and centre-backs. However, research from StatsBomb led them to create a ‘HOPS’ metric for quantifying aerial performance, relative to height.

They found that height only accounted for 22 per cent of variation in ‘HOPS’ scores, and each extra centimetre of height improved aerial ability by just 0.7 per cent. Buying big guys doesn’t guarantee aerial success.

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Short centre-backs: How much does size matter in the Premier League?


Football is becoming more extreme. Across Europe’s top-four divisions, minutes for players 5ft 8in to 6ft have trended downwards since 2019-20. Head coaches use the smallest (5ft 7in and under) and tallest (6ft 1in and over) players more and more.

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The Eurocentric rise of possession and positional play, and the subsequent emphasis on high and man-to-man pressing, means agile technicians are needed just as much as “proper defenders”.


Rico Lewis, the 5ft 7in Manchester City player, and Pep Guardiola (Shaun Botterill/Getty Images)

That was a phrase from Manchester City head coach Pep Guardiola, who was referencing the necessity for speed, size and physicality against dribbling wingers. Last season, Guardiola said that if Rico Lewis (5ft 7in) “was a little bit taller, he’d be considered one of the best players in the league”.

Lewis, a small playmaker who operates as a hybrid full-back and midfielder, is a profile that City used in abundance in Guardiola’s early seasons in Manchester. For four consecutive seasons between 2018-19 and 2022-23, though, Guardiola gave increasingly fewer minutes to players under 5ft 8in and more to ones 6ft 1in and taller.

chart visualization

That peaked in 2022-23, Erling Haaland’s (6ft 4in) first season, and cemented a move away from the false-nine system to one with a fixed striker. At times, Guardiola has fielded a back-four of centre-backs, with Rodri (6ft 3in) as their first-choice defensive midfielder.

The decline of the small midfielder has been a league-wide trend in the Premier League in the last four years. Minutes played by 5ft 7in or smaller midfielders have dropped by 28 per cent from 2019-20 compared to 2023-24. After three years in a row of the Premier League being the top league for small midfielders, the last two seasons have seen them find the most minutes in La Liga.

Guardiola has found a balance with City. Last season, the taller trend stopped, City’s minutes to smaller players went up and taller players back down. His attacking midfielders, for instance, will always be positions taken by the best technicians, such as Phil Foden (5ft 7in) and Bernardo Silva (5ft 8in).

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Arsenal are on the same growing curve that City were on. In their most recent Premier League game away to Bournemouth, nine of Arsenal’s starting XI were 6ft or taller — though, ironically, in David Raya (6ft), Arsenal have one of the Premier League’s smallest goalkeepers.


David Raya is by no means Arsenal’s tallest player (Emmanuele Ciancaglini/Ciancaphoto Studio/Getty Images)

In each season under Mikel Arteta, Arsenal have given more minutes to players who are 6ft 1in-plus and in 2023-24, they accounted for almost half of their minutes played.

chart visualization

“The height is really important on set plays,” Arteta said in February. Their set-piece success, from corners in particular, has become such a cornerstone of their attack that Arsenal are buying bigger players and relying increasingly on corners and free kicks.

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Short centre-backs: How much does size matter in the Premier League?


An under-discussed aspect of height is its impact on refereeing decisions. Academics have identified a ‘Napoleon complex’: referees give out fouls and bookings more regularly when players are bigger than them.

A study of the German Bundesliga between 2014-15 and 2021-22 found increased likelihoods of 9.4 and 7.2 per cent for fouls called and bookings given when players were taller than referees.

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Football is not like rugby, where referees are analysed and their tendencies considered when constructing game plans, though it feels ripe as a possible ‘marginal gain’ for teams to factor height and differences in — particularly in the VAR era, with its extra scrutiny.

The height factor could be correlated to Arsenal’s league-high 18 red cards since Arteta’s arrival in December 2019, though they finished second in the fair-play table to City last season.

The demand for physicality is still rising. Congested game schedules, multiple competitions, and the intensity of man-for-man pressing means players who can cover ground quickly and repeatedly engage in duels are needed. That tends to suit taller players, or short(er) ones who have exceptional speed, positioning and decision-making.

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The same paper from the University of Wolverhampton identified a “J-shape” trend of English footballers’ ‘RPI’ between 2003-04 and 2013-14. RPI, reciprocal ponderal index, is a more robust way of quantifying body types than BMI — it divides height by the cube root of weight. To summarise, across one decade, English footballers got marginally taller but much slimmer and more angular.

Football, like all sports, is artificially selecting its ideal body type(s). In 2024, it’s a sport that suits tall players, especially with the value placed on set pieces, but the best teams will always benefit from small technicians and athletes with physical prowess, whatever their size.

(Header design: Eamonn Dalton; Photos: Getty Images)

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Russell Wilson escalates feud with Sean Payton, labels Broncos coach ‘classless’

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Russell Wilson escalates feud with Sean Payton, labels Broncos coach ‘classless’

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Russell Wilson and Sean Payton spent just one NFL season together, but tension lingered after a rocky year.

And it appears the tension that built up from that tumultuous stretch continues to linger.

Wilson’s interview on the “Bussin’ With the Boys” podcast, recorded before last month’s Super Bowl between Seattle and New England, recently resurfaced. 

In the interview, Wilson doubled down on his October comment labeling Payton “classless,” saying he felt slighted by his former coach’s remarks.

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Head coach Sean Payton of the Denver Broncos talks to quarterback Russell Wilson on the sideline during an NFL preseason football game against the Arizona Cardinals at State Farm Stadium Aug. 11, 2023, in Glendale, Ariz. (Ryan Kang/Getty Images)

“[When] you’ve been on the same side or this and that, and I got the same amount of rings as you got, meaning Sean, right?” said Wilson, who won a Super Bowl with the Seattle Seahawks as Payton did coaching for the New Orleans Saints. 

“I got a lot of respect for him as a play-caller, this and that, but to take a shot, I don’t like. I don’t think it’s necessary, you know, I mean, especially when I’m not even on your own team anymore. So, for me, there’s a point in time where you have to, I’ve realized, I’ve stayed quiet for so long. There’s a there’s a time and place where I’m not.

“I know who I am as a competitor, as a warrior, as a champion, too, and, you know, I’ve beaten Sean, too. You know, like we’ve been on the same place and the same thing. And so, it’s not a matter of disrespect. Just don’t disrespect me.”

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Sean Payton and Russell Wilson of the Denver Broncos during an a game against the Minnesota Vikings at Empower Field at Mile High Nov. 19, 2023, in Denver, Colo. (Ryan Kang/Getty Images)

After a rocky one-year stint with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2024, Wilson joined the New York Giants last offseason. However, he was relegated to a backup role after just three games.

Rookie Jaxson Dart quickly showed promise once he had the chance to start, but his season was briefly derailed by injury. Jameis Winston — not Wilson — stepped in for Dart in a handful of games. Dart threw three touchdowns in a Week 7 matchup with the Broncos, nearly pulling off an upset in what was eventually a close loss.

After the game, Payton said Dart provided a “spark” to the Giants’ offense.

“I was talking to [Giants owner] John Mara not too long ago, and I said, ‘We were hoping that that change would have happened long after our game,’” Payton said.

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The New York Giants’ Russell Wilson attempts to escape a sack by Dallas Cowboys defensive end James Houston (53) in the first half of a game Sept. 14, 2025, in Arlington, Texas.  (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)

Payton also said the Broncos would have faced less of a challenge had Wilson been under center.

“Classless … but not surprised,” Wilson responded in a social media post. “Didn’t realize you’re still bounty hunting 15+ years later though the media.”

Despite last season’s struggles and chatter about his football future, Wilson does not appear ready to call it quits in 2026.

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“I wanna play a few more years for sure,” he said. “I think, for me, I’ve always had the vision of getting to 40, at least. I think the game is different. Quarterbacks, we get hit. It’s not, you know, we get hit hard, but … there’s certain rules. I mean, back in the day when I started, bro, it was you just get [clobbered]. 

“I mean, so I feel like the game allows you to, you know, live a little longer, I guess. I feel healthy. I feel great. But I think, more than anything else is, do you love the game? Do you love studying? Do you love the passion for it all? Do you love the process? Do you love the practice? Do you love — everybody loves the winning part of it, but it’s process. There’s a journey that you got to be obsessed with. And that part I’m obsessed with.”

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Fatigue a factor as early matches begin at Indian Wells

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Fatigue a factor as early matches begin at Indian Wells

The early rounds of the BNP Paribas Open began Wednesday, with top seeds slated to start play Friday during the 12-day ATP and WTPA Master 1000 tournament.

A busy stretch of the tennis season reaches another gear at Indian Wells Tennis Garden, the second largest outdoor tennis stadium in the world.

While many consider it the “fifth Grand Slam” because of its elite player field, amenities and equal prize money for men and women, professionals acknowledge the tournament is part of a stressful stretch on the tennis calendar.

Indian Wells is followed by the Miami Open, another two-week Master 1000 tournament. The tour stops are known as the “Sunshine Double.”

Some players made the short trip from Indian Wells to Las Vegas this past weekend to participate in the MGM Grand Slam, an exhibition designed to help players ramp up for back-to-back tournaments.

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American Reilly Opelka, a 6-foot–11 pro, said managing fatigue after a series of tournaments before hitting Indian Wells has altered his practice and play in exhibition matches, including a loss to 19-year-old Brazilian Joao Fonseca in Las Vegas.

“Normally in any kind of competition, you get excited and play with a pressure point … but you don’t feel this when you are practicing,” Opelka said.

“I was trying to feel like this a few days ago while practicing with … [Tommy Paul,] but instead we got tired and hungry. … That usually doesn’t happen. We just decided to stop and go to eat somewhere.”

Paul said despite the decision to cut practice short, he feels fresh for the upcoming events.

“I started the year pretty well and for Americans, we are excited for the Sunshine Double,” Paul said.

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Casper Rudd lost to Opelka during the first round of the Las Vegas exhibition. The Norwegian also lost a week ago during the first round of the Acapulco Open, falling to Chinese qualifier Yibing Wu in straight sets.

Rudd said he felt “extremely tired” after the Australian Open in January.

Rancho Palo Verdes resident Taylor Fritz, ranked No. 7 in the world, said the best way to prepare yourself for grueling tour schedule is “putting [in] the time, work and repetition.”

“… Be there, be focused on the quality that you are doing,” said Fritz, a 28-year-old who won the Indian Wells title in 2022.

While some players are guarding against burnout, others struggled to even reach California. Some players who live in Dubai, including Russians Daniil Medvedev and Andrey Rublev, have to contend with closed airspace triggered by the U.S. and Israel bombing Iran.

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The ATP announced Wednesday that, “the vast majority of players who were in Dubai have successfully departed today on selected flights.”

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Law firm fighting for women’s sports in SCOTUS battle comments on ruling possibly impacting SJSU trans lawsuit

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Law firm fighting for women’s sports in SCOTUS battle comments on ruling possibly impacting SJSU trans lawsuit

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A law firm leading the charge in the ongoing Supreme Court case over trans athletes in women’s sports has responded after a federal judge suggested the case’s ruling could impact a separate case involving a similar issue. 

Colorado District Judge Kato Crews deferred ruling in motions to dismiss former San Jose State volleyball co-captain Brooke Slusser’s lawsuit against the California State University (CSU) system until after a ruling in the B.P.J. v. West Virginia Supreme Court case, which is expected to come in June. 

Slusser filed the lawsuit against representatives of her school and the Mountain West Conference in fall 2024 after she allegedly was made to share bedrooms and changing spaces with trans teammate Blaire Fleming for a whole season without being informed that Fleming is a biological male. 

 

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Meanwhile, the B.P.J. case went to the Supreme Court after a trans teen sued West Virginia to block the state’s law that prevents males from competing in girls’ high school sports. 

The Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF) is the primary law firm defending West Virginia in that case at the Supreme Court, and has now responded to news that Slusser’s lawsuit could be affected by the SCOTUS ruling. 

“We hope the ruling from the Supreme Court will affirm that Title IX was designed to guarantee equal opportunity for women, not to let male athletes displace women and girl in competition. It is crucial that sports be separated by sex for not only the equal opportunity of women but for safety and privacy. Title IX should protect women’s right to compete in their own sports. Allowing men to compete in the female category reverses 50 years of advancement for women,” ADF Vice President of Litigation Strategies Jonathan Scruggs said.

Slusser’s attorney, Bill Bock of the Independent Council on Women’s Sports, expects a Supreme Court ruling in favor of the legal defense representing West Virginia, thus helping his case. 

(Left) Brooke Slusser (10) of the San Jose State Spartans serves the ball during the first set against the Air Force Falcons at Falcon Court at East Gym in Colorado Springs, Colorado, on Oct. 19, 2024. (Right) Blaire Fleming #3 of the San Jose State Spartans looks on during the third set against the Air Force Falcons at Falcon Court at East Gym on October 19, 2024 in Colorado Springs, Colorado. ( Andrew Wevers/Getty Images; Andrew Wevers/Getty Images)

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“We’re looking forward to the case going forward,” Bock told Fox News Digital. 

“I believe that the court is going to find that Title IX operates on the basis of biological sex, without regard to an assumed or professed gender, and so just like the congress and the members of congress that passed Title IX in 1972, allowed this specifically provided for in the regulations that there had to be separate men’s and women’s teams based on biological sex, I think the court is going to see that is the original meaning of the statute and apply it in that way, and I think it’s going to be a big win in women’s sports.”

The Supreme Court’s conservative majority appeared prepared to rule in favor of West Virginia after oral arguments on Jan. 13. 

Slusser spoke on the steps of the Supreme Court on Jan. 13 while oral arguments took place inside, sharing her experience with a divided crowd of opposing protesters. 

With Fleming on its roster, SJSU reached the 2024 conference final by virtue of a forfeit by Boise State in the semifinal round. SJSU lost in the final to Colorado State.

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Slusser went on to develop an eating disorder due to the anxiety and trauma from the scandal and dropped out of her classes the following semester. The eating disorder became so severe, that Slusser said she lost her menstrual cycle for nine months. Her decision to drop her classes resulted in the loss of her scholarship, and her parents said they had to foot the bill out of pocket for an unfinished final semester of college. 

President Donald Trump’s Department of Education determined in January that SJSU violated Title IX in its handling of the situation involving Fleming, and has given the university an ultimatum to agree to a series of resolutions or face a referral to the Department of Justice. 

Among the department’s findings, it determined that a female athlete discovered that the trans student allegedly conspired to have a member of an opposing team spike her in the face during a match. ED claims that “SJSU did not investigate the conspiracy, but later subjected the female athlete to a Title IX complaint for ‘misgendering’ the male athlete in online videos and interviews.”

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SJSU trans player Blaire Fleming and teammate Brooke Slusser went to a magic show and had Thanksgiving together in Las Vegas despite an ongoing lawsuit over Fleming being transgender. (Thien-An Truong/San Jose State Athletics)

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SJSU Athletic Director Jeff Konya told Fox News Digital in a July interview that he was satisfied with how the university handled the situation involving Fleming.

“I think everybody acted in the best possible way they could, given the circumstances,” Konya said. 

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