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Determining citizenship: Minnesota Chippewa face historic blood quantum vote

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Determining citizenship: Minnesota Chippewa face historic blood quantum vote


DULUTH — Ought to Native American blood proceed to be a tribal citizenship requirement?

That is the query going through the 34,000 grownup residents of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe (MCT) who’re being requested whether or not to amend a essential piece of the tribe’s controversial Structure. It is a doc that dictates its citizenship, rights, elections and governing physique that was pressured upon them by the federal authorities greater than 60 years in the past.

The vote is many years within the making as tribal leaders studied the difficulty. Ballots are set to be mailed for what’s generally known as a blood quantum vote on June 14.

Since 1961, membership within the six-nation tribe requires a minimal of 25% Minnesota Chippewa Indian blood, or blood quantum, stemming again to 1941 membership rolls saved by the federal authorities. The requirement has had the impact of shrinking the tribe’s enrollment, with many youngsters not thought-about members regardless of dad and mom who’re.

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“We have to do one thing quickly, as the top of the road may be very close to,” stated Wayne Dupuis, a member of the Fond du Lac band who has labored on Structure reform for greater than 40 years. Dupuis’ three youngsters have been denied Fond du Lac citizenship almost 20 years in the past due to the blood quantum rule. Dupuis stated membership to the tribe ought to replicate its values and customs, not a calculation “decided by a legislation of diminishing returns.”

Not everybody agrees. Some fear already restricted federal funds must be unfold thinner or that extra individuals profiting from treaty rights for wild ricing or searching will make assets scarce.

When the blood rule was adopted in 1961, the Bureau of Indian Affairs equated Native People with “horses and canines,” stated Melanie Benjamin, chief government and chair of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe.

“We as tribal leaders have to ensure we right all of those horrible insurance policies that have been supposed to wipe us out as American Indian individuals,” Benjamin stated.

As we speak, simply 15% of MCT membership — about 40,000 individuals — is underneath age 18, a low determine instantly associated to the blood quantum rule.

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Speak of eradicating the blood quantum standards, because the Cherokee, Seminole and lots of different tribes have executed, has swirled for many years. Lately Minnesota Chippewa Tribe leaders, comprised of these from its six reservations, convened a gaggle of delegates to check constitutional reform. The group really useful an preliminary vote meant to information tribal leaders within the reform members need associated to blood quantum, its greatest difficulty. A binding vote may comply with.

One other query is on the poll: Ought to the six reservations be allowed to find out their very own citizenship necessities?

For some, the questions are difficult and wrapped in a historical past of the federal authorities’s quest to shrink the variety of Native People whereas eradicating their cultures, problems with id and inclusion, and sensible issues like companies and funding.

The vote signifies reclaiming management of what was “imposed on tribes by the federal authorities,” stated Karen Diver, former chair of the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa who additionally labored for the Obama administration on Native American points.

“The final word train in tribal sovereignty is how you identify citizenship,” she stated.

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Lasting results

Within the early a part of the century, the authorized skill of Ojibwe individuals to promote land was tied to blood quantum.

“Anthropologists carried out bodily examinations, together with measuring heads and analyzing hair samples,” stated Jill Doerfler, a College of Minnesota Duluth American Indian research professor and writer of a e-book on blood quantum. Doerfler grew up on the White Earth reservation and her mom is a citizen, however Doerfler herself does not meet the blood requirement.

These deemed by anthropologists to be Anishinaabe, or Chippewa, have been listed on “blood rolls” that have been accepted in U.S. courts, Doerfler stated.

Within the Forties and Nineteen Fifties, the Bureau of Indian Affairs pressured the MCT to undertake a blood quantum requirement for tribal enrollment. It was executed with the hope that, over time, fewer individuals would meet the standards and Native American nations would finally disappear, relieving the U.S. of treaty obligations, Doerfler stated.

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Tribal management resisted a blood quantum, however finally adopted it due to threats to terminate the tribe. These on a membership roll from 1941 remained residents, together with their youngsters born earlier than the 1961 change. These born after wanted to fulfill the 25% requirement. In consequence, in a single household, some youngsters have been residents and a few weren’t.

“Blood quantum is not an actual factor and actually cannot be measured,” Doerfler stated. “When individuals say the rolls are inaccurate, they’re referring again to the bodily methodology of figuring out blood quantum.”

A few decade in the past the MCT requested St. Paul-based Wilder Analysis to check inhabitants projections utilizing totally different eventualities. It concluded that underneath present enrollment standards, every member nation and the tribe as an entire would expertise “steep inhabitants declines” all through the century, and a “substantial” quantity could be over age 65 towards the top.

Utilizing lineal or direct descent standards to enroll members, used earlier than the 1961, enrollment among the many six reservations would rise between 120,000 to 200,000 by the top of the century, the research says.

Folks assume blood quantum identifies them, stated Sally Fineday, a member of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe. “However as soon as you might be Ojibwe, you might be all the time Ojibwe.”

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‘Recognizing our kids’

Tribal citizenship is tied to treaty rights, together with these for searching, fishing and gathering, and a few bands supply funds to members based mostly on on line casino revenues. Some fear about how extra residents would have an effect on useful resource availability or their portion of on line casino proceeds. Federal funding for sure forms of well being care or housing, for instance, can also be unfold thinner. Grant funding, nonetheless, which tribes more and more depend on, may develop with extra residents.

It is a “contentious” difficulty on the White Earth reservation, which has the biggest membership of the six, stated White Earth citizen Patty Straub.

“It is troublesome sufficient to obtain a few of these companies,” she stated, and a few are anxious that might worsen.

Nonetheless others see it as righting a incorrect.

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“We’re recognizing our kids — as a result of what guardian does not acknowledge their youngster as their youngster?” requested Cheryl Edwards, a Fond du Lac citizen engaged on reform.

The 2 issues — entry to assets and recognizing kin — should not be tied collectively, Diver stated, however that is how the federal government organized it.

“Essentially, this finally ends up being about id; the proper to say your id and your neighborhood and your kinship,” she stated. “However it doesn’t suggest it will not have sensible day-to-day impacts and I believe that is what persons are fighting. When you take one away from the opposite it finally ends up being a better query, however there is no such thing as a method to try this.”

A time for change

Outcomes of the vote will give tribal leaders route, nevertheless it will not essentially dictate removing of the blood quantum requirement. Change may imply broadening the bottom of inclusion to all Chippewa, or reducing the quantum additional.

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However one thing must be executed, stated Cathy Chavers, chair of the Bois Forte Band of Chippewa and president of the MCT Tribal Govt Committee.

Due to differing opinions among the many six reservations, it is taken many years to get so far, she stated, and this vote — even in its advisory position — is “monumental.”

A possible citizenship modification is barely the start. Proposals for an amended Structure will symbolize who the Chippewa are, their tradition, imaginative and prescient and origin story.

“It will not look something prefer it appears at the moment,” Edwards stated of the Structure, “by no means written by us or for us.”

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Chicago Bears and Minnesota Vikings Week 12 Game Day Preview

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1 hour ago

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November 24, 2024

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Chicago Bears and Minnesota Vikings Week 12 Game Day Preview


Minnesota Vikings (8-2) at Chicago Bears (4-6)

Kickoff: Noon, Sunday

Where: Soldier Field, Chicago

TV: Fox (Kevin Kugler, Daryl Johnston, Laura Okmin)

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Radio: ESPN AM-1000 (Jeff Joniak, Tom Thayer, Jason McKie)

Spanish Radio: Latino Mix 93.5 FM (Omar Ramos, Miguel Esparza)

The Line: Vikings by 3 1/2, over/under 39 1/2 (Fan Duel).

Chicago Bears On SI Pick: Vikings 23, Bears 8

The Series: The teams meet for the 126th time. The Vikings hold a 66-58-2 series lead. The Bears have lost five of the last six even though they won the last game 12-10 at Minnesota. They are 33-27-2 at home in the series.

The Coaches: Vikings coach Kevin O’Connell owns a 28-17 record in his third season. He is 3-1 against the Bears and 14-8 on the road overall.

Bears coach Matt Eberflus owns a 14-30 record in his third season and a 1-3 mark against Minnesota. The Bears have an 11-12 record in home games under Eberflus.

The Teams: The Bears come off their second walk-off shocker of the season, losing to Green Bay on a blocked Cairo Santos 46-yard field goal try, 20-19, for their fourth straight defeat. They now try to stop Minnesota (8-2), a team surging in second in the NFC North with a three-game winning streak behind QB Sam Darnold and WR Justin Jefferson. They just beat Tennesee 23-13. It’s Bears rookie QB Caleb Williams trying to handle the blitzing scheme of Vikings coordinator Brian Flores and the potent Vikings offense attack a Bears defense reeling a bit after allowing Green Bay’s go-ahead TD in the fourth quarter last week.   

Stat Leaders:  Vikings QB Sam Darnold is 199 of 293 (67.9%) with 2,387 yards, 19 TDs and 10 interceptions for a passer rating of 100.0. The Vikings are led in rushing by RB Aaron Jones, the former Packers back, with 692 yards on 157 carries (4.4 yards per carry) and two TDs. WR Justin Jefferson leads the Vikings in catches (59), receiving yards (912) and TDs (5).  …  LB Ivan Pace leads the Vikings defense in tackles with 59 while OLB Andrew Van Ginkel leads in tackles for loss with a league-high 13 and in sacks with 8.0. S Camryn Bynum has a team-high three interceptions.

For the Bear, QB Caleb Williams is 201 for 325 (61.8%) with nine TDs and five interceptions for a passer rating of 82.5. D’Andre Swift leads the Bears in rushing with 635 yards on 155 atempts and his five rushing TDs is tied with Roschon Johnson for the team lead. WR DJ Moore leads the Bears in receptions with 47 and is tied with Cole Kmet for TD receptions with three. WR Rome Odunze leads in receiving yards with 479. … LB TJ Edwards leads in tackles with 78 and is tied with Montez Sweat for the lead in tackles for loss with five. Gervon Dexter leads in sacks with 4.0 while CB Jaylon Johnson has the lead in interceptions with two.

Injury Report: For the Vikings, TE Josh Oliver (wrist) is out. DL Gabriel Murphy (knee) and TE Nick Muse (hand) are questionable.

For the Bears, G Ryan Bates (concussion) and S Elijah Hicks (ankle) are out. WR Keenan Allen (ankle), T Kiran Amegadjie (calf) and RB D’Andre Swift (groin) are questionable.

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Matching Up: The Vikings are 15th on offense, 13th in passing and 19th in rushing. They are 10th in scoring. Minnesota’s defense is ranked 10th, 28th against the pass and first against the run. They are fourth in points allowed.

The Bears are 29th on offense, 30th passing and 22nd at rushing. They are 22nd in points scored. Chicago’s defense ranks 14th overall, ninth against the pass and 23rd against the run. They are seventh in points allowed.

Of Note:  Williams has not thrown an interception in 146 attempts. … Williams has been sacked a league-high total of 41 times and the Vikings are third in sacks with 35. … The Bears rank No. 1 in red zone defense (40.6%). … Minnesota is plus-4 in turnover differential and the Bears plus-9, but the Vikings are 24-2 under O’Connell in games when they win or are even in turnovers. … Darnold’s total of 19 TD passes is a career high. …  The Bears are 3-1 when they lead at halftime and 1-5 when they trail at halftime. … Matt Eberflus has a 2-8 record for his career in replay challenges including 0-3 this season. …  Opponents have scored first in every single Bears game. … The Bears will have their starting offensive line intact for the first time since Oct. 27 against Washington. They had played together five straight games at that point. … The Vikings defense has two TD returns on interceptions (Van Ginkel) and one fumble return for a TD. … Minnesota is 8-0 this season when it outrushes the opponent. … Darnold is tied for second in passes of 25 yards or more with 24, trailing only Brock Purdy. … Jefferson leads the NFL with 17 catches of 20 yards or more.

BEARS AND VIKINGS FANTASY FOOTBALL FAVORITES AND NFL WEEK 12 PICKS

BEARS AND VIKINGS: WHO WINS AND WHY

REPORT: NO APOLOGY FOR BEARS FROM LEAGUE ON PACKER’ LEGAL BLOCKED KICK

DID JAYLON JOHNSON GET ENOUGH RESPECT FROM JUSTIN JEFFERSON?

Key Individual Matchups

Bears CB Jaylon Johnson vs. Vikings WR Justin Jefferson

There can be little doubt the Bears will put Johnson on Jefferson as much as possible. Johnson has a 65.3 passer rating against and has allowed 57.1% completions (20 of 35) when targeted. He has two interceptions and has allowed no TD passes this year, and three over the last three years after he gave up 10 his first two seasons.  Jefferson has had 81 receiving yards or more in eight games but his yards per game of 91.2 is the lowest it’s been since his rookie season. When targeting Jefferson, QBs have an impressive passer rating of 103.4, but it’s the lowest passer rating when targeted of his career. 

Bears DE Montez Sweat vs. Vikings RT Brian O’Neill

O’Neill has given up one sack this season and is graded the eight-best tackle out of 77 Pro Football Focus rates. He’s rated the eighth best pass blocker and 13th best run blocker among tackles on either side and has been flagged for four penalties, twice for holding, once for a false start and once for illegal formation.  Sweat has been having a difficult time registering sacks since the month of November. He still has 3 ½ sacks and made them all over the course of four straight games.   He has 14 pressures according to Stathead/Pro Football Reference and is well off the pace of last year when he had 40 for the season.

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Bears WR DJ Moore vs. Vikings CB Stephon Gilmore

The 34-year-old, 13-year veteran cornerback for Minnesota is a five-time Pro Bowl player and former defensive player of the year with the Patriots. He is with his sixth team and fifth in five seasons and is posting a solid 85.7 passer rating against with 61.7% completions allowed. He has given up two TDs. Moore is coming off his best game in terms of catches since Week 3 at Indianapolis. He had seven catches for 62 yards, is at 47 catches on 73 targets (64.4%) but is at a career low for average yardage (9.8 per catch). He came into the season averaging more than 14 yards a catch.  

Bears DT Gervon Dexter vs. Vikings LG Blake Brandel

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Brandel is graded 48th of 77 guards by PFF and wasn’t necessarily the intended starter. The 6-foot-7, 315-pounder has been a better pass blocker than run blocker. He’s graded 45th as a run blocker, 34th as a pass blocker. He might not have been starting but Dalton Risner suffered a back injury in training camp and was on IR until early November. Dexter’s ranking as one of the best defensive tackles in pass rush win rate has declined now and he’s 20th after spending most of the season in the top 10. He has gone five straight games without a sack, although he has already broken his rookie mark for QB hits with 14 and tied his rookie mark of 17 pressures. Dexter, who is supposed to be a disruptor in this scheme as a 3-technique, hasn’t had a tackle for loss since the Sept. 29 win over the Rams  and has just three on the year. He replaced Justin Jones this year after the free agent had 22 TFLs in two seasons.

Bears RT Darnell Wright vs. Vikings OLB Andrew Van Ginkel

The 6-4, 242-pound Van Ginkel won’t necessarily rush off the Bears’ right edge all the time. They move him around almost as a wild-card rusher. Sometimes he lines up on the edge and stunts to the middle. He’s always applying pressure from different positions, much the way the Packers did with Clay Matthews. However, it’s usually a starting point over Wright. Van Ginkel’s speed and knowledge of defensive coordinator Brian Flores’ blitzing system make him dangerous, and he has eight sacks with two interceptions. Both went for TD returns.  Wright   is graded 25th best tackle in the league by Pro Football Focus, but as been a better run blocker than pass blocker. He is ninth in run block win rate among all tackles according to ESPN.

Bears LB Tremaine Edmunds vs. Vikings TE TJ Hockenson

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The problem with trying to shut down Justin Jefferson and Jordan Addison with zones, like the Bears use, is it often leaves the middle linebacker trying to cover a wider area and the tight end can be open. Edmunds has gradually slid down the linebacker ranking charts after a fast start and is 66th on PFF’s grading out of 82 linebackers.  By Stathead stats, he is having a very solid year defending the pass with a 65.1 passer rating against, very low for a linebacker. He’s been generally less effective against the run. Hockensen will be in his fourth game post-knee surgery and appears ready to make strides. He’ll get used in the seams and underneath the coverage. He has 13 catches for 112 yards in three games. Tight ends have hit the Bears pass defense with some bigger numbers this year, so expect he’ll get looks.

-Odds refresh periodically and are subject to change.

-If you or someone you know has a gambling problem and wants help, call 1-800-GAMBLER

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Twitter: BearsOnSI





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NCAA Division II and III football playoffs: Minnesota State Mankato stuns Augustana in final minutes

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10 hours ago

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November 23, 2024

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NCAA Division II and III football playoffs: Minnesota State Mankato stuns Augustana in final minutes


Matthew Jaeger kicked a 34-yard field goal as time expired as Minnesota State Mankato scored 10 points in the final three minutes to rally for a 20-19 victory over Augustana on Saturday in Sioux Falls, S.D., in the first round of the NCAA Division II playoffs.

The Mavericks had lost to NSIC rival Augustana three times in the past two seasons. It looked glum again Saturday as the Vikings took a 19-10 lead with 3 minutes, 11 seconds remaining on Jake Pecina’s fourth field goal of the game.

Minnesota State started its next possession at its 12-yard line but drove 88 yards in seven plays, capped by Grant Guyett’s 33-yard TD catch from Hayden Ekern and Jaeger’s PAT to pull within 19-17 with 1:35 to play.

The Mavericks’ Lorenzo Jones then recovered an onside kick near midfield. On third-and-4 from the Vikings 39-yard line, Ekern ran 16 yards for a first down at the Vikings 23 with 21 seconds to go. The Mavericks reached the 17-yard line before Jaeger’s final kick.

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Ekern passed for 175 yards and two TDs for the Mavericks, who lost to Augustana 34-16 on Oct. 26 in Mankato.

Richard Agyekum and Joey Goettl each had interceptions which led to 10 points for the Mavericks.

The Mavericks (9-3) will play at Colorado State Pueblo, which had a first-round bye, next week.

Bemidji State 24, Angelo State 14: Connor Carver’s 59-yard TD run with just over two minutes remaining and Isaiah John’s interception with 51 seconds remaining helped the Beavers earn a first-round victory in San Angelo, Texas.



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Preview: Wild vs. Oilers | Minnesota Wild

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18 hours ago

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November 23, 2024

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Preview: Wild vs. Oilers | Minnesota Wild


Last Season on Wild vs. Flames

Minnesota went 2-1-0 against Calgary.

Minnesota won the series-opening contest, 5-2, at Scotiabank Saddledome (12/5), earned a 3-2 shootout victory at Xcel Energy Center in the second matchup (12/14) and fell to the Flames, 3-1, in the series finale in St. Paul (1/2).

LW Matt Boldy led the Wild with four points (3-1=4). C Marco Rossi (1-2=3) had three points and LW Marcus Johansson (0-2=2) had two points. G Filip Gustavsson went 2-0-0 with a 1.92 GAA and a .940 SV% in two starts. G Marc-Andre Fleury was 0-1-0, stopping 30-of-32 shots in the third meeting.

D MacKenzie Weeger led Calgary with four points (0-4=4). LW Yegor Sharangovich had three points (1-2=3). G Dan Vladar went 0-1-1 with a 3.47 GAA and a .896 SV% in two starts. G Jacob Markstrom won his lone start, stopping 28-of-29 shots faced. G Dustin Wolf entered in the second period of the first contest and stopped 11-of-13 shots faced for Calgary.

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