Wyoming
‘Devil’s Corkscrews’ In Eastern Wyoming Are 20-Million-Year-Old Beaver Burrows
In modern times, beavers make dams by chewing through trees. In prehistoric times, they dug spiraling burrows up to 7 feet deep by chewing through the soil.
Daemonelix is the scientific name for a unique trace fossil found only in eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska. More people know these fossils by their common name, “Devil’s corkscrews.”
Even by the standards of bizarre prehistoric discoveries, Devil’s corkscrews seem inexplicable. Paleontologists know what they are and what made them, but more than 135 years after they were first discovered, there are a lot of intriguing unknowns.
“They’ve been well-studied for a century, but we don’t know what new parts of the story could be derived from what’s waiting to be found in Wyoming,” said Brent Breithaupt, the regional paleontologist for the Bureau of Land Management in Cheyenne. “There’s more work to be done, and there’s plenty of them out there.”
Devil’s Corkscrews
In 1891, paleontologist Erwin Hinckley Barbour was scouring Sioux County, Nebraska, when he found something bizarre — a spiral-shaped rock descending straight into the Harrison Formation, a 20-million-year-old layer of rock from the Miocene Period.
The spirals went as deep as 9 feet, elegantly spiraling downward into a large chamber. Barbour found several intact spirals, but he and other paleontologists were at a loss to explain them for several decades.
“There were lots of misinterpretations, ranging from plant roots to the remains of freshwater sponges,” Breithaupt said. “They weren’t readily identified as trace fossils, because there was nothing like them.”
The critical clue was found inside one of the spirals. Paleontologists found the partial skeleton of the spiral’s ancient occupant, an extinct type of beaver called Palaeocastor.
That was the answer to the spiraling riddle, confirmed by subsequent discoveries of the same animal in the same spirals. They were extensive, elaborate burrows dug into the ground by intrepid Palaeocastors during the Miocene.
Burrowing Beavers
Palaeocastor was a small species of terrestrial beaver, related to but distinct from its semi-aquatic relatives. They were diggers rather than builders, as evidenced by their impressive subterranean burrows.
“They were relatively small, about the size of a prairie dog,” Breithaupt said. “They lived like prairie dogs, but their burrows are much more impressive.”
Prairie dogs live in expansive burrows that can stretch 30 feet across and go as deep as nine feet. They accomplish this by feverishly digging with their tiny claws, creating impressive but artistically unimpressive burrows.
When Devil’s corkscrews were determined to be burrows, paleontologists assumed Palaeocastor lived and excavated the same way. A look inside the burrows revealed a very different behavior.
A 1977 study dug out the incisors from fossilized Palaeocastor skulls in wet sand. The resulting impression matched the indentations found inside the corkscrews.
“They basically used their teeth to carve out these burrows,” Breithaupt said. “The claw marks were actually tooth marks.”
That might explain some of the subtleties in the “design” of the burrows. Breithaupt said the tiny beavers would have been excavating downward at an angle, chomping into the soil until reaching a sufficient depth, and chewing a living room at the end of their spiral staircase.
It’s not an exclusive excavation technique. Naked mole rats in Kenya also use their teeth to dig burrows, though their burrows are simple tunnels rather than a deep-delving helix.
What makes Devil’s corkscrews unique is their shape. Many animals have burrowed their way through history, but none as distinctly as Palaeocastor.
What’s the intent behind the design?
Climate Controlled Housing
The Miocene Period was a period of climate change. The global climate was gradually getting cooler and drier, a trend that would culminate in “the Ice Age,” forcing flora and fauna to adapt and overcome.
Of all the burrowing animals known in modern and prehistoric times, only Palaeocastor is known for extensive spiral burrows. Most animals dig shallower, simpler burrows that suit their purposes, but aren’t as intricately excavated.
“This has been a topic of debate for many, many years,” Breithaupt said. “Why make a spiral burrow? It takes extra work. We don’t find a lot of other animals that do this kind of tunneling, but we find Palaeocastor burrows everywhere.”
The only modern-day analogue Breithaupt could recall is Australia’s yellow-spotted monitor lizard, which digs spiral-shaped burrows to lay their eggs.
These are exceptions to a universal rule that has held throughout Earth’s history. Most animals dig burrows simply and more efficiently, so what made Palaeocastor different?
One explanation that’s been ruled out is predator deterrence. Burrows can help small animals avoid predators, but Breithaupt said there’s direct scientific evidence that Palaeocastor burrows weren’t predator-proof.
“There have been reports of a weasel-like predator, Zodiolestes, found within one of these burrows,” he said. “It was probably looking for a Palaeocastor to eat and got trapped inside.”
A 1999 study found a possible answer. The spiral burrows were a direct response to the environmental changes in the climate of the Miocene.
Paleontologist Robert Meyer determined that the spiral burrows actually had higher subsurface air volumes and burrow wall surface areas, which limited air circulation.
That means the subsurface temperature and humidity of the burrow were fairly constant, regardless of what was happening topside. According to Meyer, as the Miocene grew cooler and drier, Palaeocastor put “unusual effort” into its burrows to comfortably survive.
If modern-day animals faced similar environmental conditions, they might dig similar burrows. Breithaupt said it offers a unique insight into the behavior of the long-extinct beavers, showing their tenacity in surviving in a hostile world.
“Apparently, it’s a fairly ingenious system for temperature and moisture control,” he said. “That makes sense in a fairly hot, desert-like environment.”
Everything Old Is New
Several Palaeocastor fossils have been found, inside and outside of their burrows. However, Breithaupt said the burrows provide information on the animal’s behavior that couldn’t have been gleaned from skeletons.
“We find lots of burrows next to each other, like modern-day prairie dog towns,” he said. “The individual burrows would be occupied by one animal and its family, but they did seem to have some kind of colonial behavior.”
Wyoming’s prehistoric Palaeocastor was probably very similar to its modern-day prairie dogs and ground squirrels. They even had similar predators, as the extinct Zodiolestes shares many traits with the nearly extinct black-footed ferret.
While Palaeocastor thrived underground, the surface was dominated by large and bizarre mammals. There were several horse-like animals, the two-horned rhinoceros Diceratherium, the awkwardly proportioned herbivore Moropus, and the fearful omnivore Daeodon, which had a three-foot-long skull full of thick, powerful teeth.
Unfortunately, Palaeocastor didn’t have the best judgment when choosing land for their housing developments. Breithaupt said their burrows were preserved because they were filled and covered with sediment, probably during dramatic flash floods.
“Flooding events would have washed a lot of material into the burrow, trapping any animals inside,” he said. “That’s how we know Palaeocastor made the burrows, because we’ve found several of them trapped inside.”
Delving Deeper
The first and best Devil’s corkscrews have been found in Nebraska and are prominently featured in the galleries of some of the world’s best museums.
The best place to see the corkscrews is Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, right over the Wyoming state line near Harrison, Nebraska. There’s a Daemonelix Trail that leads visitors to Palaeocastor burrows preserved right where they were found.
Devil’s corkscrews have been found in the Harrison Formation exposures of eastern Wyoming, but those haven’t been as thoroughly excavated and researched as their Nebraska counterparts. Breithaupt believes Wyoming’s exposures should be explored more, because there’s always more to learn.
“I’d be interested to know where fossils are in Wyoming and how those compare to the much better and well-known exposures in Nebraska,” he said. “There’s a lot of work that needs to be done on trace fossils, especially vertebrate trace fossils, in particular burrows, and probably more unique burrows out there that we don’t recognize as burrows. They’re very unique.”
“Devil’s corkscrews” aren’t relics of massive satanic construction projects. They’re a 20-million-year-old testament of a struggle for survival, tooth and claw, left behind by Wyoming’s long-extinct burrow beavers.
Andrew Rossi can be reached at arossi@cowboystatedaily.com.
Wyoming
Idaho semitruck driver involved in fatal accident at Wyoming FlyingJ – East Idaho News
The following is a news release from the Wyoming’s Rock Springs Police Department:
ROCK SPRINGS, Wyo. — The Rock Springs Police Department is investigating a fatal incident that occurred early this morning in the parking lot of the Flying J Travel Center.
At approximately 5:00 a.m., a Flying J employee was working to direct commercial vehicle traffic within the lot. Initial findings suggest that as one semitruck began to move, the employee was positioned between that vehicle and a second stationary vehicle. The employee was subsequently pinned between the two units.
Rock Springs Fire Department and Castle Rock Ambulance arrived on the scene and coordinated life-saving measures. Despite the rapid response and medical intervention, the employee was pronounced deceased at the scene.
The identity of the deceased is being withheld at this time pending the notification of family members.
The driver involved in the incident, a resident of Idaho, remained on-site and has been fully cooperative with investigators. Following an initial statement and questioning, the driver was released. While the investigation remains open, the incident currently appears to be a tragic accident.
We extend our deepest condolences to the family of the deceased and the staff at Flying J. We also want to commend the rapid response and professional life-saving efforts coordinated by Rock Springs Fire and Castle Rock Ambulance during this difficult call.
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Wyoming
Wyoming Gov. Mark Gordon won’t seek a third term. He won’t rule out running for other offices, either
(WYOFILE) – Wyoming Gov. Mark Gordon will not seek a third term, his office announced Thursday. However, the two-term Republican governor has not ruled out running for another office.
“He’s still kind of exploring his options,” Amy Edmonds, Gordon’s spokesperson, told WyoFile.
As candidates across Wyoming have announced bids for various statewide offices in recent months, Gordon has been tight-lipped about his own plans, leading to speculation that he would put the state’s gubernatorial term limits to the test.
In two opinions about a decade apart, the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled that term limits on legislators as well as on most top elected positions in the state were unconstitutional. While the high court has not addressed the qualifications for governor, it’s been widely suggested that a court challenge would be successful. Such was the discussion in 2010, when Democratic Gov. Dave Freudenthal ultimately chose not to seek a third term.
There’s also been speculation that Gordon may run for Congress, which he’s done in the past. In 2008, Gordon ran for the U.S. House of Representatives. He was ultimately defeated by Cynthia Lummis in the primary election. If Gordon seeks the seat in 2026, he’ll join a crowded field that has already attracted at least 10 Republicans. It’s possible he could also be eyeing a run for Wyoming’s soon-to-be open U.S. Senate seat — a choice that would pit him against Rep. Harriet Hageman, whom he defeated in the governor’s race in 2018.
Wyoming’s candidate filing period opens for two weeks at the end of May.
As for the rest of Gordon’s final term in the governor’s office, his “focus remains on essential pillars like supporting core industries, growing Wyoming’s economy, strengthening local communities and families, and safeguarding Wyoming’s vital natural resources,” according to the Thursday press release.
Starting in June, Gordon will set out on a series of community visits to “engage directly with citizens,” the release states, and is particularly interested in having discussions about “protecting our resilient property tax base that funds local services like education, fire protection, police services and others, as well as honoring local control, investing in our future through smart saving and continued stewardship of our wildlife, land, and water.”
The governor also pointed to the Aug. 18 primary election.
“You don’t have to be Governor to make a difference in Wyoming,” Gordon wrote. “Participating in elections is something all of us can do to make a real difference, and these conversations are important to have to ensure everyone makes informed decisions about the future of Wyoming.”
Whether Gordon will run for office is one lingering question — to what degree he will support other candidates is another.
In 2024, Gordon personally spent more than $160,000 on statehouse races, backing non-Wyoming Freedom Caucus Republicans who generally aligned with his positions on energy, economic diversification, mental health services and education.
While many of those races did not go Gordon’s way — the Freedom Caucus won control of the House — the governor is coming off a legislative budget session where lawmakers largely approved his proposed budget.
More specifically, the Legislature’s final budget came in about $53 million shy of the governor’s $11 billion recommendations after significant cuts were floated by the Freedom Caucus lawmakers ahead of the session. Many of those notable cuts — including to the University of Wyoming and the Wyoming Business Council — were ultimately rejected.
While Gordon applauded the final budget, he also said in March he was “saddened by some of the reductions,” including the Legislature’s decision to nix SUN Bucks, the summer food program that fills the gap for kids when there are no school lunches. Wednesday, however, the governor signed an executive order that will start delivering food benefits to Wyoming families as early as June.
Details for Gordon’s upcoming community visits will be posted to the governor’s website, according to the press release.
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Wyoming
(LETTERS) Wyoming Supreme Court judges, congressional responsibility, pregnancy and US involvement in the Middle East
Oil City News publishes letters, cartoons and opinions as a public service. The content does not necessarily reflect the opinions of Oil City News or its employees. Letters to the editor can be submitted by following the link at our opinion section.
Wyoming Supreme Court judge process better than federal’s
Dear Casper,
This letter is in response to Mr. Ross Schriftman’s letter to the editor from April 11. His opinion appears to be that the Wyoming process of selecting Wyoming Supreme Court justices is somehow flawed. Justices are selected through a merit-based assisted appointment process. When a vacancy occurs, a seven-member Judicial Nominating Commission recommends three candidates to the governor, who appoints one.
Appointed justices serve at least one year before standing in a nonpartisan retention election for an eight-year term.
The commission consists of the chief justice as chair/tie-breaker, three attorneys selected by the Wyoming State Bar and three non-attorneys appointed by the governor. The governor must select one of the three nominees provided by the commission to fill the vacancy.
After serving at least one year, justices stand for retention in the next general election. Voters cast a “yes” or “no” vote. If retained, the justice serves an eight-year term.
Candidates must be U.S. citizens, Wyoming residents for at least three years, licensed to practice law, and have at least nine years of legal experience. Justices must retire at age 70.
U.S. Supreme Court are appointed for life!
I would offer that the Wyoming process is superior to that of the U.S. Constitution. Voters are involved the process, which we are not at the federal level.
Wyoming justices can be impeached and removed from office by the state House of Representatives and Senate.
Michael Bond
Casper
Wyoming delegation must answer for President Trump’s Iran policy
Dear Casper,
Sent this to each of our Wyoming congressional delegates. I lived in Montana for years. These are the questions the Daily Montanan asked of their elected congressional representatives.
I ask the same questions of our Wyoming delegation. Montana got no answers. I doubt that we will either.
- President Donald Trump has continued to threaten to hit targets that would affect or kill civilians in Iran. Do you support his stated objectives and deadlines?
- Are you concerned that some of these targets could be construed as attacking civilians and therefore become war crimes?
- Do you have any concerns about wiping out an entire civilization, as Trump has threatened?
- If these are only rhetorical threats, what does that do to our stature in the world when we make threats, but don’t follow through with them?
- Polls have continued to show more than a majority of Americans do not support the efforts against Iran. Why do you support the effort?
- If you do not support the effort in Iran, at what point would you support Congressional intervention or oversight on the issue?
- Have you been briefed and do you believe that there are clear objectives in this war with Iran, and how can you communicate those with your constituents?
- The U.S. has repeatedly criticized Vladimir Putin and Russia for its invasion and treatment of the Ukrainian people and it sovereignty. How does that differ from America’s “excursion” into Iran?
- What is your message for Montanans who are seeing gas prices and the cost of living generally increase?
- Last week, President Trump said that America doesn’t have enough money for healthcare and childcare; further, those things must be left to the individual states in order to fund the military? Do you agree?
- President Trump continues to boost military budgets and request additional funding for the war in Iran. Do you support these?
Tami Munari
Laramie
Pregnancy is personal, not political
Dear Casper,
The recent Wyoming Supreme Court ruling, which affirmed abortion is health care, has caused some who disagree with the ruling to attack Wyoming’s judicial system.
In an opinion letter, candidate Ross Schriftman facetiously writes, “…our God-given First Amendment right of free speech does not apply when criticizing our fellow citizen judges.”
This is the first flaw in his logic because the Constitution was not written by God, therefore the right of freedom of speech was thought up and written by men. God is not the author nor guarantor of personal freedoms — our Constitution and judicial system are.
The second flaw in his argument references a letter signed by 111 professionally-trained, experienced, and well-respected Wyoming judges and attorneys explaining how the courts arrive at their rulings. It is illogical to claim we are all “citizen judges” because even though citizens have a constitutionally-guaranteed right to an opinion, it does not make every citizen a legal expert. The judges’ and attorneys’ excellent letter speaks for itself.
Mr. Schriftman claims the Supreme Court, “… create(d) an absurd definition of health care to include the intentional murder of pre-born human persons; something they did to justify overriding the equal protection clause… .” This logic is flawed because it is based on a conflation of an obsession with “pre-born human persons” and equal protection under the law.
There is significant disagreement on the issue of fetal personhood and who gets to determine it: the doctors? the lawyers? the pregnant woman? the anti-choice crowd?
Many understand and appreciate it has taken women almost 200 years to gain and keep Equal Protection Under the Law, and the disagreement over who is legally, materially, and morally responsible for a fertilized human egg has always been part this historical struggle. But it was the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision that finally established a constitutional right, for women and men, to private health care decisions and, since pregnancy is a health condition, that included abortion.
Even though it wasn’t explicit, Roe also effectively affirmed that bestowing of “personhood” is a private determination to be made by the pregnant woman and her God. But, sadly, here we are again, dealing with folks who mistakenly believe they have a right to interfere in someone else’s pregnancy.
The Rev. L Kee
Casper
Why does the U.S. keep troops in oil producing countries?
Dear Casper,
There are two facts that don’t ever seem to be considered by our government that cost us dearly.
Osama Bin Laden said the stationing of U.S. troops in the Middle East was the reason Al Qaeda attacked us on 9/11. Does the U.S. believe that the oil producing countries in the Middle East will only sell us oil if we force them to by stationing troops there? I’m not aware of any other countries that believe that.
The other fact is, the U.S. is the only country to ever use a nuclear weapon offensively. There are several countries that have nuclear weapons, including North Korea. The reason countries have been reluctant to use nuclear weapons is MAD, mutually assured destruction. Consequently, is it reasonable to expect Iran, should they develop a nuclear weapon, to attack the U.S., knowing that our superiority in nuclear capability would assure the complete destruction of their country? It clearly would be suicidal for them to do so.
But, just to be cautious, rather than destroying the entire country to deter Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon, wouldn’t it make more sense to destroy their nuclear infrastructure?
Bill Douglass
Casper
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