Connect with us

Wyoming

‘Devil’s Corkscrews’ In Eastern Wyoming Are 20-Million-Year-Old Beaver Burrows

Published

on

‘Devil’s Corkscrews’ In Eastern Wyoming Are 20-Million-Year-Old Beaver Burrows


In modern times, beavers make dams by chewing through trees. In prehistoric times, they dug spiraling burrows up to 7 feet deep by chewing through the soil.

Daemonelix is the scientific name for a unique trace fossil found only in eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska. More people know these fossils by their common name, “Devil’s corkscrews.”

Even by the standards of bizarre prehistoric discoveries, Devil’s corkscrews seem inexplicable. Paleontologists know what they are and what made them, but more than 135 years after they were first discovered, there are a lot of intriguing unknowns.

“They’ve been well-studied for a century, but we don’t know what new parts of the story could be derived from what’s waiting to be found in Wyoming,” said Brent Breithaupt, the regional paleontologist for the Bureau of Land Management in Cheyenne. “There’s more work to be done, and there’s plenty of them out there.”

Advertisement

Devil’s Corkscrews

In 1891, paleontologist Erwin Hinckley Barbour was scouring Sioux County, Nebraska, when he found something bizarre — a spiral-shaped rock descending straight into the Harrison Formation, a 20-million-year-old layer of rock from the Miocene Period.

The spirals went as deep as 9 feet, elegantly spiraling downward into a large chamber. Barbour found several intact spirals, but he and other paleontologists were at a loss to explain them for several decades.

“There were lots of misinterpretations, ranging from plant roots to the remains of freshwater sponges,” Breithaupt said. “They weren’t readily identified as trace fossils, because there was nothing like them.”

The critical clue was found inside one of the spirals. Paleontologists found the partial skeleton of the spiral’s ancient occupant, an extinct type of beaver called Palaeocastor.

That was the answer to the spiraling riddle, confirmed by subsequent discoveries of the same animal in the same spirals. They were extensive, elaborate burrows dug into the ground by intrepid Palaeocastors during the Miocene.

Advertisement
Paleontologists spent decades trying to explain “Devil’s corkscrews,” the bizarre spiral-shaped fossils found in Wyoming and Nebraska. Turns out, they were burrows chewed into the ground by prehistoric beavers 20 million years ago. (Courtesy Agate Fossil Beds National Monument)

Burrowing Beavers

Palaeocastor was a small species of terrestrial beaver, related to but distinct from its semi-aquatic relatives. They were diggers rather than builders, as evidenced by their impressive subterranean burrows.

“They were relatively small, about the size of a prairie dog,” Breithaupt said. “They lived like prairie dogs, but their burrows are much more impressive.”

Prairie dogs live in expansive burrows that can stretch 30 feet across and go as deep as nine feet. They accomplish this by feverishly digging with their tiny claws, creating impressive but artistically unimpressive burrows.

When Devil’s corkscrews were determined to be burrows, paleontologists assumed Palaeocastor lived and excavated the same way. A look inside the burrows revealed a very different behavior.

A 1977 study dug out the incisors from fossilized Palaeocastor skulls in wet sand. The resulting impression matched the indentations found inside the corkscrews.

Advertisement

“They basically used their teeth to carve out these burrows,” Breithaupt said. “The claw marks were actually tooth marks.”

That might explain some of the subtleties in the “design” of the burrows. Breithaupt said the tiny beavers would have been excavating downward at an angle, chomping into the soil until reaching a sufficient depth, and chewing a living room at the end of their spiral staircase.

It’s not an exclusive excavation technique. Naked mole rats in Kenya also use their teeth to dig burrows, though their burrows are simple tunnels rather than a deep-delving helix.

What makes Devil’s corkscrews unique is their shape. Many animals have burrowed their way through history, but none as distinctly as Palaeocastor.

What’s the intent behind the design?

Advertisement

Climate Controlled Housing

The Miocene Period was a period of climate change. The global climate was gradually getting cooler and drier, a trend that would culminate in “the Ice Age,” forcing flora and fauna to adapt and overcome.

Of all the burrowing animals known in modern and prehistoric times, only Palaeocastor is known for extensive spiral burrows. Most animals dig shallower, simpler burrows that suit their purposes, but aren’t as intricately excavated.

“This has been a topic of debate for many, many years,” Breithaupt said. “Why make a spiral burrow? It takes extra work. We don’t find a lot of other animals that do this kind of tunneling, but we find Palaeocastor burrows everywhere.”

The only modern-day analogue Breithaupt could recall is Australia’s yellow-spotted monitor lizard, which digs spiral-shaped burrows to lay their eggs.

These are exceptions to a universal rule that has held throughout Earth’s history. Most animals dig burrows simply and more efficiently, so what made Palaeocastor different?

Advertisement

One explanation that’s been ruled out is predator deterrence. Burrows can help small animals avoid predators, but Breithaupt said there’s direct scientific evidence that Palaeocastor burrows weren’t predator-proof.

“There have been reports of a weasel-like predator, Zodiolestes, found within one of these burrows,” he said. “It was probably looking for a Palaeocastor to eat and got trapped inside.”

A 1999 study found a possible answer. The spiral burrows were a direct response to the environmental changes in the climate of the Miocene.

Paleontologist Robert Meyer determined that the spiral burrows actually had higher subsurface air volumes and burrow wall surface areas, which limited air circulation.

That means the subsurface temperature and humidity of the burrow were fairly constant, regardless of what was happening topside. According to Meyer, as the Miocene grew cooler and drier, Palaeocastor put “unusual effort” into its burrows to comfortably survive.

Advertisement

If modern-day animals faced similar environmental conditions, they might dig similar burrows. Breithaupt said it offers a unique insight into the behavior of the long-extinct beavers, showing their tenacity in surviving in a hostile world.

“Apparently, it’s a fairly ingenious system for temperature and moisture control,” he said. “That makes sense in a fairly hot, desert-like environment.”

Everything Old Is New

Several Palaeocastor fossils have been found, inside and outside of their burrows. However, Breithaupt said the burrows provide information on the animal’s behavior that couldn’t have been gleaned from skeletons.

“We find lots of burrows next to each other, like modern-day prairie dog towns,” he said. “The individual burrows would be occupied by one animal and its family, but they did seem to have some kind of colonial behavior.”

Wyoming’s prehistoric Palaeocastor was probably very similar to its modern-day prairie dogs and ground squirrels. They even had similar predators, as the extinct Zodiolestes shares many traits with the nearly extinct black-footed ferret.

Advertisement

While Palaeocastor thrived underground, the surface was dominated by large and bizarre mammals. There were several horse-like animals, the two-horned rhinoceros Diceratherium, the awkwardly proportioned herbivore Moropus, and the fearful omnivore Daeodon, which had a three-foot-long skull full of thick, powerful teeth.

Unfortunately, Palaeocastor didn’t have the best judgment when choosing land for their housing developments. Breithaupt said their burrows were preserved because they were filled and covered with sediment, probably during dramatic flash floods.

“Flooding events would have washed a lot of material into the burrow, trapping any animals inside,” he said. “That’s how we know Palaeocastor made the burrows, because we’ve found several of them trapped inside.”

Delving Deeper

The first and best Devil’s corkscrews have been found in Nebraska and are prominently featured in the galleries of some of the world’s best museums.

The best place to see the corkscrews is Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, right over the Wyoming state line near Harrison, Nebraska. There’s a Daemonelix Trail that leads visitors to Palaeocastor burrows preserved right where they were found.

Advertisement

Devil’s corkscrews have been found in the Harrison Formation exposures of eastern Wyoming, but those haven’t been as thoroughly excavated and researched as their Nebraska counterparts. Breithaupt believes Wyoming’s exposures should be explored more, because there’s always more to learn.

“I’d be interested to know where fossils are in Wyoming and how those compare to the much better and well-known exposures in Nebraska,” he said. “There’s a lot of work that needs to be done on trace fossils, especially vertebrate trace fossils, in particular burrows, and probably more unique burrows out there that we don’t recognize as burrows. They’re very unique.”

“Devil’s corkscrews” aren’t relics of massive satanic construction projects. They’re a 20-million-year-old testament of a struggle for survival, tooth and claw, left behind by Wyoming’s long-extinct burrow beavers.

Andrew Rossi can be reached at arossi@cowboystatedaily.com.



Source link

Advertisement

Wyoming

(LETTERS) Wyoming Supreme Court judges, congressional responsibility, pregnancy and US involvement in the Middle East

Published

on

(LETTERS) Wyoming Supreme Court judges, congressional responsibility, pregnancy and US involvement in the Middle East


Oil City News publishes letters, cartoons and opinions as a public service. The content does not necessarily reflect the opinions of Oil City News or its employees. Letters to the editor can be submitted by following the link at our opinion section.


Wyoming Supreme Court judge process better than federal’s

Dear Casper,

This letter is in response to Mr. Ross Schriftman’s letter to the editor from April 11. His opinion appears to be that the Wyoming process of selecting Wyoming Supreme Court justices is somehow flawed. Justices are selected through a merit-based assisted appointment process. When a vacancy occurs, a seven-member Judicial Nominating Commission recommends three candidates to the governor, who appoints one.

Appointed justices serve at least one year before standing in a nonpartisan retention election for an eight-year term.

Advertisement

The commission consists of the chief justice as chair/tie-breaker, three attorneys selected by the Wyoming State Bar and three non-attorneys appointed by the governor. The governor must select one of the three nominees provided by the commission to fill the vacancy.

After serving at least one year, justices stand for retention in the next general election. Voters cast a “yes” or “no” vote. If retained, the justice serves an eight-year term.

Candidates must be U.S. citizens, Wyoming residents for at least three years, licensed to practice law, and have at least nine years of legal experience. Justices must retire at age 70.

U.S. Supreme Court are appointed for life!

I would offer that the Wyoming process is superior to that of the U.S. Constitution. Voters are involved the process, which we are not at the federal level.

Advertisement

Wyoming justices can be impeached and removed from office by the state House of Representatives and Senate.

Michael Bond
Casper


Wyoming delegation must answer for President Trump’s Iran policy

Dear Casper,

Sent this to each of our Wyoming congressional delegates. I lived in Montana for years. These are the questions the Daily Montanan asked of their elected congressional representatives.

I ask the same questions of our Wyoming delegation. Montana got no answers. I doubt that we will either.

Advertisement
  1. President Donald Trump has continued to threaten to hit targets that would affect or kill civilians in Iran. Do you support his stated objectives and deadlines?
  2. Are you concerned that some of these targets could be construed as attacking civilians and therefore become war crimes?
  3. Do you have any concerns about wiping out an entire civilization, as Trump has threatened?
  4. If these are only rhetorical threats, what does that do to our stature in the world when we make threats, but don’t follow through with them?
  5. Polls have continued to show more than a majority of Americans do not support the efforts against Iran. Why do you support the effort?
  6. If you do not support the effort in Iran, at what point would you support Congressional intervention or oversight on the issue?
  7. Have you been briefed and do you believe that there are clear objectives in this war with Iran, and how can you communicate those with your constituents?
  8. The U.S. has repeatedly criticized Vladimir Putin and Russia for its invasion and treatment of the Ukrainian people and it sovereignty. How does that differ from America’s “excursion” into Iran?
  9. What is your message for Montanans who are seeing gas prices and the cost of living generally increase?
  10. Last week, President Trump said that America doesn’t have enough money for healthcare and childcare; further, those things must be left to the individual states in order to fund the military? Do you agree?
  11. President Trump continues to boost military budgets and request additional funding for the war in Iran. Do you support these?

Tami Munari
Laramie


Pregnancy is personal, not political

Dear Casper,

The recent Wyoming Supreme Court ruling, which affirmed abortion is health care, has caused some who disagree with the ruling to attack Wyoming’s judicial system.

In an opinion letter, candidate Ross Schriftman facetiously writes, “…our God-given First Amendment right of free speech does not apply when criticizing our fellow citizen judges.”

This is the first flaw in his logic because the Constitution was not written by God, therefore the right of freedom of speech was thought up and written by men. God is not the author nor guarantor of personal freedoms — our Constitution and judicial system are.

The second flaw in his argument references a letter signed by 111 professionally-trained, experienced, and well-respected Wyoming judges and attorneys explaining how the courts arrive at their rulings. It is illogical to claim we are all “citizen judges” because even though citizens have a constitutionally-guaranteed right to an opinion, it does not make every citizen a legal expert. The judges’ and attorneys’ excellent letter speaks for itself.

Advertisement

Mr. Schriftman claims the Supreme Court, “… create(d) an absurd definition of health care to include the intentional murder of pre-born human persons; something they did to justify overriding the equal protection clause… .” This logic is flawed because it is based on a conflation of an obsession with “pre-born human persons” and equal protection under the law.

There is significant disagreement on the issue of fetal personhood and who gets to determine it: the doctors? the lawyers? the pregnant woman? the anti-choice crowd?

Many understand and appreciate it has taken women almost 200 years to gain and keep Equal Protection Under the Law, and the disagreement over who is legally, materially, and morally responsible for a fertilized human egg has always been part this historical struggle. But it was the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision that finally established a constitutional right, for women and men, to private health care decisions and, since pregnancy is a health condition, that included abortion.

Even though it wasn’t explicit, Roe also effectively affirmed that bestowing of “personhood” is a private determination to be made by the pregnant woman and her God. But, sadly, here we are again, dealing with folks who mistakenly believe they have a right to interfere in someone else’s pregnancy.

The Rev. L Kee
Casper

Advertisement

Why does the U.S. keep troops in oil producing countries?

Dear Casper,

There are two facts that don’t ever seem to be considered by our government that cost us dearly.

Osama Bin Laden said the stationing of U.S. troops in the Middle East was the reason Al Qaeda attacked us on 9/11. Does the U.S. believe that the oil producing countries in the Middle East will only sell us oil if we force them to by stationing troops there? I’m not aware of any other countries that believe that.

The other fact is, the U.S. is the only country to ever use a nuclear weapon offensively. There are several countries that have nuclear weapons, including North Korea. The reason countries have been reluctant to use nuclear weapons is MAD, mutually assured destruction. Consequently, is it reasonable to expect Iran, should they develop a nuclear weapon, to attack the U.S., knowing that our superiority in nuclear capability would assure the complete destruction of their country? It clearly would be suicidal for them to do so.

But, just to be cautious, rather than destroying the entire country to deter Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon, wouldn’t it make more sense to destroy their nuclear infrastructure?

Advertisement

Bill Douglass
Casper





Source link

Continue Reading

Wyoming

Wyoming’s Indigenous students can now apply for new UW scholarship

Published

on

Wyoming’s Indigenous students can now apply for new UW scholarship





Wyoming’s Indigenous students can now apply for new UW scholarship – County 17




















Advertisement




Advertisement




Skip to content

Advertisement





Source link

Advertisement
Continue Reading

Wyoming

Artemis II Astronauts Credit Wyoming-Based NOLS For Prepping Them For Moon Mission

Published

on

Artemis II Astronauts Credit Wyoming-Based NOLS For Prepping Them For Moon Mission


Before they ever left Earth, all of NASA’s Artemis II astronauts trained with the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) — and for some, that preparation included long days navigating Wyoming’s backcountry.

That NOLS training was singled out by Artemis II Commander Reid Wiseman Thursday during the crew’s first group interview from NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, after returning to Earth on April 10 from it’s 10-day mission to the moon and back.

He reflected on decision-making under pressure and how lessons learned through NOLS resurfaced during moments of stress and distraction.

“There’s a saying that we learned from one of our National Outdoor Leadership School instructors: integrity is not a one or a zero,” Wiseman said. “You can be in integrity, and you can be out of integrity — and I’ll be the first to admit that there were moments when I was out of integrity because sometimes the view or the human experience would just pull me away from the work.”

Advertisement

The partnership reflects a longstanding relationship between NOLS and NASA, the United States’ civilian space agency, and the Lander-based outdoor education organization.

Since 1999, NASA has worked with a variety of organizations and contracted NOLS for more than 45 wilderness expeditions designed to help astronauts prepare for the realities of long-duration spaceflight.

Those expeditions place crews in remote, resource-limited environments where communication, leadership and teamwork become essential for safety — conditions that mirror life inside a spacecraft.

In 2023, Cowboy State Daily chronicled the Artemis II astronauts training in the Cowboy State. At the time, the connection between Wyoming’s wind-carved wilderness and the engineered isolation of deep space felt philosophical.

Now, after completing their mission, the astronauts say the lessons they learned in Wyoming followed them all the way to lunar orbit.

Advertisement

From Wyoming Backcountry To The Moon

For NOLS instructors, the connection between wilderness leadership and spaceflight comes down to a single idea, what the school calls “expedition behavior.”

Rick Rochelle, senior faculty and leadership coach at NOLS, told Cowboy State Daily on Friday that the concept explains why NASA continues to partner with the organization decades after the relationship began.

“There’s a phrase that NOLS calls ‘expedition behavior,’ and that is clearly the most important part of why NASA works with us and how it translates,” Rochelle said.

The term was coined by NOLS founder Paul Petzoldt, a mountaineer who set an altitude record on K2 in 1938, served in the 10th Mountain Division during World War II and later built the school around the idea that leadership is defined by responsibility to others.

Advertisement

“He said it’s an awareness of others’ needs and the character to make those needs as important as your own,” Rochelle said. “It’s really about how to be a great team member.”

Lynn Petzold, also senior faculty at NOLS, said astronauts who train with the school are placed in situations where leadership theory becomes practical experience — where decisions must be made under stress, and reflection becomes part of daily operations.

“NOLS provides experience for astronauts to go through leadership theory, work under stress, and reflect and debrief — extracting the learnings from the day and implementing them moving forward,” Petzold said. “That’s how you continue to grow and become a better team.”

The wilderness setting itself plays a critical role.

Long stretches in remote terrain force participants to manage fatigue, communicate clearly and make decisions without outside support. These are conditions that closely resemble life inside a spacecraft.

Advertisement

“This ties to the previous question, which is being in an austere environment for long periods away from distractions,” Rochelle said.

Why Wyoming Keeps Showing Up In Spaceflight

The connection between Wyoming and human spaceflight has grown steadily over the past quarter century, turning Lander into an unlikely but consistent training ground for astronauts preparing to leave Earth.

In the Wyoming backcountry, that might mean navigating a sudden weather shift or managing exhaustion miles from the nearest road.

In space, the same principles scale to orbital mechanics, life-support systems, and the psychological weight of isolation.

For instructors who have watched astronauts move through Wyoming’s mountains and deserts, the pride in the Artemis II mission is personal, Rochelle said.

Advertisement

“These are amazing human beings,” he said. “They love each other. They’re mission-focused, and they clearly want to have a positive impact on all of humanity.”

Petzold agreed.

“These are awesome human beings who were excited to be part of this mission,” she said. “They had a lot to contribute as individuals, and as a group they really brought it together. 

“NOLS is just really excited and proud to work with NASA and this crew to pave a new path forward as we return to the moon. We’re proud to have been a small part of it.”

The same training that teaches students to read about weather, manage fatigue and support teammates in the Wind River backcountry is now helping shape how astronauts operate in deep space.

Advertisement

Kolby Fedore can be reached at kolby@cowboystatedaily.com.



Source link

Continue Reading
Advertisement

Trending