Fitness
How Tempo Run Workouts Can Make You Faster
When you first get into running, your routine probably looks something like this: Lace up the best running shoes you own, hit a quick warmup, and then hit the road for a set time, distance, or route. Simply running a few times a week and intuitively speeding up and slowing down might be enough to improve your fitness—at least at first. Once you decide to graduate from a trot around your neighbourhood into the world of more serious training, you’ll need to approach your workouts with more intention and specificity.
One common training technique used by hobbyists and world-class runners alike is the tempo run, a protocol where you run at a near-maximal intensity. Using these workouts you’ll increase muscular and cardiovascular endurance, learn to maintain running mechanics at a faster clip, and teach your body to cycle through lactic acid (which is what causes that burning sensation) more efficiently.
We tapped Jes Woods, a Nike Running coach and the Head Trail & Ultra Coach at the Brooklyn Track Club, to school you on all things tempo runs so you can better understand how to implement tempo runs into your running routine. We can’t say you’ll be thanking us (at least mid-run)—but you may just become the fastest guy in your local run club.
What Is a Tempo Run?
According to Woods, a tempo run is a hard but controlled pace that can be run as intervals, or a steady run spanning one to 10 miles meant to make you a more efficient runner. Tempo runs should feel, ‘comfortably hard,’ according to Woods. ‘If your running buddy asked you a question while running your tempo run, you could answer them if you had to, but it would be pretty annoying.’
Woods says tempo runs can have a variety of loose definitions but, put most simply, they’re threshold runs meant to improve your lactate threshold. ‘That is, the tipping point between aerobic running (your body has sufficient oxygen) and anaerobic running (your body does not have sufficient oxygen to create the energy you are demanding),’ she says. ‘You want to run at that tipping point without crossing over.’
In short: A tempo run is not easy, and that’s by design. This type of workout is a training tool that pushes you to your limits to increase your cardiovascular capacity, help you acclimate to a faster race day speed, and improve your body’s ability to clear lactate.
How to Do a Tempo Run
Tempo runs are challenging, but they’re simple to execute. Woods says that a proper race programme (specifically for distances like marathons and half-marathons) should include one to two weekly speed sessions. The first is a straight speed or interval session and the second being what she calls ‘speed and strength,’ which consists of either a hill workout, Fartlek runs, or tempo runs. For her athletes, Woods programs one tempo run every other week on average.
Calculate Your Pace
There are a few ways to find your pace for a tempo run. The least scientific is to run at a pace at which you can no longer comfortably hold a conversation with another person. Woods says this should be between your 10-kilometre and 10-mile race pace.
You can also sustain a pace that keeps you between 75 to 85 percent of your max heart rate. The simplest way to do this is to subtract your age from 220 (although there are other more accurate methods, for most runners this will do). You’ll need a fitness tracker or heart rate monitor to use this method.
Lastly, Woods likes the VDOT calculator. ‘Simply plug in a recent race distance and time, and the calculator will best guess your equivalent race pace at any and all other distances (and hit the Training tab to see your predicted threshold pace),’ she explains.
Warmup
Dynamic Stretches
These types of movements will get your body primed for running better than static holds. ‘Hold each of these stretches for a few seconds before switching to the other side,’ says Woods. ‘You can even perform these while walking forward or I like to use those ‘stuck at stoplights moments’ for dynamic stretches instead of checking my phone or jogging in place.’
Stretches Woods likes: Knee hugs, quad pulls, hamstring scoops, table toppers, lateral lunges and air squats. Do five reps on each side of your body per movement.
Warmup Jog
Never jump straight into your tempo work, even if you’ve done some dynamic stretching.
‘Before any speed run, whether it’s fast intervals around the track or hill repeats in the park, an easy jog warm up is mission critical,’ says Woods. Run for 10 to 15 minutes at a conversational pace before diving into the workout.
Hit the Road
The classic tempo run is straightforward enough. After you warm up, you’ll aim to run for 20 to 30 minutes at your calculated pace. If you’re new to tempo workouts or at the beginning of a new training cycle, Woods suggests running at your tempo pace in intervals to work up to a longer unbroken run. Here are two interval methods:
Straight-Up Intervals
‘Start with five 5-minute intervals at your tempo run pace, with 90 second breaks after each,’ says Woods. ‘That’s 25 minutes of tempo work, but broken into smaller bite-sized chunks. You can gradually increase those tempo intervals over time until you’re holding your tempo pace for 10 minutes, 15 minutes and eventually 25 continuous minutes.’
Floating Intervals
Think of this approach as the next step up to a continuous tempo workout.
‘The float is an active recovery, but not an easy shuffle jog like you would on the track in order to run your next interval hard,’ explains Woods. ‘If you were to assign a pace to it, ‘float’ is around your marathon pace plus 15 seconds, so you’re trying to recover from your tempo interval at an easier but respectable pace. A specific example would be: three 3-kilometre intervals at your tempo run pace with a 1-kilometre recovery run between each interval.’
The Benefits of Tempo Runs
No one will argue that tempo runs work when it comes to making you faster (and tougher). That said, details matter, so here are three specific ways this tried-and-true running protocol makes you better.
Better Endurance
Running is a volume game. Typically, you’ll become a better runner by, well, running—more specifically, by accumulating more mileage and progressively running at a faster pace. Tempo runs help bolster your cardiovascular capacity by forcing you to sustain a relatively intense pace for a moderate amount of time.
‘Improving your tempo pace or improving your lactate threshold is like improving your miles per gallon on your car,’ Woods says. ‘You want to be able to travel (run) farther on the same tank of gas (the same energy).’
Any form of running is going to improve your VO2 max, which is a measure of how much oxygen you can utilise during intense exercise. Naturally, a tempo run, an intentionally strenuous running workout, will improve your VO2 max and, therefore, your ability to run faster for longer.
More specifically, your heart rate should be beating between 80 to 90 percent of your max (putting you in what are considered heart rate Zones 3 and 4), which are associated with improving your anaerobic and aerobic capacities. Having endurance in both zones is imperative for running at a high intensity.
Improved Lactate Threshold
Once you enter Zone 4 in your workout, which you’re all but guaranteed to do during a hard run or race, your body taps into your anaerobic system, where it utilises glycogen and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy. Lactic acid, a byproduct of that process, will begin to accumulate inside your muscles—and it’s responsible for the burning sensation anyone who has sprinted or performed 20-rep squats knows all too well.
You cannot stop the production of lactic acid, which can hinder you during a run—but you can acclimate to the burning sensation and, as you get fitter, clear the lactate more quickly. Because tempo runs put you into that anaerobic training zone, it’s a great way to train through lactic acid build-up and mimic what you will feel like come race day.
‘You are pushing that lactate threshold pace to be a little bit faster with it still feeling like the same effort,’ explains Woods. ‘By raising that threshold, everything is getting faster—your marathon pace, the easy runs—as you become a more efficient runner.’
Andrew Gutman is a journalist with a decade of experience covering fitness and nutrition. His work has been published in Men’s Health, Men’s Journal, Muscle & Fitness, and Gear Patrol. Outside of writing, Andrew trains in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, helps coach his gym’s kickboxing team, and enjoys reading and cooking.
Jes Woods is a running coach in New York City who serves as a Nike run coach, the Brooklyn Track Club Ultra and Trail head coach, and a Chaski Endurance coach.
Fitness
New Year’s Fitness Resolutions Start with Healthy Sleep | Newswise
Newswise — As the New Year approaches, many Americans are setting fresh intentions to eat better and move more — and new data show those habits may deliver an unexpected bonus: better sleep. According to a new survey from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 59% of adults say eating a well-balanced diet helps them sleep slightly or significantly better. Staying active throughout the day may also help improve sleep. According to the survey, adults say exercising in the morning (42%) or evening (46%) helps them sleep slightly or significantly better.
“Sleep is one of three pillars of a healthy lifestyle, including eating a well-balanced diet and incorporating regular physical activity,” said AASM spokesperson Dr. Kin Yuen. “When people make New Year’s resolutions or select their ‘nudge word’ for the year, they often prioritize diet and exercise. These changes don’t just support physical health—they also improve sleep.”
The findings suggest that New Year’s resolutions don’t need to be isolated goals. Improving one aspect of health, whether diet, exercise, or sleep, can create positive ripple effects across all three areas of wellness. This is especially true for younger adults, with those 25-34 being the most likely age group to say a well-balanced diet (64%) or exercise in the evening (60%) helps them sleep better.
“Sufficient sleep significantly reduces the risk of chronic illnesses, such as obesity, heart disease, and even depression and anxiety,” said Yuen. “Whether you’re improving your diet, increasing your activity level, or managing stress, prioritizing sleep gives you the energy and mental clarity needed to start the year strong.”
Here are some tips from the AASM on how to develop healthy sleep habits and reap all the benefits of your New Year’s resolutions:
- Create a consistent bedtime routine — Make sure you are giving yourself enough time to get the recommended seven or more hours of sleep per night.
- Make time in your daily routine for physical activity — Pick physical activities that you enjoy and that match your abilities.
- Eat a well-balanced diet — Try to meet the recommended daily servings of fruits and vegetables, grains, and protein.
- Disconnect from devices at night — Turn off all electronics at least 30 minutes to an hour before your bedtime to help prepare for sleep.
For more information, or to find a local AASM-accredited sleep center, please visit sleepeducation.org. View 2025 AASM Sleep Prioritization Survey results in the AASM newsroom.
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About the Survey
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine commissioned an online survey of 2,007 adults in the U.S. The overall margin of error fell within +/- 2 percentage points with a confidence interval of 95 percent. Fieldwork took place between June 5-13, 2025, by Atomik Research, an independent market research agency.
About the American Academy of Sleep Medicine
Established in 1975, the AASM is a medical association that advances sleep care and enhances sleep health to improve lives. The AASM membership includes more than 9,500 physicians, scientists, and other health care professionals who help people who have sleep disorders. The AASM also accredits 2,300 sleep centers that are providing the highest quality of sleep care across the country (aasm.org).
Fitness
Circadian Fitness: New Research Heightens Debate Over the Optimal Time for Exercise
Fitness
Prepare for Ski Season With These Workouts
Skiing can be a whole lot of fun when the snow starts flying. But your body can take a beating on the slopes if it’s not properly prepared.
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Sports medicine specialist Molly McDermott, DO, shares how to get ready for ski season with some workouts and strategies.
Ski training routine
Some elite skiers start training at the tail end of spring — about six months before they ever hit the slopes. Others may need less time. In general, Dr. McDermott recommends training at least six to eight weeks before your first outdoor adventure.
As part of your routine, you’ll want to focus on ski workouts that build:
- Strength
- Endurance
- Flexibility
- Neuromuscular control (also known as muscular coordination)
Trying to jump into a sport when you haven’t intentionally trained is difficult and challenging, says Dr. McDermott. That’s especially true given the physical demands that come with skiing.
“You want to train your brain, nerves and muscles to really build stability and balance so you can have more control over how you jump and land,” she notes.
Ski exercises
Ski-focused training puts a strong emphasis on lower-body exercises, targeting everything from your glutes to your ankles. But you’ll want to take a full-body approach to ski exercises, which means working on your core and upper body as well.
“You’re going to have to make real-time decisions when you’re out on the slopes,” stresses Dr. McDermott. “You’ll need to strengthen your whole body to be able to do things like pivot or change direction, keep your balance, propel yourself forward and withstand the impact of skiing.”
Dr. McDermott recommends starting with just bodyweight exercises if this is your first go at it. More experienced athletes can focus on higher weights or machines. In general, she recommends doing three sets of 10 to 15 reps each. Then, as you work through your training, you can progressively load your weight, sets, reps or how long you exercise to continue building strength and endurance.
Here are some workouts that lend themselves to skiing.
Dynamic warm-up
Warming up before any workout is key, especially right before you hit the slopes. The International Ski and Snowboard Federation agrees. Dynamic warm-ups and cool-downs are highly effective for preventing injury and improving performance.
Consider starting and ending your ski workout with five to 10 minutes of:
- Jogging
- Using an elliptical
- Walking on a treadmill
“You’re warming up your muscles and then stretching them, as opposed to static, cold stretching,” explains Dr. McDermott.
Squats
“Squat maneuvers help make sure you have the coordination of your nerves and your muscles working together so your muscles are strong and keep your body aligned — in particular, keeping your knees from turning in,” says Dr. McDermott. “As squats become easier, you can progress to squat jumps.”
- Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart with your toes pointed slightly outward.
- Hinge at your hips, bend your knees and slowly lower your body (as if sinking into a chair).
- Lower until your thighs are parallel to the ground, keeping your knees in line with your toes and your weight on your heels.
- Hold the position for three to five seconds.
- Shoot up quickly to your starting position by pushing through your heels.
- Repeat this process for 10 to 15 reps.
Side-lying hip abductors
Hip abductor exercises help with skiing because they focus on balance, control and building strength in your hips, glutes and thighs.
- Lie down on your side with your legs extended straight. Your right leg should be on top of the other and you should rest your head on your left arm.
- Keeping your hips steady, lift your right leg so your knees are no longer touching. You should feel a stretch in your upper thigh and hip.
- Slowly lower your right leg.
- Repeat for 10 to 15 reps, then switch sides and continue.
Calf raises
Calf raises help improve ankle mobility and calf strength — all needed for those quick turns while skiing.
- Stand with your feet hip-width apart, with your arms hanging at your sides.
- Slowly lift the back of your heels until you’re standing on the balls of your feet.
- Hold this position for one to two seconds before lowering back down.
- Repeat for 10 to 15 reps.
Skater hops
“Skater hops are single-leg hops from side-to-side,” describes Dr. McDermott. “These are really going to help you in certain ski maneuvers.”
- Stand with your feet hip-width apart and your hips and knees bent at a 45-degree angle.
- Push off the floor with your left leg so that you jump to the side, landing on your right leg.
- Keep your knees bent and your left leg crossed behind your right (as if you’re skating).
- Then, jump back to the opposite side, crossing your right leg behind your left.
- Repeat this process in quick succession for 10 to 15 reps, jumping as fast and far as you’re able.
- To maintain momentum, it helps to swing your left arm forward as you’re pushing off with your left leg and vice versa.
Shoulder shrugs
“Shoulder shrugs are a good ski exercise because they help build the upper trapezius muscles that connect with your neck,” says Dr. McDermott. “They really work on your posture.”
- Start by standing tall, feet hip-width apart.
- While looking straight ahead, lift both of your shoulders and slowly roll them backward in a circle for 10 seconds.
- Repeat the process by circling your shoulders in the opposite direction for 10 seconds.
Chin tucks
Chin tucks involve a gentle range of motion to improve posture and strengthen neck muscles.
- While sitting or standing in a relaxed position, look straight ahead and lightly touch the bottom of your chin with your index finger.
- Gently pull your head and neck back so your chin moves away from your finger.
- Hold this tucked-chin position for up to 10 seconds before slowly extending your head and neck forward to the starting chin position.
- Repeat this process for 10 to 15 reps.
Push-ups
“Push-ups are good for strengthening your shoulders, chest and core, which helps with balance and stability when you’re skiing,” says Dr. McDermott.
- Kneel on all fours with your palms flat on the floor in front of you and your fingers facing forward. Hands should be shoulder-width apart and directly below your shoulders.
- Lift your knees off the floor and straighten your legs.
- Bend your elbows and tuck them to your sides as you slowly lower your chest and chin to the floor.
- Push through your palms until your arms are fully extended. Don’t let your hips or back dip to the ground — your head, spine and butt should all be aligned.
- Repeat this process for 10 to 15 reps.
Planks
This exercise targets your wrists, forearms, core and upper body — all areas that promote stability and strength while skiing.
- Get into a push-up position, with your legs extended and your elbows directly beneath your shoulders.
- Hold this upright push-up position for 10 to 15 seconds, with your abs engaged and butt and back aligned.
- For a modified challenge, you can lower your knees to the floor while holding this position.
- For a deeper stretch, you can rock your hips back and forth, or lower down to your elbows for a low plank.
Bridges
Bridges help strengthen your glutes, which help guide and direct your skis.
- Lie on your back with your knees bent, feet on the floor and arms at your sides.
- Squeezing your butt and abdominal muscles, push through your heels to slowly lift your hips toward the ceiling.
- Keep your back straight and your arms pressed into the floor at your sides.
- Hold this position for a few seconds, before slowly lowering your hips to the floor.
- Repeat this process for 10 to 15 reps.
Oblique twists
Also known as a Russian twist, this exercise focuses on your abdominal muscles and core strength. It helps with skiing because it supports your ability to rotate, turn and move quickly.
- Sit on the floor with your knees bent and your feet flat.
- Lean back at a 45-degree angle and squeeze your abdominal muscles.
- Extend your arms out straight in front of you and clasp your hands together.
- Engage your core as you twist slowly to the right as far as you feel comfortable, moving your arms in the direction you’re turning.
- Return back to center, pause and then twist to the left side.
- Repeat this process for 10 to 15 reps.
Cardio exercises
Skiers can also benefit from cardio exercises that get their blood flowing and build aerobic endurance, like:
- Cycling
- Running
- Swimming
- Rowing
“Build cardiovascular and low-impact activities into your training routine to help improve your performance and increase your endurance,” advises Dr. McDermott. “Some days you can break it up into sets or you can do 30 minutes straight.”
A note before hitting the slopes
A big part of ski training is getting your body acclimated to cold-weather exercises. For athletes who live in areas where winter runs strong, it helps to train early and get that outdoor exposure as temperatures begin to drop during the fall.
Others who live in warmer climates might benefit from taking cold showers, ice baths or lowering indoor temperatures weeks before heading out on a ski trip.
Once ski season begins, make sure you warm up before heading outdoors, stay hydrated and keep moving to keep your body warm.
“When you’re skiing, a lot of unexpected things happen,” cautions Dr. McDermott. “The weather changes and things happen really fast. So, you want to be physically and mentally prepared before you hit the slopes, making sure you’ve got the right equipment, the right clothing and you’re prepared in case of injury.”
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