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Cardio or weights first? A kinesiologist optimizes your exercise routine

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Cardio or weights first? A kinesiologist optimizes your exercise routine

When you enter the gym, which way should you head first? Toward the treadmills and spin studio to get your sweat on with a cardio session? Or toward the free weights and strength-training machines to do some resistance training?

The American College of Sports Medicine suggests doing both types of exercise to take advantage of their unique benefits for improving health and daily functioning and reducing chronic disease risk. But what is the optimal sequence to get the best results?

The answer to this question is … it depends. I’m an exercise physiologist. Recently in my lab we have been studying the effects of combinations of aerobic and resistance training on improving health-related fitness, particularly aerobic capacity and muscular strength.

Research suggests that when you’re designing your exercise program, there are a few factors to take into account, including your age, fitness level and exercise history and goals. You’ll also want to consider the volume of your exercise routine – that is, its duration and intensity – and how you’ll schedule your training during the day.

Benefits of exercise

First, just about any exercise at all is going to be better for you than doing nothing.

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Aerobic exercise is a rhythmic activity that gets your heart pumping. Examples are walking, running, swimming, cycling and using a cardio machine such as an elliptical trainer.

Aerobic exercise can improve cardiorespiratory function – over time, your heart and lungs get better at delivering oxygen to your muscles to make energy for continued muscle contractions. Aerobic exercise can also reduce several chronic disease risk factors, increase how much energy your body uses and how much fat it burns, and improve physical and cognitive function.

Resistance training involves strengthening your muscles by lifting, pushing or pulling against resistance. This type of exercise can be done using free-weight barbells, dumbbells, kettlebells, weight machines or even elastic bands.

Resistance exercise improves muscular strength, endurance and the power and the size of muscles – what exercise physiologists call muscle hypertrophy. Studies show resistance training has health-related benefits, as well, particularly for people who have or are at risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. It can improve blood pressure, blood levels of glucose and the ability of muscles to use glucose for energy, and it helps maintain lean body mass and bone health.

Many people work out with the main goal of staying healthy. (Photo by Anna Shvets from Pexels)
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Training for health benefits

With a limited amount of time to devote to working out, many people include both cardio and weights in the same exercise session. This concurrent training comes with plenty of benefits for your health, including lowering your cardiovascular and metabolic risks.

In fact, doing both forms of exercise together is better, especially for people with chronic disease risk factors, than exercising for the same amount of time but sticking with just aerobic or resistance exercise.

Studies of concurrent training suggest a generalized training effect – similar improvements in aerobic capacity and muscular strength, regardless of the order of aerobic and resistance exercises in a session. These benefits hold for a wide variety of people, including those who are initially inactive, recreationally active, young people and older women and men.

Resistance exercise done before aerobic exercise results in a small increase in lower-body muscular strength without compromising all the other improvements in health-related physical fitness.

So if your exercise goals are along the lines of staying generally healthy and enjoying the mental benefits of moving your body, resistance training first might provide a little boost. Research suggests that overall, though, you don’t need to worry too much about which order to focus on – cardio versus weights.

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Training with performance goals in mind

On the other hand, you may want to be more thoughtful about the order of your workout if you’re a performance-oriented athlete who is training to get better at a particular sport or preparing for a competition.

Women playing soccerWomen playing soccer
Training toward specific performance goals can change the calculus about the order of your workout. (Photo by Jeffrey F Lin on Unsplash)

Research suggests that for these exercisers, concurrent training may slightly inhibit improvement in aerobic capacity. More likely, it can hinder gains in muscular strength and power development and, to a lesser degree, muscle growth. This phenomenon is called the “interference effect.” It shows up most in well-trained athletes undertaking high volumes of both aerobic and resistance exercise.

Researchers are still investigating what happens on a cellular level to cause the interference effect. Aerobic and resistance training unleash competing influences at the molecular level that affect genetic signaling and protein synthesis. At the start of an exercise program, the body’s adaptations are more generalized. But with more training, the muscle changes become more and more specific to the kind of work being done, and the likelihood of the interference effect kicking in increases.

Of course, many sports require combinations of aerobic and muscular capabilities. Some elite-level athletes need to improve both. So the question remains: What is the optimal order of the two modes of exercise to get the best performance effects?

Given research findings about concurrent training for high-level athletes, it makes sense to do resistance exercise first or to train first in the type of exercise that is most important to your performance goals. Additionally, if possible, elite athletes should give their bodies a break of at least three hours between resistance and aerobic training sessions.

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Don’t sweat the order

In my lab, we’re studying what we call “microcycles” of aerobic and resistance exercise. Instead of needing to decide which to do first, you weave the two modalities together in much shorter bursts. For instance, one set of a resistance exercise is immediately followed by three minutes of walking or running; you repeat this cycle for as many times as necessary to include all of the resistance exercises in your routine.

Our preliminary findings suggest this method of concurrent training results in similar gains in aerobic fitness, muscular strength and lean muscle mass – while also feeling less challenging – when compared with the typical concurrent routine where all of the resistance exercise is followed by all of the aerobic exercise.

For most people, my current advice remains to choose the order of exercise based on your personal preferences and what will keep you coming back to the gym. High-level athletes can avoid any significant interference effect by doing their resistance routine before the aerobic routine or by separating their aerobic and resistance workouts within a particular day.

Article written by Randal Claytor, Associate Professor of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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Fitness

Dancing your way to fitness: Study shows health benefits of free-form dance are comparable to conventional exercise

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Dancing your way to fitness: Study shows health benefits of free-form dance are comparable to conventional exercise
To make study participants feel most comfortable, McCullough focused on the data that the dancing produced, not the dancers themselves. Credit: Aston K. McCullough

Forget sneakers or cleats and put on those boogie shoes, as new research from Northeastern University finds that dancing can have the same health benefits as running and other forms of exercise.

“You don’t necessarily need to have music, you don’t need to have any training or a teacher, anyone—ostensibly—can dance right where they are and get a health-enhancing dose of physical activity,” says Aston McCullough, assistant professor of physical therapy, human movement and rehabilitation sciences at Northeastern.

McCullough’s research on this topic appears in the journal PLOS ONE.

Scientists have long known that dancing has many benefits, improving everything from heart health and balance to flexibility and psychological well-being.

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But McCullough notes that prior studies have not measured the “dose” of free-form dance given—leading to questions about how intensely people move when dancing however they wish, and whether free-form dance is enough to reach a moderate or vigorous intensity.

Prior studies have also focused primarily on specific types of dance—for instance, ballet or hip-hop.

McCullough wanted to take a different approach—focusing not on trained dancers practicing an established style, but the everyday person who just likes to boogie down.

“We wanted to do a study that could give us the most bang for the buck, if you will,” McCullough says. “We said that anyone who comes in can do whatever they want—just dance however you want to dance. In that way, it automatically increases the public health relevance of the study.”

So McCullough gathered roughly 50 participants ranging in age from 18 to 83 years old and had zero to 56 years of dance training experience. Then he let them cut a rug for five-minute intervals at self-determined moderate and vigorous levels, both with and without self-selected music.

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Meanwhile, McCullough measured their heart rates, perceived exertion and oxygen levels. He found that whether in a club, on your own or even in the dark, getting down can get your heart rate up.

McCullough found that dancing—even without music—expended enough energy to reach the recommended moderate to vigorous physical activity intensities. Being trained in dance had no effect on the energy expended, and the music led participants to dance more intensely.

McCullough says the research is exciting because it means that dancing—wherever, whenever, however—counts toward the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion’s recommendation that adult Americans get at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity, or at least 75 minutes of vigorous activity, or some combination of the two, a week.

“People can dance without leaving their homes, people can dance without leaving a chair,” McCullough says. “So, in that way, we’re really excited about the benefits of dance for all people. Whatever may be your preferred way to dance, just make sure you have enough space around you to dance safely.”

Alas, dance may not be the perfect exercise.

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The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion also recommends that adults do muscle-strengthening activities such as resistance training or weight training two days a week.

“Some dance forms may include bodyweight resistance training, like breakdancing,” McCullough says. “But more research is needed on bodyweight resistance training and dance.”

More information:
Aston K. McCullough et al, Absolute and relative intensities of solo, free-form dancing in adults: A pilot study, PLOS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313144

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Dancing your way to fitness: Study shows health benefits of free-form dance are comparable to conventional exercise (2025, February 24)
retrieved 24 February 2025
from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-02-health-benefits-free-conventional.html

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Fitness Pros Say These Are the Best Exercise Bikes for Seniors

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Fitness Pros Say These Are the Best Exercise Bikes for Seniors
6 Best Exercise Bikes for Seniors, According to Fitness Experts

Hopping on a stationary bike is a great workout that’s accessible to people of all ages and fitness levels. A low-impact cardio exercise that’s easy on joints makes it ideal for those over 65, or those with joint pain and mobility issues. The best exercise bikes for seniors take all of this into account, allowing everyone to reap the many benefits of indoor cycling.

“Exercise bikes are great for cardiovascular health for seniors. They are non-weight-bearing which allows repetitive motion in the hip and knee joints without the added stress of gravity, joint impact forces, and joint compression,” says Karena Wu, P.T., D.P.T., physical therapist and owner of ActiveCare Physical Therapy. “The movement of the legs can help mobilize the joint fluids which helps to nourish the joints. This can create increased joint mobility and reduced stiffness. Pushing against resistance will work the muscles, keeping or making them strong.”

Meet the Experts: Karena Wu, P.T., D.P.T., physical therapist and owner of ActiveCare Physical Therapy; and Jim White, R.D.N., A.C.S.M. Ex-P, owner of Jim White Fitness and Nutrition Studios

Experts generally recommend recumbent exercise bikes for seniors, which feature a reclined seat and a backrest for support. “Recumbent exercise bikes are best for seniors especially dealing with joint pain, back issues, or balance concerns. This is due to the reclined seat that lessens stress on the lower back, lower pedal position which puts less stress on the knees and hips, and step-through design that makes it easier to get on and off,” explains Jim White, R.D.N., A.C.S.M. Ex-P, owner of Jim White Fitness and Nutrition Studios.

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Ahead, we rounded up the best exercise bikes for seniors, recommended by our fitness experts and highly rated by online reviewers. Shop top picks below that feature comfortable, ergonomic seats, a user-friendly design, and adjustable resistance levels for a customizable workout.

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