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Dengue fever cases could reach near-record highs this year: What to know about the tropical infectious disease

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Dengue fever cases could reach near-record highs this year: What to know about the tropical infectious disease

The World Health Organization warned on Friday that cases of dengue fever could reach close to record highs this year, partly due to global warming and the way that climate has helped the mosquitoes that spread it, Reuters reported.

Rates of the disease are climbing worldwide, “with reported cases since 2000 up eight-fold to 4.2 million in 2022,” according to the same source.

“Europe has reported a surge in cases and Peru declared a state of emergency in most regions.”

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However, international travelers in the U.S. who are looking for protection against this tropical infectious disease spread by mosquitoes will have to wait a little longer. 

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On July 11, the Japanese drug-maker Takeda voluntarily withdrew its application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its dengue vaccine candidate in the U.S. after the agency requested more data that the current trial could not capture, according to a press release. 

European Union officials warned on Thursday June 22, 2023, that there is a growing risk of mosquito-borne viral diseases such as dengue and chikungunya in Europe due to climate change.  (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer)

A dengue vaccine from the company is already approved in multiple endemic and non-endemic areas, such as the European Union, United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia and Thailand.

There is only one dengue vaccine approved by the FDA in the U.S., but it is indicated only for children and teenagers ages six to 16 living in endemic areas — mainly Puerto Rico — who have previously had the infection.

‘Occurring in urban areas where it did not exist before’

The World Health Organization listed dengue fever as one of the top 10 threats to global health in 2019.

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Roughly half the world’s population, or about 4 billion people, live in places that are at risk for dengue fever, with some 400 million people infected every year.

Dengue is flourishing because “it’s so crowded that anything can happen,” said one medical expert.

One country, Peru, is currently battling its worst outbreak in history.

“Dengue is occurring in urban areas where it did not exist before,” Dr. Coralith García, associate professor at the school of medicine at Cayetano Heredia University in Lima, Peru, told Fox News Digital. 

Experts blame warmer temperatures and increased rainfall, but even in Lima, the second largest desert city in the world, dengue is flourishing because “it’s so crowded that anything can happen,” she added.

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Woman IV hospital

About one in four people with dengue fever become sick, which can be either a mild or severe illness — but some 40,000 die from severe disease every year, according to the CDC. (iStock)

“But Peru had the highest COVID mortality rate [in] the world and now we have several patients dying of dengue, confirming that the Peruvian health system is very weak.” 

Most Americans get infected with dengue fever while traveling internationally. 

Yet it can spread locally in several states with hot, humid climates, such as Florida, Hawaii, Texas, and Arizona — although this is not common, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

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From January to June 1 of this year, there were 129 reported cases in the U.S. and 256 reported cases in Puerto Rico, according to the CDC.

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What is dengue fever?

Dengue fever is caused by four viruses: dengue virus 1, 2, 3, and 4. 

It is spread primarily by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which bites generally during the day, per the CDC.

International travelers often complain of a fever with dengue within two weeks after returning home, but symptoms generally resolve within one week.  

A person can get infected as many as four times because one virus strain only confers immunity against that specific serotype; people are at higher risk for a life-threatening condition called dengue hemorrhagic fever when they are infected twice, per the CDC.

About one in four people with dengue fever become sick, which can be either a mild or severe illness; but some 40,000 die from severe disease every year, according to the CDC.

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Dengue fever is the leading cause of fever among returning travelers to Europe from all continents except Africa, according to a recent study on the tropical disease.

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Among returning travelers to Europe from all continents except Africa, dengue fever is the leading cause of fever, according to a recent study on the tropical disease. (Paul Hennessy/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images)

International travelers often complain of a fever with dengue within two weeks after returning home, but symptoms generally resolve within one week.  

Know the critical phase

Dengue has 3 phases of disease: 1) fever phase; 2) critical phase; and 3) recovery phase.

The fever phase, named after its most common symptom, is characterized by severe joint pain and headaches, but most patients recover without complications, Dr. David O. Freedman, professor emeritus of infectious diseases at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, told Fox News Digital.

The disease’s hallmark bone and joint pains have earned it the nickname “breakbone fever.”

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The disease’s hallmark bone and joint pains have earned it the nickname “breakbone fever.”

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“In a small proportion of patients, just as the fever is resolving, a second critical phase develops where fluid leaks out of the circulation and gets into body spaces, such as the chest and abdominal cavities,” he added. 

During this phase, the blood pressure drops; severe bleeding may also occur.

Warning signs and symptoms

Freedman recommends watching for abdominal pain or tenderness; 2) persistent vomiting; 3) fluid in body spaces; 4) bleeding from the mouth or rectum; and 5) lethargy and restlessness.

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Any of these combined with a fever increase the likelihood of patients becoming very sick and needing to be hospitalized.

woman suffers from headache

“If the patient survives the critical phase usually with medical intervention, the third phase, recovery, occurs about 3-4 days after that.” (iStock)

He also reminds people that “a total body rash often develops during the critical or early recovery phase.”

DANGERS YOU CAN’T SEE MAY BE LURKING IN YOUR UNWASHED BEDDING, SAYS STUDY: BEWARE OF ‘HEALTH CONCERNS’

Freedman noted, “If the patient survives the critical phase usually with medical intervention, the third phase, recovery, occurs about 3-4 days after that.”

Most have an ‘uncomplicated course’

A recent paper analyzed nearly 6,000 returning travelers with dengue using the GeoSentinel network surveillance platform.

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The network is a collaboration between the CDC and the International Society of Travel Medicine. It monitors infectious diseases in 29 countries on six continents that affect international travelers and migrants.

“If you have any of the warning signs, you or the doctor should monitor them very closely, preferably by hospitalization.”

The researchers looked at the patients with dengue fever, which was relatively mild illness without any complications, or “complicated dengue,” which included those who had warning signs or severe illness.

They found only 2% of dengue cases were considered “complicated,” but approximately 99% had warning signs, with 31% classified as severe.

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“Most of the time it is an uncomplicated course,” lead author Ralph Huits, M.D., PhD, department of infectious tropical diseases and microbiology at IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital in Negrar, Verona, Italy, told Fox News Digital. 

“You can feel very sick, such as [with] a headache, anorexia, but then get better,” he added.

“But some 2% of travelers can have a severe dengue,” he continued.

“What you should remember is if you have any of the warning signs, then you or the doctor should monitor them very closely, preferably by hospitalization.”

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Horoscope: What’s in Store for You May 27 — June 2, 2024?

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Women experience more dental health issues than men, experts say. Here's what to do about it

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Women experience more dental health issues than men, experts say. Here's what to do about it

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Your dental health could depend on your gender.

Male and female teeth are very different, according to a TikTok posted by Dr. Ellie Phillips, DDS, an oral health educator based in Austin, Texas. 

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Phillips’ viral video, which has amassed more than one million likes, explained the difference between men’s and women’s teeth.

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The dentist, who has worked in the industry for more than four decades, shared that women often tell her that they take great care of their teeth.

“‘I always attend dental cleanings,’” she said, quoting the women she treats. 

“‘I floss, I brush. I do everything I’m told to do, and my teeth have cavities, I have gum disease, gum recession, all these problems.’”

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She added, “‘And there is my husband or my fiancé or my boyfriend — he doesn’t even clean his teeth half the time and doesn’t have any of these problems.’”

The importance of pH

When Phillips was in dental school in the 1960s, she was “trained to believe” that the pH of all saliva was 7.

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After using a pH meter to test multiple people over the course of many years, however, Phillips discovered that the pH of women’s saliva was frequently 5.5 or 6.

“Acidic saliva in your mouth … can be the very reason that your teeth are weakening, that you are promoting plaque in your mouth, that you’re getting gum disease,” she said in the video. 

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“Acidic saliva is really damaging to oral health.”

Women’s salivary pH tends to fluctuate while men’s stays stable, according to a dental expert. (iStock)

Phillips suggested that the assumption of a universal saliva pH was based on studies from the 1950s, when only male dental students were surveyed.

“Even when I went to dental school, [it] was 1% women,” she said. “The rest were men.”

Dr. Dominik Nischwitz, a specialist in biological dentistry in Tübingen, Germany, noted that several studies have suggested that female patients can have significantly lower pH values, meaning their mouths are more acidic.

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ASK A DOCTOR: ‘WHY DO MY GUMS BLEED AFTER I BRUSH MY TEETH, AND WHAT SHOULD I DO ABOUT IT?’

“Women also have, generally speaking, a lower saliva flow rate than men,” he told Fox News Digital. 

Saliva’s ideal pH rate is between 7 and 7.4, according to Nischwitz.

“If we can help mothers create a healthy mouth for themselves, we can start to truly affect the global epidemic of dental disease.”

“If the pH of saliva constantly drops below 5.5, the tooth enamel gets demineralized, which means it will be more prone to tooth decay,” he warned. 

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“If this is combined with a lower flow rate of the saliva, which can lead to a dry mouth, the tooth becomes weaker, because the remineralization or buffering capacity is too slow.”

Dr. Brandon Mack, DDS, a cosmetic dentist who practices in both New York and Florida, agreed in a response sent to Fox News Digital that acidity in the mouth can lead to worsened bacteria and tooth erosion.

headshot of dr brandon mack

Dr. Brandon Mack, DDS, is a cosmetic dentist and founder of Eden Dental Aesthetics in Florida. (Trenton Butler)

“The saliva’s role is to serve as a buffer system that allows us to keep teeth at a certain level that [is] going to promote health and good probiotics inside the plaque biofilm,” he said. 

Mack emphasized the question, “Are there influences that disproportionately affect women who shift their acidic environment to a point where it’s going to be more detrimental to the mouth?”

IS MOUTH BREATHING BAD FOR YOUR TEETH? DENTAL PROFESSIONALS SHARE RISKS AND REMEDIES

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Although Mack could not confirm whether there is a difference in salivary pH between men and women, he “won’t deny” the potential for some type of “relative correlation of factors that affect women more than men.”

He said, “The quality of saliva is going to vary from individual to individual, and it’s going to depend on how many minerals — like calcium, phosphate and fluorohydroxyapatite — are in that saliva. We also have to consider the flow rate of the saliva, or how much saliva is present, and any kind of conditions that are going to affect men and women differently.”

What’s the solution?

In Phillips’ TikTok video, she recommends taking a daily dose of xylitol, a natural sugar alcohol, to counteract salivary acidity.

“When you put xylitol, even a tiny 1-gram amount, on the tip of your tongue, you will stimulate a flow of saliva into your mouth,” she said.

This extra saliva has “all the minerals you need,” Phillips said, as well as reparative cells for gum health.

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girl puts a mint in her mouth

Experts stressed the importance of maintaining a neutral oral environment. (iStock)

The expert recommended ingesting xylitol, such as a Zellie’s dental mint, at the end of a meal and then abstaining from eating or drinking for an hour afterward.

THESE ARE THE WORST DENTAL MISTAKES YOU CAN MAKE FOR YOUR TEETH

Mack agreed that xylitol is an “incredible tool,” as it doesn’t have any carbs that get “metabolized by acid-loving bacteria. Xylitol promotes pH buffering when the salivary flow is reduced,” he said. 

Mack recommended other products, such as StellaLife kits and xylitol candy and lozenges.

Patients can also take certain medications to increase salivary flow, he added.

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It’s “paramount” for women to be included in research studies, a dental health expert emphasized. (iStock)

In addition to taking xylitol, it is crucial to adhere to a healthy lifestyle and eat nutrient-rich foods, Nischwitz recommended.

“It is true that having a xylitol mint will lead to more saliva flow in the short term and is definitely recommended, but it won’t solve it completely if the lifestyle doesn’t support the oral microbiome,” he told Fox News Digital.

“It’s astounding that the microbiome that develops before the age of 4 contributes to up to 40% of the mouth bacteria that we have as adults.”

“Processed foods are usually low in key minerals or can even deplete the body’s minerals due to chelating agents like phytic acid.”

Key micronutrients that help to remineralize teeth include vitamin D3, vitamin K2, magnesium, phosphorus, boron and essential amino acids, according to Nischwitz.

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Using more natural toothpaste and ditching the super-acidic, chemical mouthwashes are other factors to consider, an expert recommended. (iStock)

Using more natural toothpaste and ditching the super-acidic, chemical mouthwashes are other factors to consider, he recommended. 

“Instead of chemical mouthwashes, which harm your oral microbiome and make the saliva super acidic, try coconut oil pulling instead,” Nischwitz advised. 

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In a statement sent to Fox News Digital, Phillips reiterated that it is “paramount” for women to be included in research studies.

“Their hormonal fluctuations, menstrual cycles and biological nuances demand far greater attention and accommodation than they currently receive,” she wrote. “I’m thrilled that we’re finally delving into the crucial aspects of women’s oral health as a society.”

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The condition of a mother’s oral health during pregnancy has a “direct impact” on her baby’s oral health, which is a “vital yet often neglected conversation,” Phillips said.

headshot of dr ellie phillips

Dr. Ellie Phillips, DDS, is an oral health educator and author of “Mouth Care Comes Clean.” “I’m thrilled that we’re finally delving into the crucial aspects of women’s oral health as a society,” she told Fox News Digital.  (Dr. Ellie Phillips)

“It’s astounding that the microbiome that develops before the age of 4 contributes to up to 40% of the mouth bacteria that we have as adults,” she said. 

“If we can help mothers create a healthy mouth for themselves, we can start to truly affect the global epidemic of dental disease that’s upon us.”

More than half of Americans suffer from dental issues that are most likely preventable, according to Phillips.

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“This shift requires us to truly evaluate the current dental industry, start asking the right questions and expand the research on gender differences and effective oral care strategies,” she said.

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