Health
Stroke signs, symptoms, recovery and preventative measures: Life changes a survivor may face
Strokes are the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and a leading cause of disability, according to the American Stroke Association.
“Stroke is injury to the brain from impairment of blood flow,” Dr. Sandeep Kumar, Department of Neurology, Stroke Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, told Fox News Digital in an email.
“A normal blood supply is vital for the brain to function normally and for preservation of its structure. Interruption of the blood flow deprives the affected parts of the brain from receiving oxygen and other nutrients with the result that these tissues start disintegrating rapidly.”
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When a person suffers from a stroke, it can affect their ability to speak and comprehend, Dr. Kumar noted.
There can also be a loss of sensation in different parts of the body, loss of vision or an inability to walk or stand.
If you notice someone experiencing stroke symptoms, it’s vital to get them medical help right away. (iStock)
Read on to learn more about stroke symptoms, preventative measures you can take and the road to recovery.
- What are the different types of strokes?
- What are the main symptoms of a stroke?
- What can I do to prevent a stroke?
- What is the recovery process after having a stroke?
1. What are the different types of strokes?
There are two main types of strokes: ischemic and hemorrhagic.
Ischemic strokes are by far the most common, accounting for 87% of all strokes, according to the American Stroke Association.
“Blood flow to the brain can be compromised when the blood flowing to the brain in a cerebral artery is blocked off either by a blood clot or a plaque. This is called an ischemic stroke,” Dr. Kumar told Fox News Digital.
A less-common type of stroke is hemorrhagic. In those cases, “the blood vessel supplying the brain ruptures leading to bleeding within the brain tissue. Bleeding can directly damage brain cells or deprive the surrounding tissues from receiving adequate oxygen and nutrients,” Dr. Kumar said.
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There’s also a transient ischemic attack (TIA), which is called a “warning stroke” or a “mini-stroke,” according to the American Stroke Association.
This “warning stroke” is caused by a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain. If you have this type of stroke, don’t disregard it. Call 911 right away.
There are several different types of strokes a person could face, but ischemic strokes are by far the most common. (iStock)
Strokes with an unidentifiable cause are labeled as cryptogenic strokes, according to the American Stroke Association.
2. What are the main symptoms of a stroke?
The following are common symptoms of TIA or a stroke, as highlighted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
- Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or trouble understanding speech
- Sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body
- Sudden severe headache with no known cause
- Sudden trouble seeing from one or both eyes
- Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination
The NIH notes that symptoms can occur rapidly, or slowly, developing over hours and sometimes even days.
An acronym important to remember is F.A.S.T. Below is how you can identify if someone is having a stroke, using the F.A.S.T acronym, as provided by the American Stroke Association.
F = Face Drooping: “Does one side of the face droop or is it numb? Ask the person to smile. Is the person’s smile uneven?”
A = “Arm Weakness: Is one arm weak or numb? Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?”
S = “Speech Difficulty: Is speech slurred?”
T = “Stroke is an emergency. Every minute counts. Call 911 immediately. Note the time when any of the symptoms first appear.”
3. What can I do to prevent a stroke?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sais that around 80% of strokes are preventable.
One thing you can do to prevent a stroke is to live a healthy lifestyle, filled with proper diet and adequate exercise. (iStock)
While the average age for a stroke is 65 and older, according to Lifespan, the average age is decreasing. In the United States, 10 percent of people who have a stroke are under the age of 45.
“People who develop strokes usually have underlying risk factors,” Dr. Kumar told Fox News Digital.
“The most important among these are high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, heart disease, especially a condition called atrial fibrillation.”
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Kumar noted the importance of screening for these underlying conditions with your doctor. Be sure you’re following advice from your doctor for testing, and follow instructions regarding medication that may be needed if these conditions are found.
Embracing a healthy lifestyle can also help reduce stroke risk.
Kumar noted the following as things you can do to promote a healthy lifestyle and reduce your risk:
- Get regular physical exercise
- Eat a balanced diet
- Ensure good sleep
- Avoid excess alcohol
- Manage stress
- Stop smoking
4. What is the recovery process after having a stroke?
The recovery after a stroke can be long and challenging. Some patients may not reach full recovery.
Not every patient’s road to recovery will look the same.
“Many stroke survivors are left with enduring disabilities that prevent them from getting back to their usual routines. These can include simple tasks like eating, dressing, toileting, bathing or other aspects of self-care,” Kumar wrote in an email to Fox News Digital.
“Others may find that they are unable to engage in other normal day-to-day activities like reading, writing, driving. Even those individuals who have recovered fully feel very vulnerable and cannot shake off the shadow of a stroke on their lives; they may end up curtailing things that they enjoyed, such as going on family vacation, fearful that a stroke may strike again.”
Because of these life-altering changes that stroke survivors endure, they will need support from those around them, including medical professionals and loved ones.
The exact needs that a stroke survivor requires in order to recover will vary, depending on each individual’s case. Factors like how severe the stroke was, which area of the brain was affected, how soon a patient received medical attention and the overall health of the patient can all play into the recovery process, according to Northwestern Medicine.
Stroke survivors will need support from those around them to help them get through their difficult recovery. (iStock)
“Needs of a stroke survivor for coping and adjustments are varied. A number of patients who have lingering impairments, such as limb weakness, walking difficulty, speech impairment, benefit greatly from rehabilitation,” Kumar said.
“Rehabilitation includes physical and occupational therapy that is targeted towards restoring the lost function, such as improving limb strength in a limb that was weakened from the stroke. In other instances, the loss of function cannot be completely regained; rehabilitation in such [a] situation can be helpful in developing compensatory adaptation strategies that can help an individual transition to independence. These may include the use of prosthetics or mobility devices.”
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Some patients also have cognitive impairments they deal with after a stroke, as well as other pragmatic issues, Kumar noted, such as those related to employment, finances and housing.
“Social workers and other community support can be essential to help navigate these challenges,” Kumar said.
Over the two and a half years following the 2022 rollout of the 988 national suicide prevention hotline, the rate of suicides among young people in the United States dropped 11 percent below projections, decreasing most sharply in states with a higher volume of answered 988 calls, a new study has found.
The findings, published today as a research letter in JAMA, compared suicide deaths from July 2022 to December 2024 with sophisticated mathematical projections that were based on historical trends. This yielded good news, with 4,372 fewer suicides of adolescents and young adults, ages 15 to 34, than had been projected.
To ensure that the decline was related to the use of the hotline, researchers at Harvard Medical School teased out the trends in states with high and low usage of the hotline. The findings were striking: The 10 states with the largest increases in 988 calls experienced an 18.2 percent reduction in observed suicides compared with expected suicides; in the 10 states with the lowest uptake, the reduction was smaller, 10.6 percent.
The results suggest that the government’s investment in the 988 rollout has translated into “a measurable reduction of deaths,” said Dr. Vishal Patel, a resident physician at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and one of the authors of the study.
“What our study has added,” he said, “is evidence for the deeper benefit of the program, and that is, that at the population level, among young people at least, suicide mortality is lower than it would have been without the program.”
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He added, “The implication of that is that sustained funding for this program matters.”
The United States rolled out the three-digit hotline with bipartisan support in July 2022, replacing a 10-digit hotline number, and augmented it with a $1.5 billion investment in crisis center capacity. Since its inception, the service has fielded more than 25 million contacts, according to the Department of Health and Human Services. The agency has asked Congress for $534.6 million to fund the program for 2027.
Last summer, the Trump administration terminated one element of the hotline, the Press 3 option for L.G.B.T.Q.+ callers. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration said that the Press 3 option was being discontinued because it had exhausted its funding from Congress and that the hotline would “focus on serving all help seekers.”
But advocacy groups and policymakers protested the decision, and in testimony before the Senate on Tuesday, the health secretary, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., said his agency was planning to restore the Press 3 option.
Dr. Patel said his group had become curious about measuring the program’s effectiveness after Press 3 was eliminated. While call volume and satisfaction surveys suggested that 988 was succeeding, he said, the harder question was, “Did the creation of this 988 program, the transition from the old hotline to this hotline, actually move the needle on suicide mortality?”
Experts said it was difficult to tease out the beneficial effect of 988 from other things that changed in 2022, the year that the new hotline was created. Around that time, suicide prevention programs were being introduced in schools, in faith communities and on social media, but more important, the pandemic was ending.
“We were finally out of this crazy time, and there was a sense of optimism and hope,” said Jonathan B. Singer, a professor of social work at Loyola University Chicago and a co-author of “Suicide in Schools.” He called the downward trend in youth suicides “encouraging, but it is tempered by the fact that we don’t have a good explanation as to why.”
The authors acknowledged that their findings could not account for the influence of social and economic changes, changes in mental health services or public awareness about services.
But they did make comparisons to exclude other possible explanations. The authors looked for similar effects among American adults over 65, who are less likely to use the hotline. In that group, there was a reduction in suicides that exceeded expectations, but it was smaller, at just 4.5 percent.
To ensure the decline in suicides did not reflect a general improvement in young-adult mortality, the researchers tracked cancer deaths, and found there was no change. They also looked at the rates of suicide among young people in England, where no change had been made to the national crisis line in that time period; they found no reduction in youth suicides there.
Hannah Wesolowski, chief advocacy officer for the National Alliance on Mental Illness, said she was persuaded that the hotline had contributed to the improvement in suicide rates, in part because it did not appear among English youths or in older Americans.
“To me, that really helps hone in that this might really be the differentiator,” she said. “We are seeing potentially a pretty significant decline in suicides among young people. For public policy, this is strong evidence to double down on that we are doing.”
Emily Hilliard, a senior press secretary at the Department of Health and Human Services, said H.H.S. and SAMHSA are “committed to ensuring that all Americans have access” the 988 line, which she said “clearly provides lifesaving support, helping millions of people every year.”
If you are having thoughts of suicide, call or text 988 to reach the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline or go to SpeakingOfSuicide.com/resources for a list of additional resources.
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A highly contagious digestive virus is surging across the U.S., experts warn.
Rotavirus, a double-stranded RNA virus, causes acute gastroenteritis — inflammation of the stomach and intestines — which can lead to severe diarrhea, vomiting, fever and stomach pain.
The virus primarily affects infants and young children, but there have also been outbreaks in elderly populations, such as nursing homes.
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Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that in the week ending April 4, out of 2,329 rotavirus tests, 7.3% were positive for the infection. Last year’s highest infection rate was 6.77% as of the week ending April 19.
Rotavirus, a double-stranded RNA virus, causes acute gastroenteritis — inflammation of the stomach and intestines — which can lead to severe diarrhea, vomiting, fever and stomach pain. (iStock)
“We’re seeing a lot of rotavirus in the wastewater right now,” Dr. Marc Siegel, Fox News senior medical analyst, confirmed to Fox News Digital. “Testing for rotavirus is way down, but the percentage of positive tests is up.”
While the virus typically peaks in the spring, it is not currently slowing down, he noted.
Why cases may be rising
Patricia Pinto-Garcia, M.D., a medical editor at GoodRx who is based in California, said there are several possible reasons for the rotavirus spike.
“Vaccine rates are down overall among young children, as they decreased during COVID,” she told Fox News Digital. “This means there’s a growing number of infants and young children who are vulnerable to infection.”
The rotavirus vaccine series must be completed by the time a child is 8 months old, she noted.
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As a result of the declining vaccinations, herd immunity isn’t protecting vulnerable children, according to Pinto-Garcia. “Children who haven’t finished the vaccine series yet, are too young to get vaccinated, or can’t get the vaccine due to medical illness are more likely to get exposed to the illness because other children aren’t vaccinated,” she said.
Siegel noted that before the vaccine became available, rotavirus resulted in 55,000 to 70,000 in the U.S. per year.
“Vaccine rates are down overall among young children, as they decreased during COVID,” a doctor told Fox News Digital. “This means there’s a growing number of infants and young children who are vulnerable to infection.” (iStock)
“I am concerned that the vaccination rate has been declining over the past seven years and is continuing to decline in the current climate of vaccine skepticism,” he said.
Surveillance methods are also much better than they used to be, Pinto-Garcia noted, which means public health experts are able to pick up and track cases better than ever before.
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“But we see that rotavirus-related healthcare visits are also up, so improved detection is not the only reason we are seeing this spike,” she said.
The COVID pandemic also disrupted the pattern of infections, according to Pinto-Garcia, so it’s “tricky” to compare the current levels against older cycles.
“It’s possible that what we are seeing is still some post-pandemic rebound, but it’s unlikely that this year’s pattern is fully explained by just this factor,” she added.
Transmission and risk
Dr. Zachary Hoy, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at Pediatrix Medical Group based in Nashville, Tennessee, often sees young patients with rotavirus.
“Rotavirus is spread via the fecal-oral route, meaning that a person comes into contact with virus droplets from contact with other children or adults, or from contact with objects such as toys that have been contaminated with the virus from someone who is sick,” he told Fox News Digital. “This can lead to outbreaks, especially at schools where many young children share the same toys.”
“It’s possible that what we are seeing is still some post-pandemic rebound, but it’s unlikely that this year’s pattern is fully explained by just this factor.”
Rotavirus is associated with many dehydration cases in the hospital due to the degree of diarrhea, according to Hoy.
In some severe cases, the virus can lead to seizures due to electrolyte imbalances from dehydration and loss of electrolytes in the stool.
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“Younger children do not have the reserves that older children and adults have, so they can become more dehydrated quicker and develop more severe electrolyte imbalances, leading to more severe infections,” Hoy said.
“Patients with problems with their immune systems or on medications that can decrease their immune systems can have more severe and prolonged infections, too.”
Treatment and care
Because rotavirus is a viral infection, antibiotics are not effective against it. There is no specific antiviral treatment for the condition, with doctors typically recommending supportive care.
“The mainstay of treatment is hospitalization for rehydration via intravenous (IV) fluids,” Hoy told Fox News Digital. “Sometimes it can take up to two to three days of IV fluids to help get patients rehydrated.”
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Blood draws are often necessary to evaluate patients’ electrolyte levels, such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, according to the doctor.
“If these electrolyte levels are significantly low, sometimes patients need special IV solutions or individual electrolyte medications,” he added.
“The mainstay of treatment is hospitalization for rehydration via intravenous (IV) fluids,” a doctor told Fox News Digital. (iStock)
Dr. Daniel Park, medical director of the Pediatric Emergency Department at UNC Health in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, noted that most children recover with supportive care, but parents should seek medical attention if a child shows signs of dehydration. Those include decreased urination, lethargy or inability to keep fluids down.
“While rare, rotavirus can be life-threatening in vulnerable populations, especially very young infants or children with underlying medical conditions,” Park told Fox News Digital.
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Prevention strategies
Given the lack of antiviral medications for rotavirus, doctors emphasize the importance of prevention, primarily the vaccine.
There are two rotavirus vaccines – Rotateq (a three-dose series) and Rotarix (a two-dose series). They are given starting at age 2 months as oral drops, not injections, according to Hoy.
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“It’s important to get the rotavirus vaccines on schedule, because these younger infants are at greatest risk if they get rotavirus,” he advised.
Other recommended prevention methods include handwashing with soap and water.
Every day we’re faced with a zillion small choices: Go to sleep early, or watch one more episode of that Netflix drama. Call an old friend to catch up, or cruise social media. Of course, no single action will guarantee a long, healthy life or doom you to an early grave. But those little daily decisions do add up, and over the long term they can make a difference when it comes to both your longevity and your health span, the amount of life spent in relatively good health.
Scroll through this theoretical “day in the life” and select the option that best fits your typical day. Not every situation will apply perfectly, but think about which choice you’d be most likely to make. This isn’t a formal scientific assessment. The goal here isn’t to assign you a “good” or “bad” score, but to help you understand the central factors that shape the way we age and how long we live.
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