Culture
The ‘Middle’ Is a Muddle
![The ‘Middle’ Is a Muddle The ‘Middle’ Is a Muddle](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/08/29/books/00words-middle-promo/00words-middle-promo-facebookJumbo-v2.png)
“Americans want policies that give every American a chance to make it to the middle class.” ¶ Middletown ¶ “A leader who understands the middle class because she grew up in the middle class.” ¶ midlist ¶ “We have a chance to elect a president who is for the middle class because she is from the middle class.” ¶ middlebrow ¶ “We are charting a new way forward. Forward to a future with a strong and growing middle class because we know a strong middle class has always been critical to America’s success and building that middle class will be a defining goal of my presidency. And I’ll tell you, this is personal for me. The middle class is where I come from.” ¶ mid ¶ “Everyone in Middletown runs absorbed in keeping his job or raising his wages, building his home, ‘boosting’ his club or church, educating his children.” ¶ middle of the pack ¶ “Kings have frequently lamented the miserable consequence of being born to great things, and wished they had been placed in the middle of the two extremes, between the mean and the great.” ¶ middle of the road ¶ “If any human being, man, woman, dog, cat or half-crushed worm dares call me ‘middlebrow’ I will take my pen and stab him, dead.” ¶ middle seat ¶ middle age ¶ “A tepid ooze of Midcult is spreading everywhere.” ¶ middle school ¶ “We have entered the golden age of Mid TV.” ¶ middle finger ¶ Middle Ages ¶ “Be careful: these are dangerous streets for us upper-lower-middle-class types.” ¶ “Americans want policies that give every American a chance to make it to the middle class.” ¶ Middletown ¶ “A leader who understands the middle class because she grew up in the middle class.” ¶ midlist ¶ “We have a chance to elect a president who is for the middle class because she is from the middle class.” ¶ middlebrow ¶ “We are charting a new way forward. Forward to a future with a strong and growing middle class because we know a strong middle class has always been critical to America’s success and building that middle class will be a defining goal of my presidency. And I’ll tell you, this is personal for me. The middle class is where I come from.” ¶ mid ¶ “Everyone in Middletown runs absorbed in keeping his job or raising his wages, building his home, ‘boosting’ his club or church, educating his children.” ¶ middle of the pack ¶ “Kings have frequently lamented the miserable consequence of being born to great things, and wished they had been placed in the middle of the two extremes, between the mean and the great.” ¶ middle of the road ¶ “If any human being, man, woman, dog, cat or half-crushed worm dares call me ‘middlebrow’ I will take my pen and stab him, dead.” ¶ middle seat ¶ middle age ¶ “A tepid ooze of Midcult is spreading everywhere.” ¶ middle school ¶ “We have entered the golden age of Mid TV.” ¶ middle finger ¶ Middle Ages ¶ “Be careful: these are dangerous streets for us upper-lower-middle-class types.” ¶ “Americans want policies that give every American a chance to make it to the middle class.” ¶ Middletown ¶ “A leader who understands the middle class because she grew up in the middle class.” ¶ midlist ¶ “We have a chance to elect a president who is for the middle class because she is from the middle class.” ¶ middlebrow ¶ “We are charting a new way forward. Forward to a future with a strong and growing middle class because we know a strong middle class has always been critical to America’s success and building that middle class will be a defining goal of my presidency. And I’ll tell you, this is personal for me. The middle class is where I come from.” ¶ mid ¶ “Everyone in Middletown runs absorbed in keeping his job or raising his wages, building his home, ‘boosting’ his club or church, educating his children.” ¶ middle of the pack ¶ “Kings have frequently lamented the miserable consequence of being born to great things, and wished they had been placed in the middle of the two extremes, between the mean and the great.” ¶ middle of the road ¶ “If any human being, man, woman, dog, cat or half-crushed worm dares call me ‘middlebrow’ I will take my pen and stab him, dead.” ¶ middle seat ¶ middle age ¶ “A tepid ooze of Midcult is spreading everywhere.” ¶ middle school ¶ “We have entered the golden age of Mid TV.” ¶ middle finger ¶ Middle Ages ¶ “Be careful: these are dangerous streets for us upper-lower-middle-class types.”
Everybody loves the middle class. Nobody wants to be mid, or middling. “Middle” is a tricky word.
Are you middle class? Am I? Is everybody?
In American politics, “middle class” doesn’t just name a particular segment of the population, a demographic group whose votes are necessary to electoral success. It represents an ideal, a moral principle, a set of values and interests that are not particular but universal.
At the Democratic convention, the phrase seemed to pop up in every other speech. Full-throated tributes to the middle class were offered by, among others, a governor who is also the billionaire scion of a hotel empire, an actor who happens to be a son and grandson of Hollywood moguls, and a congresswoman who once worked as a bartender.
“Americans want policies that give every American a chance to make it to the middle class.”— Gov. J.B. Pritzker of Illinois
“A leader who understands the middle class because she grew up in the middle class.”— the actor Tony Goldwyn
“We have a chance to elect a president who is for the middle class because she is from the middle class.”— Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
And also, of course, by Vice President Kamala Harris, a daughter of an economist and a medical researcher, who was portrayed by speaker after speaker as both a product of the middle class and its champion.
“We are charting a new way forward. Forward to a future with a strong and growing middle class because we know a strong middle class has always been critical to America’s success and building that middle class will be a defining goal of my presidency. And I’ll tell you, this is personal for me. The middle class is where I come from.”— Vice President Kamala Harris
Allegiance to the middle class doesn’t define the left or the right; it transcends such divisions. Political parties are expected to move to the center, and to prioritize the needs of Middle America, which both is and isn’t a geographical designation.
Nearly a century ago, the sociologists Helen Merrell Lynd and Robert Staughton Lynd called their classic study of the American heartland “Middletown.” It was about Muncie, Ind., but there are plenty of actual Middletowns out there. The one in Ohio is Senator JD Vance’s hometown.
“Everyone in Middletown runs absorbed in keeping his job or raising his wages, building his home, ‘boosting’ his club or church, educating his children.”— Helen Merrell Lynd and Robert Staughton Lynd, “Middletown”
The middle is everywhere. Which, when you stop to think about it, is odd, even illogical. The creme may be the best part of the Oreo, but it exists only in relation to the wafers that surround it. If it’s only middle, it isn’t a cookie at all, just a blob of sweet goo.
That may be why politicians seek out the middle so eagerly.
“Kings have frequently lamented the miserable consequence of being born to great things, and wished they had been placed in the middle of the two extremes, between the mean and the great.”— Daniel Defoe, “Robinson Crusoe”
The rest of our culture often goes in the opposite direction. In art, up high is where the masterpieces are; down low is where the fun is.
The middle — the midlist, the middlebrow, the just plain mid — is a dead zone. Average. Ordinary. Common. Median. Mediocre. Meh.
“If any human being, man, woman, dog, cat or half-crushed worm dares call me ‘middlebrow,’ I will take my pen and stab him, dead.”— Virginia Woolf
“A tepid ooze of Midcult is spreading everywhere.”— Dwight Macdonald, “Masscult and Midcult”
“We have entered the golden age of Mid TV.”— James Poniewozik, The New York Times
The middle is not good enough to be great, not bad enough to be trash, and thus comes in for a special kind of contempt. Middle of the pack. Middle of the road. Middle seat. Middle school is miserable, and so is middle age. So were the Middle Ages!
Which, as it happens, is when the middle class got started, as a kind of catchall category between the established feudal ranks. There were people who owned the land and people who worked on it, and then there were people who did other things. Across Europe, those merchants, manufacturers and, well, middlemen tended to congregate in market towns. The French word for that kind of place was bourg, and so this class of non-peasants and non-aristocrats came to be called the bourgeoisie.
“Full of seething, wormy, hollow feelings
rather nasty —
How beastly the bourgeois is!”— D.H. Lawrence
“The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce 100 years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together.”— Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Everybody hates the bourgeoisie. Maybe not everyone, but you rarely hear “bourgeois” used as a compliment. The word connotes priggish respectability, pomp and pretentiousness, a way of life lacking the elegance and distinction — the class — of the old landed elite. It also referred to the ruling class, the factory owners and capitalists whose historic antagonists were the workers they employed, also known as the proletariat.
That isn’t a word you hear much anymore. Working class — a term favored by some of the speakers at the Republican convention as well as a few Democrats — is now a synonym for middle class, which only heightens the contradiction. The modern-day middle class now somehow includes both sides of the historical class struggle.
“Be careful: These are dangerous streets for us upper-lower-middle-class types.”— Homer Simpson
The middle is divided against itself — an aspirational ideal and a default setting, a state of equilibrium and a place to get stuck. The center cannot hold.
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Culture
Champions League draw: Predictions, best games and breakthrough star in league phase
![Champions League draw: Predictions, best games and breakthrough star in league phase Champions League draw: Predictions, best games and breakthrough star in league phase](https://cdn.theathletic.com/app/uploads/2024/08/29120123/GettyImages-2168242989-1-scaled-e1724947546316.jpg)
The draw for the revamped Champions League league phase is — after what seemed like a never-ending ceremony — complete.
As expected, the new format ensured a smattering of mouthwatering games, as well as a few less mouthwatering ones, ahead of the start of the competition proper next month.
You can read an explainer on the new format here. But this is what our experts made of the draw itself…
What was your draw highlight — or lowlight?
Oli Kay: I liked the video explaining the format — even though it was a dig at people like me who have criticised it. My concern is that they seem to have given more thought to the video than to the format itself. It was like watching a surprisingly well conceived party political broadcast from a party whose policies you can’t stand.
Carl Anka: Zlatan Ibrahimovic’s acting. Saying the new format is going to be a “Super Le–” lonely to be hushed by UEFA president Aleksander Ceferin. “I’ve told you it’s not going to happen.”
Pol Ballus: Seeing club representatives taking a picture when their draw was completed as it was almost impossible to absorb all the teams they had been assigned to play against. They were not alone, we all struggled a bit.
Seb Stafford-Bloor: I quite liked the fixture-generation dynamic — that bit was fine. The trouble is, the comedic self-importance with which these draws are staged is something that I will never be able to get beyond. It was 37 minutes until a team was drawn! 37!
Thom Harris: Also Zlatan’s acting.
Cristiano Ronaldo with UEFA president Aleksander Ceferin (Valery Hache/AFP via Getty Images)
Are you a fan of this new format?
Kay: No, I hate it. It’s cumbersome and convoluted. At a time of growing concern about fixture congestion, there are going to be 144 matches to whittle down 36 teams to 24 when most of us could probably safely predict at least nine of the 12 teams that will drop out. More matches, less jeopardy. Just what football doesn’t need.
The problem with the Champions League has been growing financial inequality across Europe, not the competition format. They’re ditching a perfectly good format purely to make Europe’s richest clubs richer. It’s the worst of both worlds.
Anka: Ilkay Gundogan said it best after the attempted Super League collapsed.
With all the Super League stuff going on… can we please also speak about the new Champions League format? More and more and more games, is no one thinking about us players?
The new UCL format is just the lesser of the two evils in comparison to the Super League…— Ilkay Gündogan (@IlkayGuendogan) April 22, 2021
The new Champions League format exists because it should make more money for interested parties who want to maximise their earnings. It does little to address the growing wealth disparity that separates the old-money superpowers and clubs on the rise, and furthers the notion that the best place to watch the competition is sat at home, rather than in the stadium.
I’m sure it’ll be exciting after a few games but when you need this many explanation videos and articles to explain how the thing actually works, it begs the question as to whether you need to build it that way. More doesn’t always mean better.
Ballus: In general, I’m not. It’s messy, a league format without all teams playing each other doesn’t enthuse me, adding more games to the current fixture list won’t have any good impact on the players and losing the aura of the group stage is not great news either.
Stafford-Bloor: I am trying to be open-minded. It’s very much the Las Vegas residency era of the Champions League in its intent, with teams being pushed out on stage as often as possible, but at least it’s not the double group stage of 2002-03. Until we see the format operate for real, it is difficult to escape the motivations for this latest contortion — and to wonder what the next bright idea will be.
Harris: I’ll try to be positive too — at least we will see a wide variety of games. I’ll be interested to see how Aston Villa, Bayer Leverkusen and Girona fare against a bigger selection of Europe’s elite. How invested everyone will be in late January, when teams will still be squabbling for positions in the knockout stages – with some even needing a two-legged knockout round play-off after that – remains to be seen.
Which games are you most looking forward to watching?
Kay: Aston Villa v Bayern Munich
A repeat of the 1982 European Cup final which I vividly recall watching on my seventh birthday. Villa are one of those big clubs most of the modern elite were determined to leave behind when they tried to set up a “Super League” three years ago. Their presence in this season’s competition is a reminder not just of Unai Emery’s excellence but of how appalling those closed-shop proposals were. Villa v Celtic, the Stylian Petrov derby, is another one to savour.
Anka: Bayer Leverkusen v Inter Milan
Two managers quickly making a name for themselves on the cutting edge of European football, but both going about the job in different ways. I’m a sucker for any match-up that pits wing-back against wing-back. This should be a thriller.
Ballus: PSG vs Manchester City
A match-up between Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola should not be missed. I am also quite intrigued by the Kylian Mbappe-less PSG, who have started the season impressively. I have the feeling they have a much bigger collective mentality that Luis Enrique will appreciate.
Stafford-Bloor: Bayern Munich vs PSG
Fascinating. Bayern are obviously a work in progress at the beginning of this new era, with Vincent Kompany coaching under the Champions League and needing to find an urgent solution to that team’s defensive issues. And PSG are always fascinating, almost perversely so. Mbappe has gone, so has that team’s gaudy aura, and so they will travel to Allianz Arena with a relatively young team that will need to earn its swagger.
Harris: Arsenal vs PSG
Another shout for Enrique’s Paris Saint Germain. Their new-look squad is ridiculously young, with some real superstars like Bradley Barcola (21), Joao Neves (19) and Warren Zaire-Emery (18) at the heart of the rebuild. They’ve already made a storming start to the new season, and a trip to Arsenal is just another mouthwatering clash from their extremely difficult draw.
![go-deeper](https://cdn.theathletic.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=128,height=128,fit=cover,format=auto/app/uploads/2024/08/28083136/GettyImages-2079405693-scaled-e1724848320691-1024x683.jpg)
Which of the traditional elite is most at risk of not making it to the last 16?
Kay: I wouldn’t call them part of the traditional elite, but, as a modern Champions League heavyweight (light heavyweight perhaps) and a top seed, Paris Saint-Germain might have hoped for a gentler draw than to face Manchester City, Bayern Munich, Atletico Madrid and Arsenal, among others.
Anka: The new format should protect against the sort of implosion and early elimination that Manchester United made in 2023-24. It’s up-and-comers Girona, Bologna and Stuttgart – who have had some of their best assets taken away in the summer – that should be most concerned. That said, AC Milan haven’t started the season well. Manager Paulo Fonseca feels like an odd fit for a squad with oscillating quality and there are some tough away matches in their set.
Ballus: PSG have one of the toughest draws. Playing City, Bayern, Arsenal and Atletico surely wasn’t what Luis Enrique wanted. Out of Pot 1, I see RB Leipzig as the team with the biggest struggle to go through.
Stafford-Bloor: It’s based on very little with the season being so young, but nothing about Hansi Flick’s Barcelona convinces me yet — and the Marc Bernal injury is just devastating. They have good players, a couple of exceptional ones, but they are not a powerful side. Perhaps this is a bias formed by his time with Germany and the many, many issues that occurred between 2021 and 2023, but I’m increasingly convinced that Flick’s success with Bayern Munich was a rare moment in time and a product of circumstance.
![](https://cdn.theathletic.com/app/uploads/2024/08/29122536/GettyImages-2168996217-scaled.jpg)
Are Barcelona really convincing? (Denis Doyle/Getty Images)
Harris: I think most of the Pot 1 sides should be fine given the new format, but Liverpool have probably been handed the toughest draw. Each game looks like it will be competitive, and a slip-up or two in tricky ties away to PSV Eindhoven and RB Leipzig for example could make things interesting. Xabi Alonso’s Bayer Leverkusen is a nightmare Pot 2 draw, too.
Which player could break through to become a major star in this group stage?
Kay: There’s a very Villa-heavy flavour to my answers, but I can’t get enough of Morgan Rogers at the moment. He looks like a player who loves the big stage and loves testing himself at the highest level.
Anka: The idea of Rogers and Jacob Ramsey running at defenders under the lights at Villa Park excites me. Aston Villa’s campaign will be fascinating. Unai Emery knows his way about a defensive mid-block and has built a career off bloodying the noses of richer European teams that don’t do their homework.
Ballus: I would have mentioned 17-year-old Marc Bernal here, the latest La Masia breakout star who was having an excellent start of the season, but his awful ACL rupture last Tuesday will prevent us from seeing that. So keep an eye on Yaser Asprilla, Girona’s record transfer and the guy tipped to compensate for the loss of the eye-catching Savinho, who joined Manchester City this summer.
Stafford-Bloor: I’ll take Enzo Millot, Stuttgart’s attacking No 8. He’s a component player, really, all about good timing and being in the right position at the right time, but he has developed rapidly over the past 18 months, benefiting from being at the centre of a side playing in quick, neat patterns. This should be the season that sees his reputation outside Germany catch up to where it is within the Bundesliga.
![](https://cdn.theathletic.com/app/uploads/2024/08/29122627/GettyImages-2166424106-scaled.jpg)
Enzo Millot is one to watch at Stuttgart (Sascha Schuermann/AFP via Getty Images)
Harris: I’m really looking forward to seeing if Viktor Gyokeres can make the step up to the Champions League. Since joining Sporting, he’s scored 49 goals and assisted a further 18 in just over 50 full games in all competitions, and is a very difficult man to stop once he latches onto a ball in behind.
Which stadium in this year’s competition would you most like to watch a game at?
Kay: I was going to say Celtic Park, which is hard to beat on a European night. But this season it’s Villa Park, given how much it will mean to Villa’s fans to have occasions like this. As a student in Birmingham in the mid-1990s, I went to see Villa play Deportivo La Coruna and Inter Milan. They were great nights and there must have been times in the past decade when Villa’s fans thought they would never see anything like it again.
![](https://cdn.theathletic.com/app/uploads/2024/08/29122643/GettyImages-2151156307-scaled.jpeg)
Villa Park welcomes back Europe’s elite this season (Naomi Baker/Getty Images)
Anka: It’s a darn shame that Thiago Motta and others jumped ship from Bologna this summer, but the Stadio Renato Dall’Ara is a beautiful architectural work to visit, and the setting for one of David Platt’s greatest goals.
Ballus: I have to go with Villa Park here. I’ve experienced how this ground feels in a proper Premier League fixture, and I can’t imagine what a Champions League return will mean to the club. They’ve proved over the last year how they can make elite teams such as Manchester City or Arsenal look ordinary. Their fans won’t fear anyone.
Stafford-Bloor: The renovation of Stuttgart’s Neckarstadion was completed for the European Championship and the result is as fierce an environment as will be found anywhere. The seating restrictions enforced by UEFA will dull some of its Bundesliga ferocity, but VfB making their first Champions League appearance since 2010 should ratchet the intensity back up. A cauldron of a ground.
Harris: It would have been refreshing to see Champions League football at the Stade Francis Le Ble, the cornerless, single-tiered home of Stade Brest. It’s a proper throwback ground, and the 15,000 inside usually make a racket. However, at over 100 years old, the stadium doesn’t meet UEFA’s requirements to host a game, and Brest will have to play their home matches halfway across Brittany in Guingamp. A real shame.
Away from there, I’m sure it will be pretty deafening in the Holte End as Aston Villa make their return to Europe’s premier competition after over 40 years away.
Rank your top eight in finishing order
Kay: Manchester City, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, Atletico Madrid, Arsenal, Liverpool, Inter Milan, Aston Villa.
Anka: Manchester City, Bayern Munich, Real Madrid, Arsenal, Paris Saint-Germain, Liverpool, Inter Milan, Leverkusen.
Ballus: Manchester City, Real Madrid, Liverpool, Arsenal, Paris Saint-Germain, Bayern Munich, Barcelona, Inter.
Stafford-Bloor: Manchester City, Real Madrid, Arsenal, Paris Saint-Germain, Bayern Munich, Bayer Leverkusen, Atletico Madrid, Inter.
Harris: Manchester City, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, Arsenal, Paris Saint-Germain, Bayer Leverkusen, Barcelona, Juventus.
What are the key dates?
Matchday 1: Sep 17-19
Matchday 2: Oct 1-2
Matchday 3: Oct 22-23
Matchday 4: Nov 5-6
Matchday 5: Nov 26-27
Matchday 6: Dec 10-11
Matchday 7: Jan 21-22
Matchday 8: Jan 29
Knockout round play-offs: Feb 11-12 and 18-19
Round of 16: March 4-5 and 11-12
Quarter-finals: April 8-9 and 15-16
Semi-finals: April 29-30 and May 6-7
Final: May 31
(Top photo: Valery Hache/AFP via Getty Images)
Culture
120 Years of New York’s Subterranean Literary Muse
![120 Years of New York’s Subterranean Literary Muse 120 Years of New York’s Subterranean Literary Muse](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/08/12/multimedia/00BOOKS-SUBWAY-01-qhmb/00BOOKS-SUBWAY-01-qhmb-facebookJumbo.jpg)
The subway isn’t just buried in the bedrock of New York City — it’s embedded within its fiction, too. These archival photographs and literary quotes transport you through time.
Within a day of its opening on Oct. 27, 1904, the New York City subway was already inspiring lyricism: The Times marveled at its “olive-green woodwork, the unfamiliar air, the darkness alongside, and the sudden shooting into beautiful white stations like nothing that the elevated ever had.”
That’s just one day. Give novelists 120 years of packed daily commutes, late night rides home from bars and restaurants, early morning trips to the beach, and now the subway isn’t just buried in the bedrock of Manhattan, it’s burrowed deep within New York novels of the last twelve decades, a source of wonder, despair, quotidian boredom.
Join us as we ride alongside fictional characters plucked from the works of Edith Wharton, Ralph Ellison, Sylvia Plath, Lee Child, James Baldwin and so many more.
“Faces, hats, hands, newspapers jiggled in the fetid roaring subway car like corn in a popper. The downtown express passed clattering in yellow light, window telescoping window till they overlapped like scales.”
Manhattan Transfer by John Dos Passos
She and Mrs. Robichek edged into the sluggish mob at the entrance of the subway, and were sucked gradually and inevitably down the stairs, like bits of floating waste down a drain.
The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith
Now it seemed very warm in the subway car. The fan in the center of the ceiling was motionless. A bead of sweat splashed a panel in the story about the firespewing Flame, lean and balletic in the great Lou Fine style, that Joe had been pretending to read. He closed the comic book and stuck it back in his pocket.
The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon
The train came bopping into the old drab station like some blazoned jungle of wonders. The letters and numbers fairly exploded in your face and they had a relationship, they were plaited and knotted, pop-eyed cartoon humanoids, winding in and out of each other and sweaty hot and passion dancing — metallic silver and blue and cherry-bomb red and a number of neon greens.
Underworld by Don DeLillo
Magically the five o’clock people came to life, bounced out of their subways, jumped out of their elevators, bells rang, elevator bells, streetcar bells, ambulance bells, the five o’clock people swept through the city hungrily, they covered the sun, their five o’clock faces looked eagerly toward Brooklyn, Astoria, the Bronx, Big Date Tonight.
Turn, Magic Wheel by Dawn Powell
It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they executed the Rosenbergs, and I didn’t know what I was doing in New York. I’m stupid about executions. The idea of being electrocuted makes me sick, and that’s all there was to read about in the papers — goggle-eyed headlines staring up at me at every street corner and at the fusty, peanut-smelling mouth of every subway.
The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath
Speed
In 1904, the express subway ride from the Brooklyn Bridge station to West 96th Street took, on average, 14 and a half minutes, a feat that dazzled both real riders and fictional ones.
The train rushed into the blackness with a phallic abandon, into the blackness which opened to receive it, opened, opened, the whole world shook with their coupling. Then, when it seemed that the roar and the movement would never cease, they came into the bright lights of 125th Street. The train gasped and moaned to a halt.
Another Country by James Baldwin
Pelham One Two Three came down the track. The amber and white marker lights at the top were like a pair of mismatched eyes. Beneath them, the sealed beams, which were the real eyes on the train, seemed by some optical trick to waver, to flicker like a candle in the wind. The train came on, as always with the appearance of going too fast to be able to stop. But it came to a smooth halt.
The Taking of Pelham One Two Three by John Godey
He found himself, next, slipping northward between the glazed walls of the subway, another languid crowd in the seats about him and the nasal yelp of the stations ringing through the car like some repeated ritual wail.
The Custom of the Country by Edith Wharton
Crowds & Delays
Think the subway ever ran smoothly? The first day it was open, not only was it packed with “subway sightseers,” but travel “was considerably interrupted by long stops that nobody could or would explain clearly,” The Times said. “The effect was to knock the schedule to smithereens.”
For the past century, just like the rest of us, literary characters have been squeezed, smashed and hassled.
She detested New York subway trains for their grime and their noise, but even more for the claustrophobic nearness of so many human bodies, the rush-hour jam and jostle of flesh which seemed to neutralize, if not to cancel out, the privacy she had sought for so long.
Sophie’s Choice by William Styron
The subway pulled into Times Square, disgorged passengers, took more on, shut up its doors and shrieked away down the tunnel. Another shuttle came in, on a different track. Bodies milled in the brown light, a loudspeaker announced shuttles. It was lunch hour. The subway station began to buzz, fill with human noise and motion.
V. by Thomas Pynchon
An R train fat with people was sitting in the station making awkward attempts at sliding its doors shut.
The Fuck-Up by Arthur Nersesisan
The Subway at Night
“At night,” The Times wrote, “the alienation of one man in a crowd gives way to the solitude of a few waiting at desolate stations for long empty trains. These are the night workers, the lovers going home from an evening out and the loveless for whom the subways represent warmth and security.”
One of fiction’s most iconic nighttime riders is Lee Child’s peripatetic tough guy, Jack Reacher, who once encountered a suicide bomber on an uptown 6 train at 2 a.m.
I was riding the subway, in New York City. The 6 train, the Lexington Avenue local, heading uptown, 2 in the morning. I had gotten on at Bleecker Street from the south end of the platform into a car that was empty except for five people. Subway cars feel small and intimate when they’re full. When they’re empty they feel vast and cavernous and lonely.
Gone Tomorrow by Lee Child
They descended the subway stairwell at Astor Place and as they waited on the platform, then boarded the 6 train, felt it shut them out against the other night riders, whose heads lolled with the train’s movements on the weary sticks of their bodies, felt it shut them against the whole city everywhere around them.
The Fortress of Solitude by Jonathan Lethem
The empty, air-conditioned subway car moved over the Manhattan Bridge and into the city. The sky was purple, and the half-lit moon peeked out beneath a pink cloud. Whenever the car made an abrupt stop, I slid farther down the blue plastic seats.
Happy Hour by Marlowe Granados
Most of the time, he didn’t mind riding the subway. It was a fast trip, and the clattering tracks and flashing lights kept a person distracted. But at times like this — idled without explanation, in the overheated darkness — it was hard not to think about just how deep under the earth the express track ran, or the mile of blackness that lay between him and the next stop.
Reliquary by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child
People-watching
“Mark my words,” an “observant citizen” told The Times in 1904, “the subway is going to boom the newspaper business. When you get in, there’s nothing to look at except the people, and that’s soon a tiresome job.”
Tiresome? Tens of millions of riders — real and fictional — would disagree.
Only a few people. No one near her. She folded her arms and rested her head on the seat in front of her. Cool. It cooled. Yes, it was cooler and her head was beautifully warm and she would have Vinnie again and next time, some time, he would kiss her.
Last Exit to Brooklyn by Hubert Selby
The girls were bright birds of paradise, the men, her artist’s eye noted, were gay, vital fauns. In the subway beside the laughing, happy groups, white faces showed pale and bloodless, other coloured faces loomed dull and hopeless.
Plum Bun by Jessie Redmon Fauset
Things whirled too fast around me. My mind went alternately bright and blank in slow rolling waves. We, he, him — my mind and I — were no longer getting around in the same circles. Nor my body either. Across the aisle a young platinum blonde nibbled at a Red Delicious apple as station lights rippled past behind her. The train plunged. I dropped through the roar, giddy and vacuum-minded, sucked under and out into late afternoon Harlem.
Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
There was so much noise that Ma and I could speak little on the subway ride there. There were two boys about my age sitting across from us. As the taller one got up, a bulky knife fell out of his pocket. It was sheathed in leather, the black handle grooved to fit a large hand. I pretended I wasn’t looking and willed myself to be invisible.
Girl in Translation by Jean Kwok
We are 15, and are learning to memorize the subway lines as if they are the very veins that run through our bodies.
Brown Girls by Daphne Palasi Andreades
Nobody who’s lived in New York for more than a few months understands why a girl would actually like the subway. They don’t get the novelty of walking underground and popping back up across the city. … Belonging in the rush, locking eyes with another horrified passenger when a mariachi band steps on. On the subway, she’s actually a New Yorker.
One Last Stop by Casey McQuiston
Most of us stand clear of the closing doors; others step through and write what they see.
Continue the ride with these 12 books.
Culture
Are you smarter than a college football referee? Take the rules quiz they have to pass
![Are you smarter than a college football referee? Take the rules quiz they have to pass Are you smarter than a college football referee? Take the rules quiz they have to pass](https://cdn.theathletic.com/app/uploads/2024/08/28143024/GettyImages-1893775448-scaled-e1724869962564.jpg)
How difficult is it to be a college football referee? Let’s find out how smart you are.
Officials are often the target of frustration for fans, especially after questionable or missed calls. But they aren’t noticed when they make the right call, which happens the vast majority of the time.
To give you a sense of the types of rulings officials have to know and deliver instantly, we’re letting you take an actual Ref Quiz.
Earlier this summer, I sat in on the Mountain West/Conference USA officiating clinic outside Dallas, led by former Big 12 referee Mike Defee, the coordinator of officials for both conferences. The clinic focused on standards, new rules, training tips and game logistics. It also included a multiple-choice quiz for the officials, featuring questions about various in-game situations. Other conferences hold similar clinics.
“The test is built to be a well-rounded test of the rule book to make sure they’ve spent time having a good working knowledge of it,” Defee said. “They’re required to pass it or they don’t get a schedule.”
A passing grade is 70 percent, and crew head referees are expected to score higher. All of the Mountain West and CUSA core officials passed it this year, Defee said, but a few developmental officials did not.
I myself was humbled with a 48 percent score when I took the quiz at the clinic, so you won’t see me on the field. The original quiz was 27 questions, but we’ve narrowed it down to 15. We’ve also clarified some language to make the game situations easier to understand. Let’s see if you’re smart enough to be a college football official.
(Note: Readers who are using our app on an Android device may need to use two fingers to scroll through the quiz. Still unable to get the survey? Try this direct link.)
(Photo: Ron Jenkins / Getty Images)
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