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Why You Should Plant a Garden That’s Wasp Friendly

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Why You Should Plant a Garden That’s Wasp Friendly

Consideration, spheksophobes: Wasps simply wish to assist.

And Heather Holm needs to assist them make their case to gardeners and others.

Ms. Holm, a biologist and pollinator conservationist, is aware of it’s not a simple promote. However in her current guide, “Wasps: Their Biology, Range, and Position as Helpful Bugs and Pollinators of Native Vegetation,” she asks that we contemplate wasps — and never simply their cousins, the bees — within the plant decisions we make and the pollinator-friendly gardens we create.

“If we took wasps out of the equation,” she stated, “most of the leaf- and seed-eating bugs they prey on would simply go unchecked.”


Troubled by cabbage loopers chewing in your brassicas? There’s a wasp for that.

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If tomato hornworms attempt to defoliate your vegetation, there’s a wasp for that, too — multiple, in actual fact. There are additionally wasps that focus on tarnished plant bugs (a pest with a style for a variety of greens and small fruits) and ones that prey on brown marmorated stink bugs and fall webworms. All such sustenance is introduced again by grownup feminine wasps to provision their nests, as meals for his or her larvae.

One wasp species is even offering scientists with biosurveillance assist within the struggle in opposition to the emerald ash borer, a devastating invasive beetle whose wood-boring larvae are infesting and killing massive numbers of native ash timber (Fraxinus) all through america. In areas not but infested by the ash borer, researchers monitor the prey introduced again to nests of smoky-winged beetle bandit wasps (Cerceris fumipennis), searching for stays of the borers, which helps them monitor the pest’s widening dispersal.

The listing of the natural pest-control providers supplied by wasps goes on, and but it’s the wasps that we people reflexively regard as pests. That status is the results of simply 1.5 p.c of the full wasp species in North America — those that construct social nests above or beneath floor, forming colonies and cooperatively dwelling in multigenerational nests throughout breeding season to rear the subsequent era.

The irony: It’s the social wasps towards whom we really feel delinquent. They’ve inadvertently tainted our view of the opposite 98.5 p.c (though, to be honest, the social ones present ecosystem providers, too).

The set off is often a run-in (or extra probably a run-over, whereas mowing) with ground-nesting yellowjackets (Vespula). Or a too-close encounter with a nest of paper wasps (Polistes) or maybe with a bigger, extra complicated nest of bald-faced hornets (Dolichovespula maculata), its many layers of combs enclosed in an envelope. The result’s a sting — all the time delivered by a feminine — that we simply can’t overlook.

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If the wasps had been nectaring on flowers like sumac or goldenrod, their most-visited woody and herbaceous plant decisions, they’d have paid us no thoughts, Ms. Holm is fast to level out. However after we threaten their nests — the house to the subsequent era — their finest protection is an effective, and painful, offense.

“The flower backyard is the restaurant, not their dwelling — they don’t defend it,” Ms. Holm stated. “However social wasps are very inclined to defend their dwelling.”

Wasps want habitats much like these most popular by bees — the topic of Ms. Holm’s earlier guide, “Bees: An Identification and Native Plant Forage Information.” However bees eat a plant-based weight loss plan. Their prey-seeking cousins, the wasps, want one thing extra: to be across the particular vegetation that appeal to the bugs they hunt to feed their younger.

Nobody guide may sort out the virtually 13,000 species of wasps in North America north of Mexico. In “Wasps,” Ms. Holm focuses on the flower-visiting species each social and solitary, the aculeate wasps (a few of whom, the Apoid wasps, are the evolutionary ancestors of bees).

Their unlucky widespread identify? Stinging wasps.

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“Folks have lengthy identified these wasps have flower associations,” Ms. Holm stated. So it mystified her when she scanned the literature about jap North America that little or no had been documented. “It was arduous to search out even three sentences in outdated books or analysis papers that even hinted at their visiting flowers.”

Wasps make up 15 p.c of the full variety of flower-visiting bugs worldwide. However they’re thought to be incidental or secondary pollinators, not the pollination machines that bees are designed to be, with their bushy our bodies that pollen granules cling to.

One other anatomical distinction: The vary of flowers that grownup wasps can drink nectar from is restricted as a result of their tongues are usually shorter than these of bees. Whereas selecting native vegetation is vital if you’re making a habitat that helps useful bugs, the wasps have a further request: easy, shallow flowers, please.

Plant households with such flower types embody carrot relations corresponding to rattlesnake grasp (Eryngium yuccifolium) and golden Alexanders (Zizia aurea). Asters and their kin, together with goldenrod (Solidago), fleabane (Erigeron), tickseed (Coreopsis) and boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), are additionally particularly engaging to wasps.

So are mint members of the family, together with numerous mountain mints (Pycnanthemum), horsemint (Monarda punctata) and bergamot (Monarda fistulosa), and likewise milkweeds (Asclepias) and their relative dogbane or Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum).

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Oh, and plenty of wasps love the colour white, as lots of these examples underscore.

“When you’ve got white and purple prairie clover facet by facet,” Ms. Holm stated, “you’ll probably observe wasps preferentially visiting the white flowers.”

Bear in mind the restaurant-versus-home analogy, she stated, and go forward: Begin planting with wasps in thoughts. Enhancing the backyard with their most popular flowers gained’t enhance your possibilities of being stung — and it would make your vegetable backyard a extra resilient place.

No quantity of explaining wasps’ function within the order of issues or the ecological providers they supply will make anybody need the nest of a social wasp alongside a walkway, beneath the porch eaves or in any high-traffic space.

However what’s one of the simplest ways to discourage them from stinging — and to avert the near-inevitable human impulse to spray some chemical from a distance to eradicate a longtime nest, killing the entire people in it?

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Intervene early, Ms. Holm suggested, to dissuade nest-building in high-risk spots, sparing danger to your self and to entire colonies, above or underground. “Don’t even consider making an attempt to intervene in August,” she stated.

One perception towards that finish: Yellowjacket females, most likely the wasp most frequently accountable for stinging people, get hold of pre-existing cavities, like rodent holes within the floor, when they’re rising from winter hibernation in early spring. Strive closing up these holes proactively.

And should you had a ground-nesting colony within the yard final yr, look there first, Ms. Holm advisable, as a result of wasps will usually seek for and provoke a nest close to the positioning of their natal one.

Equally, verify eaves, overhangs and birdhouses early and usually for any signal of the development of a nest comb, she stated, “when possibly there may be solely an occupant or two concerned.”

Ms. Holm’s technique for altering our minds about wasps: to maintain telling their tales.

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Just like the one in regards to the nice golden digger wasp (Sphex ichneumoneus), whose feminine could dig just one nest in her lifetime. Nonetheless, she places her all into creating that multicellular burrow within the floor. Utilizing the identical vibratory mechanism that bees use in sonication — the thrill pollination of flowers — the feminine of this thread-waisted species will get to work in a sunny spot with sparse or no vegetation.

“They seize maintain of clumps of soil or mixture with their mandibles,” Ms. Holm stated, “and vibrate their thoracic muscle groups, making a sound just like the dentist’s drill or like a bit jackhammer.”

Or the black-and-ivory-colored Japanese cicada killer (Sphecius speciosus), one of many largest solitary wasps in jap North America: Every burrow in her nest should be as a lot as twice her physique width — massive sufficient to accommodate the assorted species of annual cicadas (not the periodical varieties) that she stashes inside to maintain her younger. As if all that excavating weren’t sufficient, there may be additionally the matter of transporting a parcel that could be twice her physique weight, with occasional stops on the bottom to relaxation alongside the way in which.

Then there are the species that carry out elaborate mating dances and people who keep clasped to their mates to forestall the feminine from mating with different males.

“Simply telling one enjoyable or fascinating story a few wasp individuals have by no means heard, with this wonderful life historical past, and what a battle it’s for them to provide the subsequent era,” Ms. Holm stated, “which may construct a bit empathy for these species who’re simply making an attempt to eke out a dwelling in these ecosystems that we’ve got modified, and never all the time for the higher.”

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The subsequent step on her bucket listing, after persuading gardeners so as to add key wasp-friendly flowering vegetation to reinforce their pollinator plantings past the bees’ prime decisions?

She’ll know she has lastly succeeded, she stated, when she sees proof on social media that individuals have moved in shut sufficient to {photograph} wasps nectaring on the blooms — not simply extra butterfly pictures.


Margaret Roach is the creator of the web site and podcast “A Technique to Backyard,” and a guide of the identical identify.

For weekly electronic mail updates on residential actual property information, enroll right here. Comply with us on Twitter: @nytrealestate.

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The jury's in: You won't miss anything watching this movie from the couch

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The jury's in: You won't miss anything watching this movie from the couch

Nicholas Hoult (front row, center) plays Justin Kemp in Juror #2.

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There’s been a bit of consternation flying around about the fact that the theatrical release of Juror #2, directed by Clint Eastwood, was very muted. (It’s now on Max.) It has struck some people, particularly some Eastwood fans, as unfair to give short shrift to the 94-year-old director’s latest work.

But this is a movie that is perfect to watch at home. It belongs at home.

(Some mild early-plot spoilers follow, but they are not important to your enjoyment of the movie.)

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The film has a terrific premise: Justin (Nicholas Hoult) gets called for jury duty, which he’s not excited about, since his wife is extremely pregnant and he’d rather just get out of it. But he can’t, and he ends up serving on a case where a man (Gabriel Basso) is accused of beating his girlfriend to death and leaving her by the side of the road after they had a drunken fight at a bar. But Justin quickly realizes that he was at the bar that night, and while he didn’t drink, he was upset. When he left, he took his eyes off the road and hit a deer — or so he thought. Now he wonders: Might he actually have hit this woman himself? And what is he supposed to do now?

The maneuvering that has to happen to make this even mildly plausible is impressive in its precision: He is a recovering alcoholic who went to a bar but didn’t drink, but his sponsor (Kiefer Sutherland) assures him that nobody will believe he was sober and he will rot in jail if he tells the truth. There are both a giant deer-crossing sign and a bridge at the exact point where the incident happened, so that when, in flashbacks, Justin gets out of the car to find out what he hit, he sees the sign, but might just miss the woman’s body, because it may have flown over the side of the bridge.

The legal plot, too, has so many holes in it that it’s more holes than plot itself. As the prosecutor (Toni Collette) prepares to bring the case, nobody thinks that maybe this woman found by the side of the road who left a bar in the dark in the rain was hit by a car, rather than beaten to death with a weapon — of which there’s no sign? (The case against the defendant, her boyfriend, amounts to “we don’t know what happened to her, so she was probably, what? Beaten to death? And it was probably you, since we don’t know anybody else who would have done it.”) Justin’s sponsor (who’s a lawyer!) doesn’t point out that it’s still entirely possible he did hit a deer, given that sign, and that proving otherwise would be a very tall order, especially after they put somebody else on trial?

Suffice it to say that this is a classic hum-through plot, meaning you have to hum loudly to yourself at the silly parts so that you don’t notice how silly they are. But that’s OK! That’s true of many perfectly serviceable courtroom dramas, which is what this is. I miss serviceable courtroom dramas. There should be more of them. And I’ve got nothing against this one, particularly. Clint Eastwood is an experienced and knowledgeable director; you’re not going to suddenly get a bad product. It’s fine!

But the serviceable courtroom drama is a genre that’s well-suited to being watched at home. They could have made this a mid-level Max streaming series, to be honest, dragging it out to six episodes or so, and that would have been fine, too. (Might have given J.K. Simmons, who has a strangely abbreviated role as a fellow juror, more to do.)

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It would certainly be nice to see a healthier theater environment, where courtroom dramas could become hits like they could in the olden days (A Few Good Men was the tenth highest-grossing movie of 1993!) The same could be said of sports movies, romantic comedies, adult dramas – I mean, the rest of the domestic top ten of 1993 includes Jurassic Park, The Fugitive, The Firm, Sleepless in Seattle, Mrs. Doubtfire, Indecent Proposal, In the Line of Fire, Aladdin and Cliffhanger. This year’s domestic top 10 (thus far) is nine sequels and Wicked. That’s a bummer.

But that’s happening across the board. Clint Eastwood was not singled out for disrespect; the couch is just where people see regular movies now. And if viewing is going to shift toward home, this film, which is thoroughly and entirely OK, belongs there as much as any.

This piece also appeared in NPR’s Pop Culture Happy Hour newsletter. Sign up for the newsletter so you don’t miss the next one, plus get weekly recommendations about what’s making us happy.

Listen to Pop Culture Happy Hour on Apple Podcasts and Spotify.

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No turf wars, no sexism: Meet the queer Gen Z women giving billiards a rebrand in L.A.

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No turf wars, no sexism: Meet the queer Gen Z women giving billiards a rebrand in L.A.

In the summer of 2023, Alix Max, new to town with a cigarette in their mouth, was shooting pool on the patio of 4100 Bar in Silver Lake. They were pretty good, too — good enough to catch the eye of two regulars, Andrea Lorell and Julianne Fox, who recruited them to join their practice group. Their proposal was simple: “We have this group chat, and we play together and get better. The goal is to beat men at pool.”

It’s a plotline that could be lifted from the classic billiards film “The Hustler: an up-and-coming pool prodigy, James Dean-cool, comes to town and gets seduced by the green-felted world of dive bar pool — an aspiring pool shark meet-cute over an ashtray. A cherished motto Max introduced to the group: “Pool is blue-collar golf.”

The pool night was born after Andrea Lorell, pictured, and other players kept experiencing hostility around the sport at other bars.

(Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times)

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The pool-playing group, which started as a group chat titled “Women in STEM,” was composed of pool amateurs, usually young women Julianne “drunkenly met” at 4100 Bar who had a burgeoning interest in pool. Soon, the group chat mutated into a tournament series and community titled “Please Be Nice.” If billiards has the reputation of being a pastime for gamblers, hustlers and hanger-oners, the female-centric biweekly pool tournament at 4100 Bar offers a friendly, supportive alternative. “I don’t know if the goal necessarily was to build community, but it was a natural byproduct,” says Fox. The tournament is both a party and competition where women practice pool, trade tips and compete in an encouraging environment. It was created as an antidote to the prickly, male-dominated world of dive bar pool — all the exhilaration without the bickering turf wars with bar regulars.

 Julianne Fox tallies the score for the "Please Be Nice to Me,"

Julianne Fox tallies the score.

(Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times)

The founders, Lorell and Fox, began shooting pool at 4100 Bar in April 2023 and were bonded by their mutual hunger for the game. Growing up as an only child, Lorell spent hours playing on her aunt’s pool table. As an adult, she traveled across the country for work, always seeking out pool halls to “find a good hang.” She’s since joined a league and even played in a tournament in Las Vegas, where her team won the Sportsmanship Award. The team that knocked her out was disqualified in the next round. On the patio, she details the melodrama so amusingly that her love for the game is infectious — almost romantic.

The infamous Silverlake Gen-Z TikTok bar 4100 hosts a queer, female-forward pool tournament on Tuesday nights

“It’s a community cheering for each other and seeing each other get good,” says co-founder Andrea Lorell.

(Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times)

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Until recently, Lorell lived in a cluttered studio apartment with a pool table beside her bed. She jokes being a pool shark is her dream job. “I give myself a little pep talk before important matches: ‘You’re the greatest pool player in the world,’” she says, laughing with a cigarette in hand. For her, the intention of “Please Be Nice” is to make pool accessible to young women: “It’s a community cheering for each other and seeing each other get good. It expedites people’s learning.”

Julianne Fox, a co-founder, says the tournament also operates as a workshop: “If you’ve never shot a pool ball before, come through. We’ll metaphorically or literally hold your hand.” It’s not about showing up the boys, even if that still happens. “I think it’s even more fun to learn the game to play with your girls,” says Fox. “I want to win, but I also want my opponent to have fun,” she adds, emphasizing the competition’s good-natured energy.

Pool tables in Los Angeles can be hostile places. “I’ll walk into a random bar in Koreatown, and there’s a pool table, and a bunch of older men are playing. You walk in, and they assume you’ll be bad at it,” says Max.

Adds Lorell, “They’re either giving you tips or checking you out, so it’s uncomfortable.”

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trhe infamous Silverlake Gen-Z TikTok bar 4100 hosts a queer, female-forward pool tournament on Tuesday nights

Players say there’s a good-natured energy at “Please Be Nice” tournaments.

(Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times)

Molly Sievert, another “Please Be Nice” player, has also experienced sexism while playing pool. She explains that people assume her interest in pool stems from wanting to impress a father or boyfriend. She began shooting pool at 21 in bars across cities and is still baffled by men’s casual condescension toward female pool players. ”Men have never complimented me on my defensive shots because they think it’s an accident,” she says. When they inevitably lose to Sievert, they toss it up to a bad beat rather than their opponent’s skillset. She won her first tournament at “Please Be Nice” and has been a frequent competitor ever since. She’s a proud critic of 4100 Bar regulars — she says people keep walking into her cue stick, throwing off her shots, and not apologizing. “I always have that little part of me that is like, would you do that to a man?”

Sievert explains a personal theory that women take naturally to pool. Above all, it’s a game of brokering one’s circumstances, calling one’s shot, and making one’s own luck. It’s the type of hazards and presentiment that feel inherent to womanhood. Bravado, Molly argues, doesn’t serve the game. “Men will say, ‘I can make shots. I’m a shot maker.’ Many women are like, ‘I like the side pockets and weird angles. I don’t like the long table shots. I don’t like hitting it real. I like to think about the interaction of all the balls.”

April Clark, a comedian and pool player, chalks up antagonism at pool tables in L.A. to a scarcity issue. “When I first got sucked into playing pool, I was living in New York City; there were so many bars with pool tables.” For Clark, the game’s appeal is the spontaneous encounters with strangers that pool invites. The fewer the tables, the worse the ecosystem, the worse the vibe, Clark argues.

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 Jaden Levinson, left and Taylor Garcia watch the action in the Please Be Nice to Me pool tournament

Jaden Levinson, left, and Taylor Garcia watch the action.

(Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times)

It is often remarked that pool halls look like morgues; the dimly lit blue-felted table inside 4100 Bar is no exception. The competitors are in a trancelike state, building a stratagem. The pool tournaments often run till the bar closes at 2 a.m. The players take breaks to socialize, buy drinks and watch each other play.

Part of the success of “Please Be Nice” is tied to the recent renaissance of 4100 Bar, which transformed from a neighborhood dive into a Silver Lake nightlife institution thanks to TikTok. Mouse, a bartender at 4100 Bar for eight years, explains the bar’s rise began in 2020 when it became a popular spot for outdoor drinking during COVID restrictions.

The infamous Silverlake Gen-Z TikTok bar 4100 hosts a queer, female-forward pool tournament

Participants of all levels are welcome — even those who’ve never shot a pool ball before.

(Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times)

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Now, it’s not unusual to have a run-in with a celebrity at 4100 Bar on a weekend with its new reputation as a charmingly sleazy playground for the internet-famous. Due to TikTok, the bar gained a cult following in Europe and Japan, with tourists flocking to the bar to be photographed in front of the avocado-green wall, Mouse explains. “Foreigners come here just to take photos with the 4100 sign and won’t even order,” he says. “People come and spend 100 bucks on the photo booth and not even get a drink.” The wall, he notes, closely resembled the now-infamous shade of neon green from Charli XCX’s “Brat” album.

For Lorell, the dive bar exists as a third space. “If you spend four out of seven days seeing the same people, you’re not just bar friends on that point; you’re chosen family.”

Diana Brennan sizes up the playing field while participating in the "Please Be Nice to Me" pool tournament at bar 4100.

Diana Brennan sizes up the playing field.

(Robert Gauthier / Los Angeles Times)

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Rumors swirl that 4100 Bar might close in the coming year with the expansion of Erewhon. “Over my dead body,” Fox exclaims.

For the future of “Please Be Nice,” Lorell and Fox hope the pool-loving community develops even further. “We would love to solidify a beginner-centric event since that’s where this all started, learning pool with women and nonbinary people who were too scared to try it at a normal bar,” says Fox. “We hope to continue to train up the troops and run every single table in L.A.,” she adds with a smirk.

There’s a beloved pool adage from “The Hustler,” spoken by the protagonist, Fast Eddie Felson: “Even if you beat me, I’m still the best.” Fox thinks the quote doesn’t align with her attitude toward pool. “There’s something Andrea says all the time when someone beats her, she says: ‘I don’t lose to losers. So you better win the whole thing.’”

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Is “The Godfather: Part II,” the perfect sequel? : Consider This from NPR

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Is “The Godfather: Part II,” the perfect sequel? : Consider This from NPR

The “Kiss of Death” in “The Godfather: Part II”, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, based on the novel ‘The Godfather’ by Mario Puzo. Seen here from left, John Cazale (back to camera) as Fredo Corleone and Al Pacino as Don Michael Corleone.

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The “Kiss of Death” in “The Godfather: Part II”, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, based on the novel ‘The Godfather’ by Mario Puzo. Seen here from left, John Cazale (back to camera) as Fredo Corleone and Al Pacino as Don Michael Corleone.

Photo by CBS via Getty Images

Given the fact that it seems like Hollywood churns out nothing but sequels, you would think the industry would have perfected the genre by now.

Some sequels are pretty darn good, but many believe the perfect movie sequel came out 50 years ago this month.

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Of course, we’re talking about Francis Ford Coppola’s The Godfather: Part II. It’s not only considered the greatest sequel of all time, it’s also considered one of the greatest movies of all time.

So why does Godfather II work, and where so many other sequels fall short?

NPR producer Marc Rivers weighs in.

For sponsor-free episodes of Consider This, sign up for Consider This+ via Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org.

Email us at considerthis@npr.org.

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This episode was produced by Brianna Scott and Marc Rivers. It was edited by Courtney Dorning. Our executive producer is Sami Yenigun.

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