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How a rare bog in Pennsylvania formed 13,000 years ago

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How a rare bog in Pennsylvania formed 13,000 years ago


The Tannersville Cranberry Bog began forming thousands of years ago.

“If we’re standing here 13,000 years ago, best estimate by scientists, we’re standing on top of a big huge bed rock slab,” said Roger Spotts. “No trees in sight … big lake down below us with icebergs or ice floating around in it. And maybe mastodons and woolly mammoths and saber-toothed cats walking by.”

Spotts is the environmental education coordinator for the Monroe County Conservation District. During Bog Day on Sunday, Oct. 22, he lead a group through the national natural landmark in Monroe County.

The Tannersville Cranberry Bog is a relic of the ice age. It’s one of only two natural formations like it in Pennsylvania. The wetland formed after a glacier moved south from Canada. Over thousands of years, the thawing glacier created the big bowl, called a glacier kettle hole. The bog itself is only about 150 acres.

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Once a glacier lake, it took thousands of years for the area to become a bog.

“The water into a bog is always precipitation, the water out is evaporation, there’s no stream flowing into the bog, there’s no stream flowing out of the bog,” said Spotts.

The glacier picked up plants as it moved south. As it began to thaw, their seeds dropped. Sphagnum moss was first to grow.

Sphagnum moss has been growing at the Tannersville Cranberry Bog for thousands of years.

For thousands of years, dead vegetation has sunk below the bog’s living layer. The center of the bog is 60 feet deep. Because it’s covered by water organic matter doesn’t decompose. The dead plants create acidity.

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“The water in the summertime might be like on a pH scale like 3.5, which is almost vinegar level,” said Spotts. “Only certain plants can tolerate that.”

Spotts pointed out cotton grass blowing in the wind. High bush blueberries fruit in the summer alongside rose hips. Larches, black spruce and red maple trees grow in the bog.

“The black spruce are really cool for a lot of reasons,” he said. “But research tells us they grow about one foot every 10 years … a 10-foot black spruce tree in the bog is 100 years old.”

Spotts said pitcher plants are the marquee plant of the bog. The carnivorous plant looks like a clump of green leaves with red lines growing out of the sphagnum moss.

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Carnivorous pitcher plants grow on the bog surface.

Carnivorous pitcher plants, a bog-specific plant rare to Pennsylvania, grow on the living surface of the Tannersville Cranberry Bog.

“So a pitcher plant is only found in bogs,” said Spotts. “Very rare in Pennsylvania.”

They catch bugs without moving. The plants give off a smell that humans can’t detect and glow in a way that only insects can see.

The plant does produce some of its own food through photosynthesis but depends on bugs to supplement its diet, said Spotts.

Raymond Milewski, chair of the management committee for the Tannersville Cranberry Bog Preserve, has been involved in a research project at the bog over the last 14 years. They’re cutting back some denser plants to reestablish habitats for some rare plants. And it’s working.

“Orchids that haven’t been seen since the 1950s, now are reappearing and blooming,” said Milewski, a botanist.

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A man holds up a laminated card with orchids on it in a bog.

Roger Spotts, environmental education coordinator for the Monroe County Conservation District, holds up a laminated card showing one of the rare orchids that grow in the Tannersville Cranberry Bog in the summer months.

Animals also enjoy the bog.

Bobcats walk along the boardwalk; they don’t like to get their feet wet, said Spotts. Trail cameras have also picked up coyotes and bears.

The large mammals like the super tart cranberries that sprout on little vines closer to the surface of the bog.

“When the bear comes in, he’ll flatten this whole area,” said Spotts. “He’ll just lay down and slip along.”

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William Nearing, a Northeast Pennsylvania native and botanist, was one of the first people to study the bog. After a series of floods in the mid-20th century, he helped the Nature Conservancy purchase the bog in 1957.

“It was seen as this great natural resource because … it basically acts like a sponge,” said Stephen Ruswick, land steward and fire specialist at The Nature Conservancy in Pennsylvania and Delaware.

There’s beaver dams and the sphagnum moss, which can hold 14 times it’s own weight in water, he said.

“So that all kind of makes the water move a lot slower through that area,” said Ruswick.

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A man stands on a log in a bog and talks to a group of people.

Roger Spotts, environmental education coordinator for the Monroe County Conservation District, shows how absorbent sphagnum moss is during Bog Day on Sunday, Oct. 22, at the Tannersville Cranberry Bog Preserve.

Towards the end of the guided walk on Sunday, Spotts picked up a small patch of the moss. When he squeezed it water came pouring out.

The Nature Conservancy has preserved over 1,000 acres of land around the bog.

Because of its fragile nature, the bog is not open to the public. The Monroe County Conservation District’s Kettle Creek Environmental Education Center offers guided walks every Wednesday from May to November and usually once or twice a month on a weekend.

For more details, visit here.

Copyright 2023 WVIA. To see more, visit WVIA.

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Pennsylvania

Books and coffee? Both shine at Pressed in Erie, Pennsylvania

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Books and coffee? Both shine at Pressed in Erie, Pennsylvania


Independent bookstores are the heartbeats of their communities. They provide culture and community, generate local jobs and sales tax revenue, promote literacy and education, champion and center diverse and new authors, connect readers to books in a personal and authentic way, and actively support the right to read and access to books in their communities.

Each week we profile an independent bookstore, sharing what makes each one special and getting their expert and unique book recommendations.

This week we have Pressed in Erie, Pennsylvania!

What’s your store’s story?

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Founded in Erie, Pennsylvania in 2018, our goal is to encourage others to step away from their device and enjoy the feel, smell, and look of a book, paired with a comforting coffee. We love it when customers take their time checking out what’s new (or old!), and have a lovely time reconnecting with their senses as they explore the books and gifts in our shop.

What makes your independent bookstore unique?

Customers love the vibe in our store. It’s modern and upbeat, but with good old-fashioned books in the spotlight! They’re encouraged to take their coffee or warm drink (from our full-service coffee shop) and explore. 

We’re known for a curated but wide variety of reading genres, along with fun literary gifts (staff take real pleasure in hearing customers laugh out loud as they peruse the store), as well as our large kids’ area, with our famous reading tree. We’re proud to do our part to make Erie a vibrant and interesting city, something more than just a cluster of big-box stores.

What’s your favorite section in your store?

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My favorite section is the front, where all the best displays are and where we greet our customers. But a close second is the kids’ room — the reading tree and the moss-covered cobblestone look of the carpet are so inviting!

Why is shopping at local, independent bookstores important?

People vote for what they want in their community with their dollars. If they like having indie bookstores in their town, they simply must spend money there. Spending money elsewhere is exactly like submitting a vote for the indie to close. As long as people understand what they’re doing when they choose not to shop local, I have no problem with it. But if people want that local shop to stay, because it adds value and personality to their town and because they enjoy shopping there, they have to be okay with spending a few extra dollars on a book there. That’s the bottom line. 

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Check out these books recommended from Pressed owner, Tracey Bowes:

  • “Z: A Novel of Zelda Fitzgerald” by Therese Anne Fowler. It’s a page turner, well-written, entertaining and informative, and often hasn’t yet been read. 
  • “We Should All Be Feminists” by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
  • “The Women” by Kristin Hannah
  • “The Fury” by Alex Michaelides



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Criminal charges for climate pollution? Some argue a Pa. law would apply

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Criminal charges for climate pollution? Some argue a Pa. law would apply


While Braman agrees it would be difficult to take on as a prosecutor, he said that could change as more young people move into positions of influence.

“As the catastrophes escalate and as young people who face their entire future in an environment dominated by increasing climate harms, [and] start to join the jury pool, start to become prosecutors, start to become judges and start to become shareholders, I think that the writing’s on the wall,” Braman said, “and I hope that everybody, including everyone inside fossil fuel companies, starts to pay attention to that.”

But Weber said prosecutors would still have to convince a judge or jury to convict beyond a reasonable doubt.

Fossil fuel companies have permits to conduct their business, essentially government permission to do what they are doing, another way for the company to defend itself in court.

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If the companies are charged and convicted of risking or causing a catastrophe, the fines are in the range of $15,000 to $25,000 per count, Weber said.

“Is that going to deter a multimillion dollar company? Is that going to interfere with the operation of their business and the money that they’re making? I don’t think so,” Weber said. “I mean, did Energy Transfer go out of business by that criminal prosecution?”

“Maybe you put the CEO in jail,” Weber said. “And do you think that the other fossil fuel companies are going to say, ‘That guy went to jail, so we shouldn’t do what we’re doing anymore’? No, they’re going to do what drug dealers do. Drug dealers say, ‘Well, that guy got caught for drug dealing because he’s stupid. We’re not stupid.’”

 ‘Win by losing’

Environmental attorney Rich Raiders said there are a lot of questions with the strategy, but says the article does serve an important purpose.

“The idea behind these articles isn’t necessarily to come to an answer, but to get people to start thinking about how to address a question. And in that respect, it does that and it does it well,” Raiders said.

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Raiders represented homeowners who sued Energy Transfer over the Mariner East pipeline construction. He said a case like this would be a battle of the experts, but there are fundamental questions the article does not address about whether the charges would stick.

“What do you have to show responsible for climate change to meet the definition of a catastrophe?” Raiders said. “What is that level of threshold that you have to show before you can write a complaint that actually can survive objections? And how do you prove that it was the fossil fuel emissions caused by the marketing aspects of these companies to get you far enough that you can meet this definition? We don’t know.”

Raiders said the goal of this type of prosecution could be to get a large settlement, similar to what happened with the tobacco companies settlement or a previously proposed Sackler family settlement over opioids.

In that case, it makes sense to bring a case where you “win by losing.”

“And maybe that’s what a case like this does. It’s not necessarily to win the case, but it’s to move the needle,” Raiders said.

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For example, he said it could get the legislature to take action. But it also requires someone willing to lose.

“I think this is an interesting discussion in the long term for how to get people to think about the problem,” Raiders said. “And as a thought piece it does have some merit. But will you see something like that filed in the next 12 months? No, not anytime soon.”

Braman, one of the co-authors of the piece, is more optimistic.

“We desperately need some kind of solution that will allow the public to hold these massive corporate criminal actors accountable and have them really address the harms that they’re generating,” he said.

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Cash reward offered for information leading to Pennsylvania cold case homicide resolution

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Cash reward offered for information leading to Pennsylvania cold case homicide resolution


LEBANON COUNTY, Pa. (WHTM) — A cash reward is being offered for anyone who has information surrounding a 2021 cold case homicide in Lebanon County.

The $2,000 reward is for anyone who has information that can solve the case of the death of 35-year-old Zachary Lauderman, according to State Police.

Lauderman was found dead with two gunshot wounds to his head in his home, located along Ulsh lane in Bethel Township Sept. 10 just before 3 p.m., according to Troopers.

Anyone who knows something is asked to contact PSP Tips at 1-800-4PA-TIPS (8477), or they can go online to submit a tip by clicking here.

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