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Dallas relies on international teachers more than any other school district in the U.S.

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Dallas relies on international teachers more than any other school district in the U.S.


Thousands of Dallas students come to school from homes that speak languages other than English, but a nationwide shortage of bilingual educators has DISD relying on international teachers.

Dallas ISD sponsors the largest number of H-1B, or specialty-occupation, visas among public school districts in the United States, according to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services data.

In the 2022 fiscal year, the district sponsored 234 workers on such visas, nearly four times more than Houston, which has 59 workers using them, the second-highest total in the United States.

Hiring international teachers can cost districts more and is a cumbersome process, but it’s worth it so that “the students have a teacher in front of them on the first day of school,” said Michele Andreason, DISD’s executive director of human capital management.

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Across Texas about a fifth of public school students are learning English as a second language.

The state had 38 districts participating in the H-1B program, hiring a total of 486 workers with specialty-occupation visas in the last fiscal year. Although the vast majority of people with H-1B visas hired by districts are teachers, some fill other high-needs areas, such as in technology.

DISD has hired teachers through the H-1B program for 25 years, said Steven Jackson, the district’s director of recruitment.

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Like many Texas school districts, Dallas is in dire need of bilingual teachers.

About 48%, or 69,427, of DISD’s students do not speak English as their primary language, according to DISD data. The district has 1,752 bilingual teachers, about one teacher per 39 students who need them.

Most of the H-1B holders in the district are bilingual teachers.

Such shortages are not unique to Dallas or Texas. Many districts nationwide struggle with recruiting, training, certifying and retaining teachers, especially those with specialized skills, such as bilingual and special education.

Texas has struggled to fill bilingual teacher positions since 1990, according to a 2021 University of Houston report.

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Over the past decade, the number of Texas students who speak a language other than English has grown by about 40%. But the number of teachers serving them has grown by only 30%.

The biggest challenge bilingual teacher candidates face is the certification process, said Luis Rosado, a professor of bilingual education at the University of Texas at Arlington.

Candidates must pass five exams. Each exam costs over $100 and tests would-be educators on core subjects, such as math and science, as well as fluency in the targeted language and teaching strategies.

“I don’t know any profession in the United States that requires five tests to become certified,” Rosado said.

Rosado said enrollment in his department of bilingual education is declining, and the rigorous certification process leads some students to choose a different profession that does not require the same amount of testing, Rosado said.

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A 2023 state teacher vacancy report recommended that Texas subsidize certification exam fees and provide hiring incentives for bilingual teachers as a way to fight shortages.

Rigorous process

Maria Avila, originally from Bogotá, Colombia, teaches second grade at Jack Lowe Sr. Elementary School.

She grew up dreaming about living abroad and experiencing new cultures.

Avila studied English and French in college and a few years after graduation, her dream became a reality: she moved to the United States to become a bilingual educator.

Maria Avila teaches a class at Jack Lowe Sr. Elementary School in Dallas, TX, on Sep 14, 2023. (Jason Janik/Special Contributor)(Jason Janik / Special Contributor)

But the process was not easy.

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Interested candidates must have a bachelor’s degree and pass the certification tests before the often lengthy visa process can begin.

Dallas ISD has virtual informational sessions to ensure prospective teachers know what is needed to obtain a certification and a visa and that current teachers are in compliance with immigration regulations.

Avila struggled with the social studies part of the exam, which covered the history of a country not her own. Candidates are allowed to retake each test up to five times.

“I knew near to zero about the Constitution, the amendments, the presidents,” Avila said.

But she studied and passed it the second time.

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Before coming to the United States, Avila was a teacher in her home country for a few years after her college graduation. She first came to the United States on an exchange visitor visa to teach in North Carolina for four years before coming to Texas through the H-1B visa program.

Andreason noted that teachers who come to the district through the H-1B program tend to be experienced educators with many years of classroom experience under their belt.

School districts must go through a rigorous process with the U.S. Immigration and Citizenship Services to seek H-1B visas for prospective workers.

For each worker, the employer must pay a $460 application fee. Most employers are required to pay additional fees based on the number of people they employ, but school districts are exempt. Employers often pay lawyer fees related to the visa application.

It is the districts’ responsibility to follow immigration regulation and pay workers the same salary they would pay an American citizen.

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Beyond language

When bilingual teachers aren’t available, children who don’t speak English well can struggle.

More than half of Texas’ 5.4 million public school children are Latino, and about 20% of students don’t speak English as their first language.

The majority of Avila’s students predominantly speak Spanish at home, she said. More than 70% of Dallas ISD students are Latino.

She teaches reading and helps them with grammar and vocabulary in their native language.

Maria Avila teaches a class at Jack Lowe Sr. Elementary School in Dallas, TX, on Sep 14,...
Maria Avila teaches a class at Jack Lowe Sr. Elementary School in Dallas, TX, on Sep 14, 2023. (Jason Janik/Special Contributor)(Jason Janik / Special Contributor)

For Avila, experiencing American culture is both the most rewarding and most challenging aspect of teaching in the United States.

There’s a lot of “cultural shock” when going to a new country where the education system is completely different, such as varying approaches to grading, she said.

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But it’s also rewarding when she can bring her culture to the classroom. For instance, although she speaks Spanish like her students from Mexico, words or phrases can be vastly different.

“It’s raining cats and dogs. Well, in Colombia, you don’t say it’s raining ‘perros y gatos,’ but you say it’s raining ‘buckets,’” she said as an example. “That would be the translation.”

International teachers add value to the district and the lives of students, said Shirley Dolph, assistant principal at Jack Lowe Sr. Elementary School. Nearly three-quarters of students at her campus are learning English as a second language, according to state data.

The educators inspire students to dream big, Dolph said.

“These teachers decided to go outside the bubble” by teaching in a foreign country, she said. “And just like they went outside the bubble, [students] can do that also. The world is their oyster.”

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The DMN Education Lab deepens the coverage and conversation about urgent education issues critical to the future of North Texas.

The DMN Education Lab is a community-funded journalism initiative, with support from Bobby and Lottye Lyle, Communities Foundation of Texas, The Dallas Foundation, Dallas Regional Chamber, Deedie Rose, Garrett and Cecilia Boone, The Meadows Foundation, The Murrell Foundation, Solutions Journalism Network, Southern Methodist University, Sydney Smith Hicks and the University of Texas at Dallas. The Dallas Morning News retains full editorial control of the Education Lab’s journalism.



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Dallas, TX

Report reveals Mike Zimmer’s future in coaching after Cowboys part ways with Mike McCarthy

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Report reveals Mike Zimmer’s future in coaching after Cowboys part ways with Mike McCarthy


Mike McCarthy’s future has been sorted out in Dallas, and there won’t be one with the Cowboys. As for his defensive coordinator in Mike Zimmer? The question becomes a little more murky.

According to NFL Network’s Tom Pelissero, the 68-year old assistant is keeping his options open, even willing to return to the Cowboys should that be the desire of decision-makers. He could feasibly retire, or continue his coaching career elsewhere — nothing seems to be off the table.

“#Cowboys defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer tells me ‘all options are open’ on his future after Dallas and Mike McCarthy parted ways Monday,” Pelissero reported. “Zimmer and other Dallas assistants whose contracts expired are now allowed to interview elsewhere. ‘I really enjoy coaching,’ Zimmer said.”

Zimmer made a name for himself as an assistant in Dallas from 1994 until 2006. He finally got a chance to lead a franchise in 2014 with the Minnesota Vikings, where he coached until 2021. He spent two seasons with Deion Sanders at Jackson State and Colorado as an analyst until the Cowboys called upon him to return in 2024.

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Meanwhile, McCarthy’s Cowboys finished the 2024 season with a 7-10 record. The last time the Cowboys had a losing record was in 2020 when they finished 6-10. That was McCarthy’s first year in Dallas, and he then led the Cowboys to three consecutive 12-5 seasons. 

After the Cowboys lost to the Washington Commanders in Week 18, McCarthy said he wanted to be with the team going forward. “Absolutely. I have a lot invested here, and the Cowboys have a lot invested in me,” he said, per the Cowboys’ official website.  “And then there’s a personal side to all these decisions. So, they all point in the right direction.”

McCarthy then explained why he should continue to be the Cowboys head coach. “I don’t like to talk about myself that way, but I’ll just be clear: I’m a winner. I know how to win. I’ve won a championship. I won a championship in this building,” McCarthy said. “And that’s who I am. We’ll see where it goes.”

Moving forward, multiple teams are expected to speak with Mike McCarthy about their vacancy, like the Chicago Bears and New Orleans Saints. Regardless, it didn’t work out in Dallas, and the Cowboys are moving in a different direction going forward. Whether Mike Zimmer is part of their plans remains to be seen.



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Dallas, TX

Dallas was right to question University Park request for 18 acres

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Dallas was right to question University Park request for 18 acres


Why would Dallas ever hand over 18 acres of prime real estate within its city limits to University Park?

Yet that’s what University Park asked Dallas to do as part of a boundary adjustment application that would have shifted a school and church along Northwest Highway out of Dallas.

After the request hung around City Hall for about two years, Dallas City Council members rightly questioned the proposed land gift during a summer briefing of its Quality of Life, Arts & Culture committee. University Park has since withdrawn its application after being told its approval was “unlikely,” a spokesperson for the affluent city of 25,000 told us in an email.

We’re glad to hear it and support the far more reasonable approach of hammering out an agreement to address University Park’s underlying concerns. Dallas council member Gay Donnell Willis, whose District 13 includes the area, told us conversations between the two cities are active and ongoing.

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The issue arose out of concerns of families at Michael M. Boone Elementary School, which opened in 2020 at 8385 Durham St. The school is within the city of Dallas and part of the Highland Park Independent School District, but about 80% of school families reside in University Park.

Willis said families have reported confusion between Dallas and University Park first responders over which city should answer calls from the school. They also had concerns over street and drainage problems around the school, as well as conflicting signage rules between the two cities and the school district.

University Park initially asked that Dallas’ boundary adjustment include only the school. But the application was amended to include Northway Christian Church because state law required the boundary in question to be contiguous to University Park, according to a city memo. HPISD also later joined the application. Both sites, plus rights of way, total about 18 acres.

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“Moving a boundary of the city of Dallas is a really big deal,” Willis said. “There is a way to solve this without taking that measure.”

Council member Paul Ridley was a bit more pointed. “I just don’t like the idea that we are abandoning part of our property to an adjacent city that thinks they can service it better than we can,” he said at the committee meeting.

This isn’t just any property, either. A stone’s throw from NorthPark Center, this is some of the most valuable real estate in the city. The school and church don’t generate property tax revenue for Dallas, but a city staff memo said that if ever converted to homes, the land could generate an average of $3 million a year in tax revenue.

We are glad Dallas won’t consider moving its boundary. Doing so would encourage similar applications from other cities. Still, the Boone Elementary families are in a predicament; Dallas should help them out of it.

We welcome your thoughts in a letter to the editor. See the guidelines and submit your letter here. If you have problems with the form, you can submit via email at letters@dallasnews.com

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Dallas, TX

Tarrant County hires new jail chief from Dallas County for role left vacant since May

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Tarrant County hires new jail chief from Dallas County for role left vacant since May


The Tarrant County Sheriff’s Office announced Monday that Shannon Herklotz, who has overseen the Dallas County jail system for just under two years, was hired to oversee its own jail operations.

The role Herklotz stepped into has been vacant since May, following a retirement. The former chief deputy’s retirement came as the jail is facing rising scrutiny over in-custody deaths, including one that led to a criminal investigation and the arrest of two jailers.

Herklotz, 54, joined Dallas County in February 2023 after leaving Harris County, where he managed operations at the Harris County Jail in Houston — the largest county jail system in Texas.

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Before then, he worked at the Texas Commission on Jail Standards, the state regulator responsible for overseeing county jails and privately operated jails in the state.

“Shannon brings more than three decades of detention experience to TCSO and we are lucky to have him,” Tarrant County Sheriff Bill Waybourn said in a news release announcing the hire. Waybourn has pushed back on criticism over the in-custody deaths, saying many were the result of natural causes.

Local activist Liz Badgley leads a chant as people protest recent jail deaths outside the Tarrant County Corrections Center, Friday, Jan. 3, 2025, in Fort Worth.(Elías Valverde II / Staff Photographer)

A spokesperson for the Dallas County Sheriff’s Office did not immediately respond Monday afternoon to a request for comment about Herklotz’s departure.

A Tarrant County spokesperson said Herklotz would not be made available for interviews Monday.

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Herklotz left Dallas County in December and joined Tarrant County earlier this month, according to Texas Commission on Law Enforcement records.

Herklotz began his career in 1990 as a correctional officer with the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, which oversees the state’s prison system.

Herklotz joined the Texas Commission on Jail Standards in 1998 as a field inspector for South Texas and was promoted to assistant director of inspections and jail management in 2007, according to a bio on the Dallas County sheriff’s website.

The Sam Houston State University graduate was inducted into the Texas Jail Association Hall of Fame in 2009 and received the association’s President’s Award in 2019, according to the release and the bio.

Herklotz, after more than 20 years with the commission, joined the Harris County Sheriff’s Office in 2021. He remained there until January 2023, when he told the sheriff he would resign.

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In a letter obtained and published by the Houston Chronicle, Herklotz told Harris County Sheriff Ed Gonzalez that he pushed himself to “new limits” in the role, but the results were “not always what I/we expected.”

Herklotz had recently been demoted and forced to take a salary cut, the Chronicle reported. The downtown jail, among other issues, was facing overcrowding and was shipping some inmates to facilities in West Texas and Louisiana.

“I have no regrets and there is very little that I would change,” Herklotz wrote in the 2023 resignation letter to Gonzalez. “However, I feel that you and [Chief Deputy Mike Lee] want to move in a new direction and I do not feel as I have a place in that vision. I respect your decision[s].”

Herklotz’s rationale for leaving Dallas County was not immediately clear Monday, but reporting by KERA suggests compensation was a factor.

Dallas County Commissioner John Wiley Price told the station that the county could not match the compensation package Tarrant County had offered Herklotz.

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As of November 2023, Herklotz was making an annual salary of more than $158,600, according to personnel records obtained by The Dallas Morning News in a records request.

The Tarrant County Corrections Center is seen, Friday, Jan. 3, 2025, in Fort Worth.
The Tarrant County Corrections Center is seen, Friday, Jan. 3, 2025, in Fort Worth.(Elías Valverde II / Staff Photographer)

The Tarrant County spokesperson did not provide Herklotz’s new annual salary and advised The News to submit a records request seeking that information.

Herklotz has assumed the role previously held by Charles Eckert, the former chief deputy overseeing Tarrant County’s jail operations. His departure came shortly after the death of Anthony Johnson Jr.

In April, Johnson, 31, died after a struggle in which a jailer kneeled on his back and used pepper spray on him. Two jailers are facing murder charges in connection to the death, which the Tarrant County medical examiner’s office ruled as homicide caused by chemical and mechanical asphyxiation.

Johnson’s death sparked criticism and spotlighted an increase in in-custody deaths at the Tarrant County jail.

Eckert said his decision to retire was not a result of the mounting criticism over in-custody jail deaths — the majority of which he and Waybourn, the sheriff, have attributed to natural causes.

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“We had the one where we had the two officers who acted unprofessionally and, in my opinion, violated the law, but, the others, it’s just a sad fact of life,” Eckert told The News at the time.

Some deaths have resulted in civil lawsuits against the county that were settled out of court. Last year, the county moved to pay out more than $2 million in settlements, including a $1.2 million settlement in a lawsuit filed by the family of a woman whose baby died 10 days after she gave birth in the jail.

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