New Mexico
The future of New Mexico’s beloved bosque – High Country News
Old rope swings hang from even older cottonwoods along the Middle Rio Grande in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The riverside forest, known as the bosque, has long been a shady oasis in the arid valley. “It’s where everyone would go,” said Shelby Bazan, who describes herself as a “born and raised Burqueña,” or native of Albuquerque. Her father grew up along the river in the ’70s, and both her parents remember summers when the river was alive with water and people.
Myron Armijo, the governor of Santa Ana Pueblo, shares those memories. “The Rio Grande was our playground,” he said. “Once we got our chores done, then we would get out there and play, a lot of the time pretty much all day long.” Now, water diversions, development and climate change leave more sections of the river dry each year. “If you jump, you’re just going to hit the dirt,” said Bazan. Nobody has bothered to replace the old swings.
Over the past two decades, restoration efforts large and small have removed introduced plants such as tamarisk and Russian olive, which can form impenetrable thickets, replacing them with native cottonwoods, willows and shrubs that support wildlife and are significant to the people with the deepest roots in the valley. “It means a lot to us, both traditionally, culturally,” Armijo said of the bosque.
But as the region warms — average temperatures since 2000 have been 1.8 to 2 degrees Fahrenheit higher than they were over the previous century — and the once-high water table drops, those who love the bosque have been forced to reconsider what can be realistically restored.
“The Rio Grande was our playground. Once we got our chores done, then we would get out there and play, a lot of the time pretty much all day long.”
OVER MILLENNIA, the bosque’s mosaic of plant communities was maintained by a high water table, seasonal flooding and a meandering river channel. “You’d have grassy meadows, wetlands and understory shrubs over here; young cottonwoods over there; older cottonwoods over here,” said ecologist Kim Eichhorst, director of the community-science-based Bosque Ecosystem Monitoring Program (BEMP).
By the 1990s, 150 years of water- and land-use decisions had destroyed or degraded much of this historic mosaic. “Channelization, levees to protect communities, impoundments to store water for irrigation purposes — that all changed the river,” said Glenn Harper, who’s worked for Santa Ana Pueblo for over 25 years and oversees its 142,000 acres of grassland, shrubland and woodland habitat.
Cottonwoods that germinated in the 1930s and 1940s are now separated from the river and nearing the end of their lifespan. Without the seasonal floods that distributed seeds and nutrient-rich sediment, there are few young cottonwoods to replace them. At the same time, drier, hotter conditions have encouraged introduced plants, not only tamarisk and Russian olive but Siberian elm, Ravenna grass and many others.
In response, many Middle Rio Grande communities — at Santa Ana and Sandia pueblos, in Albuquerque and elsewhere — began restoration efforts along the river to bring back the bosque. Though much of the initial work was spearheaded and funded by local communities, many of the projects now have government agency support. For example, Albuquerque’s industrialized South Valley is now home to Valle del Oro National Wildlife Refuge, thanks to a collaboration between the local community and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Though bosque restoration isn’t the refuge’s sole purpose, it is a part of its plans for the land.
When Santa Ana Pueblo embarked on its ambitious bosque restoration plan, said Armijo, the tamarisk and Russian olive thickets under the mature cottonwoods were so dense that getting through them on horseback was impossible. After the pueblo’s Bosque Restoration Division cleared about 1,500 acres, the bosque began to resemble the open cottonwood forest that pueblo elders remembered from their youth.
Since then, though, falling groundwater levels have stressed the aging cottonwoods, and many are dying or dead. “Climate change,” said Nathan Schroeder, Santa Ana Pueblo’s Restoration Division manager. “That’s where I feel like the deck keeps getting shuffled.” And because the roots of young trees can no longer reach the water table, the pueblo’s original plan for planting new cottonwoods among the old is no longer tenable.
AS CONVENTIONAL restoration approaches become less reliable, advocates are asking how to move forward. “What we really need is to recognize what the system can support,” said Eichhorst. Instead of trying to restore the bosque to what it was, she envisions a mix of dryland plants and smaller pockets of “wet-loving” plants, cottonwoods or otherwise, wherever water is sufficient.
At the pueblo, the Restoration Division may plant some native drought-tolerant shrubs where it had planned to grow cottonwoods. Farther downstream in Albuquerque, said geographer and herbalist Dara Saville, some of these species are showing up on their own: “Now that the bosque is largely dry … you see the creeping in of plants from the mesa, from the foothills, from these higher, drier areas.”
Saville, the founder of the nonprofit Yerba Mansa Project (YMP), doesn’t mind shrubs. “They’re key components of my concept of restoration, resiliency and ongoingness.” The bosque will continue, she said, but as it changes to adapt to new conditions, tenacious, shrubby plant species will likely become more common. And while shrubs can’t provide a shady refuge for people, they do offer food and shelter to wildlife, and some are sources of traditional foods and medicines. Along the Middle Rio Grande, project staff and volunteers have planted native species, such as yerba mansa, pale wolfberry, golden currant and willow baccharis, all of which have medicinal uses.
Bazan, who works as a BEMP educator, said nonnative trees are another option: “If we don’t have the cottonwoods, would you rather have an exotic bosque that has Siberian elm that still provides shade — or would you rather have a native bosque, but of shrubs and dry grassland areas?” Though Siberian elms are classified as “noxious weeds” in New Mexico, their tolerance for a lower water table and their ability to provide habitat for local species such as porcupine have led restorationists to consider leaving them in place in some areas.
“Now that the bosque is largely dry … you see the creeping in of plants from the mesa, from the foothills, from these higher, drier areas.”
While the restoration projects are ecologically and culturally important, there are many competing uses for the Rio Grande’s water, including irrigation and the demands of an expanding urban population. Although riverside vegetation also uses river water, a new bosque mosaic is expected to use less water than extensive thickets of nonnative trees and shrubs.
In the pueblo, however, the focus remains on native plants and wildlife. To support young cottonwoods and willows, the restoration division, in partnership with federal agencies, used excavators to lower sections of the riverbank and bring back some limited flooding. The bosque planted in this new floodplain over the past 15-plus years is luring endangered southwestern willow flycatchers, threatened western yellow-billed cuckoos and, according to this year’s survey, yellow warblers, Harper said.
No matter its makeup, restoring and maintaining a more resilient bosque ecosystem will require cooperation and long-term maintenance. “It never ends,” said Harper. Eichhorst is encouraged by the region’s shared love of the bosque. “It isn’t something that’s just an older generation, but it’s something that younger students are actively participating in,” she said. “It’s not hopeless.”
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This article appeared in the November 2024 print edition of the magazine with the headline “A riverside oasis heats up.”
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New Mexico
A ‘Reforestation Pipeline’ in New Mexico Trains Seedlings to Survive in Burn Scars – Inside Climate News
Four years after the Calf Canyon/Hermits Peak Fire burned 341,471 acres in northern New Mexico, the massive burn scar from the most destructive blaze in state history still holds vast stretches of leafless, barren and charred trees.
It’s one of many scorched landscapes across the state—the New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department (EMNRD) reports that wildland fires have burned more than 5.45 million acres over the past 20 years.
The state is trying to reforest these lands, but it’s been tough going due to the sheer number of seedlings needed and the challenges of planting on burn scars, including often-extreme surface temperatures.
The New Mexico Reforestation Center that broke ground on April 27 in Mora County is slated to eventually produce 5 million seedlings, including ponderosa pine and Douglas fir, each year. But these efforts won’t amount to much if the tiny trees can’t survive the harsh conditions they’ll face when planted: sun, and lots of it, and increasingly drier conditions thanks to climate change.
That’s why researchers from EMNRD, New Mexico Highlands University, New Mexico State University and the University of New Mexico are working together on what they’re calling a “reforestation pipeline,” an interagency approach that addresses each step of the process from seed to tree. These efforts aim to create more successful and climate-resilient seedlings.
“The integrated reforestation pipeline model is one of the things that differentiates New Mexico’s reforestation efforts from other states,” said Jenn Auchter, director of the New Mexico Reforestation Center.
Training Tough Trees
New Mexico used to buy seedlings from a company in Idaho, but the long-distance travel turned out to be yet another stressor that reduced the survival rates of the newborn trees.
“So yes, we’re planting, but are we actually reforesting?” Auchter said.
Now the state produces its own seedlings, to the tune of about 300,000 each year, at New Mexico State University’s John T. Harrington Forestry Research Center in Mora. The reforestation center, which will be located on the same campus, is slated to produce 1 million seedlings for reforestation in the fall of 2028 and 5 million annually after that.
Contractors collect and bag pine cones. Credit: Courtesy of Pouli Sikelianos/NMHU
But before seedling comes seed. Researchers from New Mexico Highlands University start scouting for mature pine cones in forests all over the state in the spring. They’re looking for what they call the “best trees on the worst site,” to find seeds from trees of various species that have already survived drought, wildfire or temperature extremes.
Contractors bag pine cones, which are sent to the seed shop, where they are dried and the seeds are separated from the cones. In 2024, they collected 12 million seeds.
Next, the researchers perform germination testing. Samples are also sent to the US Forest Service National Seed Laboratory, which tests and certifies the seeds’ genetic identity and physical quality. Eventually, seeds from that spring’s pine cone harvest reach the Harrington Center for nursery production.
This is where Andrei Toca, a research scientist at the center, toughens seedlings up so that they’re better prepared for the extreme conditions they’ll face outside, particularly drought and heat.
Ground temperatures can reach up to 150 degrees on burn scars, Toca said. Not only do they get hit hard with sun due to lack of shade, but the dark, charred surface absorbs much more solar radiation than light-colored or plant-covered terrain. Meanwhile, the state faces ongoing aridity—approximately 94 percent of the state was experiencing drought conditions as of May 12. This includes drier winters, which rob seedlings of insulating snow, making it more difficult for them to survive the winter.
Toca and his team are exposing seedlings to controlled drought, which causes them to create a larger root system that can absorb more underground moisture, and cuts the number of needles they produce, reducing the tree’s surface area to minimize water loss. The scientists also strategically expose seedlings to warmer temperatures in the nursery.
“Generally, nurseries grow seedlings under optimal conditions where they would grow just like in your garden, like very nice, very lush, green and large seedlings,” Toca said. “Well, that’s not ideal necessarily for the burn scars. What we are trying to do is introduce those seedlings to the very stress factors that they will face later on.”
Model Conditions
The next part of the pipeline hones in on ideal locations to plant seedlings once they’re ready. Matt Hurteau, a professor at the University of New Mexico and director of the Center for Fire Resilient Ecosystems and Society, leads these efforts.
“Plant and seedling survival in these wildfire footprints across the Southwest has averaged about 25 percent,” he said. ”What we’ve been doing is a years-long campaign to try and figure out how to improve those numbers.”
In 2016, Hurteau planted ponderosa pines and several other species under a range of different conditions in the footprint of the 2011 Las Conchas fire in the Jemez Mountains to better understand how the trees’ survival varied. He used information from that research to build a model that predicts the likelihood that a planted seedling will survive in various positions on a particular landscape. The model considers incoming solar radiation, or how much of the sun’s rays hit a patch of ground, which is influenced by factors such as the steepness of a slope and the direction it is facing, along with other topographic information such as a planting site’s position on the slope or whether it’s in, say, a gully.
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He says the model can predict the chance that a planted seedling will survive with about 63 percent accuracy. He and his team have produced maps for the Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon Fire’s footprint, which land managers can use to decide when and where to plant. So far, the model is limited to ponderosa pine, one of the most commonly transplanted species, but Hurteau said it could be replicated for use with other types of trees.
Hurteau has found that when planted in middle or lower elevation ranges, ponderosa pine seedlings fare the worst on south, southeast, southwest and west-facing slopes because they’re exposed to too much solar radiation.
“They’re much hotter and drier than, say, slopes that are northwest to northeast, maybe even east facing,” Hurteau said.
Areas that are more likely to accumulate water see higher survival rates, he added.
Since the first experiment, Hurteau and his team have planted another 10,000 seedlings in the burn scar of the 2011 Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains and the 2020 Luna Fire footprint northwest of Mora. Other test seedlings have been planted at the Philmont Scout Ranch near the Colorado border, where a fire burned in 2018.
But the trees that once grew in fire affected landscapes might not be the best to transplant to reforest those areas.
Hurteau thinks that scientists and planners might need to start considering integrating drought- and fire-tolerant species that are currently found further south into more northern areas of the state.
“We tend to limit ourselves reforestation-wise to species that occur within the area,” he said, adding that because of the lengthy nature of reforestation, Southwestern states need to be looking at longer-term solutions.
For instance, the Chihuahuan pine, which grows in southern New Mexico and southern Arizona, might do well further north in both states.
“That species has got different adaptations to fire and different adaptations to drought and could be a good candidate for establishing in these landscapes that are likely to burn with more frequency in the future and are going to become hotter and drier,” Hurteau said.
Race Against Time
Advocates of New Mexico’s reforestation efforts say they come at a crucial time.
“Over the last 15 years, we’ve seen fires get larger, burn larger areas, burn at higher intensities, and do a lot more damage in terms of the threats to downstream communities from post-fire flooding or from loss of water supplies when reservoirs are choked with post-fire sediment,” said Steve Bassett, director of conservation programs for The Nature Conservancy in New Mexico, which partners with more than 100 organizations on large-scale forest and watershed restoration efforts in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado through its Rio Grande Water Fund.
In the wake of the Calf Canyon/Hermits Peak Fire, for instance, residents of nearby Las Vegas, New Mexico, had their water shut off when the blaze contaminated the city’s only supply with ash and other debris. Restaurants and hotels closed and “it had a terrible effect on the local community,” Bassett said.
Burn scars are more prone to flash flooding, he added.
“The clock is ticking,” Bassett said. “Every year that passes, we’re setting our forests back by not being able to seize the moment.”
“Certainly it will take some time for the reforestation center to get up to its full capacity, but the sooner we can get there, the better,” he added. “We have a huge backlog from the 7 million acres of [forests] that have already burned, and we know that’s not going to stop. There are going to be future fires, and so that backlog will just continue to grow.”
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SANTA FE, N.M. — The New Mexico Department of Justice is now suing online prediction market platform, Kalshi, after four of the state’s tribes sued the platform in May.
The NMDOJ, led by state Attorney General Raul Torrez, is alleging Kalshi unlawfully offers online sports betting in the state by allowing people to place wagers on sporting events on its online platform.
In New Mexico, sports betting is legal but is limited to in-person wagering at tribal casinos. The NMDOJ cited this framework as the basis for suing Kalshi, accusing the platform of trying to skirt state gaming laws and regulations.
“New Mexico has a longstanding and carefully balanced system for regulating gaming that protects consumers, ensures accountability and respects tribal sovereignty,” Torrez said. “The only lawful gaming in New Mexico operates either under tribal-state gaming compacts or under strict state regulations to ensure honest gaming free from corruption and licenses gaming operators only after they explain how they plan to address compulsive gambling. Kalshi has ignored that framework entirely while offering online sports betting within the state.
“We are filing this lawsuit to protect the integrity of our laws, our regulatory system and, most importantly, consumers.”
The NMDOJ accused Kalshi of using “event contracts” to effectively make online sports betting happen in the state. They alleged these contracts function in the same way as traditional sports bets and operate in the state without any gaming license.
NMDOJ also pointed out Kalshi operates with a minimum betting age of 18 years old, three years younger than the minimum age at the state’s tribal casinos.
In May, the Sandia, Isleta and Pojoaque Pueblos and the Mescalero Apache Tribe filed their own lawsuit, pointing out the minimum age and alleging people are using it on their lands in violation of their exclusive rights to offer betting services.
In its lawsuit, NMDOJ is looking to halt Kalshi’s operations in New Mexico and prevent the company from continuing to offer sports-related wagering through its platform.
KOB has yet to receive a statement from Kalshi on either lawsuit.
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ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. – A local business owner estimates he suffered about $1 million in damages as the result of yet another fire at a South Valley recycling plant.
Town Recycling on Broadway Blvd. SE has witnessed two fires in a span of less than two weeks with the first happening May 23rd and the second occurring Tuesday of this week.
Khalil Samaha, who owns Samcar, Inc. and Cedar’s Construction next door, says his businesses escaped without serious damage from the first fire, but the second one led to the loss of his main building, inventory he sells including trucks, construction equipment, computers, records, and much more.
“It’s a total mess. Everything is on the ground with water and insulation. It’s a total loss,” he said.
He gave KOB 4 a tour of his damaged property Wednesday and says that county officials have condemned the main office and won’t let him back inside.
“You can see all the glass is popped,” he said pointing to the windows. “I don’t know if the firefighters broke them or they exploded.”
A spokesperson for Bernalillo County Fire and Rescue issued a statement saying that, based on witness accounts, both fires may have started in a “bale of cardboard” at the recycling facility.
As of Wednesday evening, Broadway between Prosperity and Rio Bravo remained closed.
Samaha says firefighters attempted to battle the second fire from a different area than the first and the wind may have made conditions tougher.
“This time, the wind didn’t help,” he said. “So, it was blowing in my direction and took the building and some equipment in the back.”
Having seen two fires at the neighboring recycling facility in a span of about 11 days, he wonders if this will finally be the end of it.
“I hope it’s the last time. But, worried? Yes, we are worried,” he said. “We are close to them, and the materials are close to the fence. We share the fence together, so it’s always in the back of your mind.”
And now he lives with the memory of how quickly everything can change – just like it did earlier this week.
“It was very quick. From the smoke to the flame to the fire, it was very, very quick.”
A representative of Town Recycling declined our request for an interview.
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