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Addressing Climate Challenges: The Role of Research in Climate Finance

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Addressing Climate Challenges: The Role of Research in Climate Finance

Threatening ecosystems, public health, and economic stability, climate change remains one of the biggest worldwide issues of the twenty-first century. Among the major hazards the United States faces are changing sea levels, more violent storms, and disturbances in food output. Managing these risks and enabling the shift to a low-carbon economy depend on targeted investments in mitigating, adapting, and resilient building—that is, climate finance. The economic effects of climate change on the United States are discussed in this paper together with a discussion of significant policy proposals and an emphasis on ongoing research and innovation in climate finance.

The Economic Consequences of Climate Change in the U.S.

Extreme weather events now occur far more frequently and with far higher intensity, resulting in significant financial losses. Rising sea surface temperatures helped Hurricane Harvey cause before unheard-of flooding in Houston in 2017. One of the most expensive natural disasters in U.S. history, the damages topped $125 billion (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA.). Likewise, California’s ongoing droughts brought on by rising temperatures and less precipitation have stoked terrible wildfires that have destroyed infrastructure and displaced whole populations.

Without major adaptation strategies, yearly damages from hurricanes and coastal floods might reach $500 billion by 2025, according to a 2023 analysis in Nature Climate Change. This emphasizes how urgently studies on financial instruments meant to help reduce economic losses—such as insurance products and climate bonds—should be conducted.

Especially in places like California and the Midwest, climate change has upset established farming cycles. Extended droughts and severe storms have lowered crop harvests and raised manufacturing prices. For instance, the strong windstorm known as the 2020 Midwest derecho damaged about $11 billion worth of crops, including corn and soybeans (U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA). Food security and affordability will remain at risk without focused investments in climate-resilient agriculture including enhanced irrigation infrastructure and drought-resistant crops.

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Rising temperatures both directly and indirectly endanger health. Particularly among susceptible groups like the elderly and those from low-income areas, heat waves raise the frequency of heat-related diseases. Furthermore, moving to new areas as warming increases the habitat of disease-carrying insects are vector-borne diseases such as Lyme disease and West Nile virus. A report from The Lancet Planetary Health claims that tackling these increasing health hazards calls for coordinated plans combining public health preparedness and investments in green infrastructure meant to lower urban heat island effects.

Policy and Financial Mechanisms in Climate Action

To lower greenhouse gas emissions and advance climate resilience, the United States has instituted many historic laws. Allocating $369 billion to renewable energy and environmental projects, the Inflation Reduction Act (2022) marks the highest federal investment in climate change. Important clauses cover tax incentives for electric cars (EVs), renewable energy generation, and energy-efficient building improvements (Congressional Research Service, CRS). The Act seeks to hasten the acceptance of sustainable technologies by providing private sector innovation financial incentives.

The Biden government also rejoined the Paris Agreement, pledging a 50–52% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions from 2005 levels by 2030. Investments in climate adaptation, clean energy infrastructure, and carbon sequestration technologies have top priority among federal agencies including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE).

Advancement of climate action has been much aided by state and municipal governments. To cut carbon emissions and set a target of 100% renewable energy by 2045, California has instituted a cap-and-trade program aiming at growing the infrastructure supporting renewable energy, New York has started bold clean energy initiatives. Urban cooling techniques and flood fortifications have been used in cities including Boston and Seattle to shield citizens from climatic effects. These municipal initiatives show how important multilevel government is for tackling environmental problems.

With wind and solar power making up a rising portion of electricity generation, the United States has achieved notable advancement in the acceptance of renewable energy. Texas leads the country in wind energy; California stays at the top in solar power. Particularly in Massachusetts and New Jersey, offshore wind projects spread throughout the East Coast are expected to greatly increase the nation’s renewable energy capacity.

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The energy transformation revolves mostly around technological innovation. While carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies are being developed to lower emissions from industrial activity, advances in battery storage systems are improving grid dependability. Achieving net-zero emissions worldwide would depend on increasing CCS and hydrogen fuel technologies, per a 2023 International Energy Agency (IEA) assessment.

Opportunities and Challenges in the Green Economy

The shift to a green economy presents significant employment generation possibilities. Two of the fastest-growing jobs in the United States according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) are solar panel installers and wind turbine service technicians. A McKinsey analysis projects that investments in renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and energy-efficient infrastructure could provide nearly 9 million additional employments by 2030.

Moreover, green infrastructure projects—such as public transit networks and energy-efficient building retrofits—have the potential to boost local economies while lowering emissions. Through reduced energy expenditures and higher productivity, the U.S. Green Building Council projects that every dollar spent in energy efficiency results in up to four dollars in economic benefits.

Notwithstanding great progress, considerable obstacles still exist. While technological issues including the scalability of CCS and the intermittency of renewable energy sources must be resolved, political polarization has hampered the passage of comprehensive climate legislation. Another important problem is making sure workers in sectors dependent on fossil fuels have a fair changeover. To reduce social disturbances during the energy change, policymakers have to give labor retraining and social support programs top priority.

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Regarding its approach to climate change, the United States finds itself at a turning point. Although obstacles still exist, the nation’s governmental systems, technological capacity, and economic resources set it in a position to spearhead worldwide climate action. The U.S. can not only lessen the effects of climate change but also build a more sustainable and fair future by encouraging research and invention in climate finance.

The expenses of inaction much exceed the expenditures required to reduce climate effects as extreme weather events and environmental hazards keep becoming more frequent. Now is the moment for audacious, well-coordinated action including civil society, the business sector, and all tiers of government. The United States can provide a strong model for the world in tackling the existential problem of climate change with the correct mix of ambition, creativity, and cooperation.

Finance

Edge AI Emerges as Critical Infrastructure for Real-Time Finance | PYMNTS.com

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Edge AI Emerges as Critical Infrastructure for Real-Time Finance | PYMNTS.com

The financial sector’s honeymoon phase with centralized, cloud-based artificial intelligence (AI) is meeting a hard reality: The speed of a fiber-optic cable isn’t always fast enough.

For payments, fraud detection and identity verification, the milliseconds lost in “round-tripping” data to a distant server represent more than just lag — they are a structural vulnerability. As the industry matures, the competitive frontier is shifting toward edge AI, moving the point of decision-making from the data center to the literal edge of the network — the ATM, the point-of-sale (POS) terminal, and the branch server.

From Batch Processing to Instant Inference

At the heart of this shift is inference, the moment a trained model applies its logic to a live transaction. While the cloud remains the ideal laboratory for training massive models, it is an increasingly inefficient theater for execution.

Financial workflows are rarely “batch” problems; they are “now” problems. Authorizing a high-value payment or flagging a suspicious login happens in a heartbeat. By moving inference into local gateways and on-premise infrastructure, institutions are effectively eliminating the “cloud tax” — the combined burden of latency, bandwidth costs and egress fees. This local execution isn’t just a technical preference; it’s a cost-control strategy. As transaction volumes surge, edge deployments offer a more predictable total cost of ownership (TCO) compared to the variable, often skyrocketing costs of cloud-only scaling.

Coverage from PYMNTS highlights how financial firms are transitioning from cloud-centric large models toward task-specific systems optimized for real-time operations and cost control.

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From Cloud-Centric AI to Decision-Making at the Edge

The first wave of enterprise AI adoption leaned heavily on cloud infrastructure. Large models and centralized data lakes proved effective for analytics, forecasting and customer insights. But financial workflows are not batch problems. Authorizing a payment, flagging fraud or approving a cash withdrawal happens in milliseconds. Routing every decision process through a centralized cloud introduces latency, cost and operational risk.

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Edge AI moves inference into branch servers, payment gateways and local infrastructure, enabling systems to decide without every query circling back to a central cloud. That local execution is especially critical in finance, where latency, privacy and compliance are business requirements.

Real-time processing at the edge trims costly round trips and avoids the cloud bandwidth and egress fees that accumulate at scale. CIO highlights that as inference volumes grow, edge deployments often deliver lower and more predictable total cost of ownership than cloud-only approaches.

Banks and payments providers are identifying specific edge use cases where local intelligence unlocks business value. Fraud detection systems at ATMs can use facial analytics and transaction context to assess threats in real time without routing sensitive video data, keeping customer information on-premise and reducing exposure.

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Edge AI also supports smart branch automation, real-time risk scoring and adaptive security controls that respond instantly to contextual signals, functions that centralized cloud inference cannot economically replicate at transaction scale.

Edge AI delivers clear operational and governance advantages by reducing bandwidth use, cloud dependency and attack surface. Keeping decision logic local also simplifies compliance by limiting unnecessary data movement, a priority for regulated financial institutions.

Edge AI Stack Is Coalescing Across the Tech Industry

The broader tech ecosystem reinforces this trend. As reported by Reuters, chipmakers such as Arm are expanding edge-optimized AI licensing programs to accelerate on-device inference development, reflecting growing conviction that distributed AI will capture a larger share of enterprise compute workloads. Nvidia is advancing that shift through platforms such as EGX, Jetson and IGX, which bring accelerated computing and real-time inference into enterprise, industrial and infrastructure environments where latency and reliability matter.

Intel is taking a similar approach by integrating AI accelerators such as its Gaudi 3 chips into hybrid architectures and partnering with providers including IBM to push scalable, secure inference closer to users. IBM, in turn, is embedding AI across hybrid cloud and edge deployments through its watsonx platform and enterprise services, with an emphasis on governance, integration and control.

In financial services, these converging moves make edge AI more than a deployment option. It is increasingly the infrastructure layer for enterprise AI, enabling institutions to embed intelligence directly into transaction flows while maintaining discipline over cost, risk and operational continuity.

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Spanberger taps Del. Sickles to be Secretary of Finance

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Spanberger taps Del. Sickles to be Secretary of Finance

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by Brandon Jarvis

Gov.-elect Abigail Spanberger has tapped Del. Mark Sickles, D-Fairfax, to serve as her Secretary of Finance.

Sickles has been in the House of Delegates for 22 years and is the second-highest-ranking Democrat on the House Appropriations Committee.

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“As the Vice Chair of the House Appropriations Committee, Delegate Sickles has years of experience working with both Democrats and Republicans to pass commonsense budgets that have offered tax relief for families and helped Virginia’s economy grow,” Spanberger said in a statement Tuesday.

Sickles has been a House budget negotiator since 2018.

Del. Mark Sickles.

“We need to make sure every tax dollar is employed to its greatest effect for hard-working Virginians to keep tuition low, to build more affordable housing, to ensure teachers are properly rewarded for their work, and to make quality healthcare available and affordable for everyone,” Sickles said in a statement. “The Finance Secretariat must be a team player in helping Virginia’s government to perform to its greatest potential.”

Sickles is the third member of the House that Spanberger has selected to serve in her administration. Del. Candi Mundon King, D-Prince William, was tapped to serve as the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and Del. David Bulova, D-Fairfax, was named Secretary of Historic and Natural Resources.


This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

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Bank of Korea needs to remain wary of financial stability risks, board member says

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Bank of Korea needs to remain wary of financial stability risks, board member says

SEOUL, Dec 23 (Reuters) – South Korea’s central bank needs to remain wary of financial stability risks, such as heightened volatility in the won currency and upward pressure on house prices, a board member said on Tuesday.

“Volatility is increasing in financial and foreign exchange markets with sharp fluctuations in stock prices and comparative weakness in the won,” said Chang Yong-sung, a member of the Bank of Korea’s seven-seat monetary policy board.

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The won hit on Tuesday its weakest level since early April at 1,483.5 per dollar. It has fallen more than 8% in the second half of 2025.

Chang also warned of high credit risks for some vulnerable sectors and continuously rising house prices in his comments released with the central bank’s semiannual financial stability report.

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In the report, the BOK said it would monitor risk factors within the financial system and proactively seek market stabilising measures if needed, though it noted most indicators of foreign exchange conditions remained stable.

Monetary policy would continue to be coordinated with macroprudential policies, it added.

The BOK held rates steady for the fourth straight monetary policy meeting last month and signalled it could be nearing the end of the current rate cut cycle, as currency weakness reduced scope for further easing.
Following the November meeting, it has rolled out various currency stabilisation measures.

The BOK’s next monetary policy meeting is in January.

Reporting by Jihoon Lee; Editing by Jamie Freed

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles., opens new tab

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