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Young climate change activists face down Montana government in landmark trial

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Young climate change activists face down Montana government in landmark trial


HELENA, Mont. (AP) — Young people challenging Montana officials over inaction on climate change are expected back in state court on Tuesday in a first-of-a kind trial of a lawsuit that environmentalists hope will spur changes in the fossil fuel-friendly state.

State officials have sought to downplay Montana’s contributions to global warming as the trial that opened Monday is being closely watched for possible legal precedents even though the scope of the lawsuit has been narrowed in earlier rulings.

The trial is scheduled to last two weeks with 16 young plaintiffs and their attorneys seeking to persuade District Judge Kathy Seeley that the state’s allegiance to fossil fuels endangers their health and livelihoods and threatens future generations.

Grace Gibson-Snyder, 19, of Missoula, Montana — one of the plaintiffs — told the court that smoke from wildfires has gotten worse with climate change and become a “defining experience” of playing soccer in high school. The smoke regularly shrouded her hometown in unhealthy air, forced practice cancellations and kept teammates with asthma from taking the field.

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“It’s not pleasant,” Gibson-Snyder said. “It’s so uncomfortable as you’re breathing deeper and deeper.”

Read: ‘Like unfiltered cigarettes’: Why is wildfire smoke so dangerous for the lungs?

After Monday’s opening court session, Gibson-Snyder said she felt empowered “to know we’re being heard. We are telling our stories and I am looking forward to a shift toward a better policy and healthier future for all of us.”

The case is the first of dozens of similar lawsuits to reach trial. Experts say it could set legal precedent but isn’t likely to spur immediate policy changes in Montana. Its state agencies have never denied a permit for a fossil fuel project and the state’s Legislature recently passed new laws favoring oil, gas and coal over renewable energy.

The lawsuit centers on Montana’s constitutional right to a “clean and healthful environment,” and whether that means the state should act to protect residents against worsening climate change. By enlisting plaintiffs ranging in age from 5 to 22, the environmental firm bringing the lawsuit is trying to highlight how young people are harmed by climate change now and in the future.

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A lawyer for the state said sparsely populated Montana produces “minuscule” emissions. Montana Assistant Attorney General Michael Russell also said the harms alleged by Gibson-Snyder and the other plaintiffs can’t be traced to specific actions by state officials.

“Climate change is a global issue that effectively relegates Montana’s role to that of a spectator,” he said.

In the three years since the lawsuit was filed, the scope of the case has been narrowed to whether Montana’s Environmental Policy Act — which requires state agencies to balance the health of the environment against resource development — is unconstitutional because it does not require officials to consider greenhouse gas emissions or their climate impacts.

Judge Seeley has said she could rule that the state’s climate change exception in its environmental law is at odds with its constitution, but she can’t tell the legislature what to do to remedy the violation.

Environmentalists have called the bench trial a turning point because similar suits in nearly every state have already been dismissed. A favorable decision could add to a handful of rulings globally that have declared that governments have a duty to protect citizens from climate change.

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Climate researcher Steve Running, who with other scientists was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for their work on the issue, testified there was “no doubt” climate change was causing disruptions globally. Montana, he added, is particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures due to its reliance on adequate winter snow to keep rivers flowing year round.

Running described an increasingly dire situation of wildfires becoming more severe and more frequent in western North America — causing health impacts across the nation — as heavy fossil fuel use continues to churn out emissions at levels problematic for the atmosphere.

“Climate change is real and the earth is warming up,” Running said. “There’s no alternative explanation.”

Experts for the state are expected to counter that climate extremes have existed for centuries.

Carbon dioxide, which is released when fossil fuels are burned, traps heat in the atmosphere and is largely responsible for the warming of the the climate. Carbon dioxide levels in the air this spring reached the highest levels they’ve been in over 4 million years, the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration said earlier this month. Greenhouse gas emissions also reached a record last year, according to the International Energy Agency.

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Montana Rescue Mission responds to sexual-assault accusations against counselor

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Montana Rescue Mission responds to sexual-assault accusations against counselor


BILLINGS — Montana Rescue Mission leadership detailed its future plans Thursday in response to sexual assault accusations of one of its employees.

The accusations come on the heels of the firing of former Executive Director Matt Lundgren after an internal HR investigation.

Watch this video to hear from leadership:

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Montana Rescue Mission responds to sexual assault accusations

The employee worked as the nonprofit’s addiction counselor and social worker. MTN is choosing not to name them because no criminal charges have been filed.

Billings police confirmed that the department is handling the investigation, which was brought to light through documents provided by Montana Attorney General’s Austin Knudsen’s office on Thursday.

Those documents detail that the employee is accused of assaulting two women, who confided in a Billings therapist, Jonathan Angel, who later reported the assaults.

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Joanna King with the Billings Leadership Foundation, which handles administrative work for the Mission, said that the nonprofit is taking the accusations seriously and letting the investigation commence before any permanent action is taken.

“Everyone is entitled due process, for both victims or people being accused,” King said Thursday morning. “We want to make sure that we take complaints and concerns seriously.”

King also said that with the recent turbulent changes, the nonprofit is looking to make changes.

“One of the things in all of the leadership changes is reopen lines of communication with area partners,” King said. “At the end of the day, we want to make sure that we are providing the best care that we can.”

Some of those community partnerships include RiverStone Health and the Community Crisis Center, which were used by the mission in years past. Former Billings City Council Member and current President of the Yellowstone Human Trafficking Task Force Penny Ronning said she hopes that returns to the norm.

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“It used to be so community-based,” Ronning said of the Mission Thursday afternoon. “Members of different sectors in the community were active within the workings of the mission.”

Ronning said when Lundgren took over, that feeling of transparency began to change, which is why she was saddened but not shocked by the recent news.

“I’m disappointed and hurt for our community, but mostly for those that the mission serves,” Ronning said. “Sadly, I’m not surprised.”

Ronning said it’s unfortunately common around the state for unethical behavior to exist within at-risk populations.

“These are the places that we are seeing in Montana right now being the most vulnerable to trafficking, to predators and the Mission is not an exception to that,” Ronning said.

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Now, Ronning said she hopes the recent challenges will lead to a more positive direction.

“It really is upon that board and current leadership to make that change,” Ronning said.

King said they’re committed to finding the right path, similar to their residents.

“We’re meant to be a stop along the way,” King said. “They’re meant to stop, get the help they need and transfer on. That’s what we’re trying to do too.”





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The Best Steak in Montana, According to a Travel Expert

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The Best Steak in Montana, According to a Travel Expert


In a state known for its large cattle population and great steakhouses, finding the best steak in Montana isn’t easy. Recently, a travel expert reportedly ate his way through the state, and found the perfect steak.

READ MORE: Is it Reliable? Early Signs of an Epic Montana Winter

Whether you prefer your ribeye charred on the outside and pink in the middle, or you’re a filet mignon purist, this restaurant delivers a steakhouse experience that captures the true spirit of Big Sky Country. Rustic charm, local flavor, and unforgettable taste.

The Best Steak in Montana, According to a Travel Expert

Juicy Steak

Photo by Amin Zabardast on Unsplash

To me, there’s nothing that compares to a perfect steak. While I prefer to cook my own at home, there are a few places in Montana that have earned a reputation for serving up some quality meat.

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When I stumbled across an article on Travel + Leisure with the headline I Ate My Way Through Montana’s Cattle Country – and Found the Perfect Steak, I had to check it out. I’m always looking for new places to try.

The history of Montana, where I live, is in many ways the history of cattle ranching. Native peoples hunted the great herds on these grassy plains for generations, and the animals were essential to survival.

On a recent trip through Montana, Jim Robbins decided to explore the history of cattle ranching in the state, and set out on a quest to find the perfect steak.

After visiting several steakhouses in the state, Robbins determined the top spot.

So, where do you find the perfect steak in Montana? The Beef N Bone Steakhouse in Ulm, Montana earned high praise, but it wasn’t the only steakhouse that was mentioned. Casagranda’s Steakhouse in Butte, and the Union in Helena were also recommended.

Grill Masters of Montana: Discover the State’s 5 Best BBQ Spots

Craving BBQ? Here are the top 5 best places to check out in Montana.

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Gallery Credit: jessejames

LOOK: Best counties to raise a family in Montana

Stacker compiled a list of the best counties to raise a family in Montana.

Gallery Credit: Stacker

13 Famous Celebrities You Could Run Into in Montana

Whether they’re fly fishing, performing at local venues, or just grabbing a coffee downtown, these stars are blending into Montana life

Gallery Credit: jessejames





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Tiny extinct crocodyliform with unusual teeth discovered in Montana

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Tiny extinct crocodyliform with unusual teeth discovered in Montana


An artistic rendering of Thikarisuchus xenodentes, an extinct crocodyliform from the Cretaceous of Montana. Credit: Dane Johnson/Museum of the Rockies

About 95 million years ago, a juvenile crocodyliform nicknamed Elton lived in what is now southwest Montana at the edge of the Western Interior Seaway.

Measuring no more than 2 feet long from nose to tip of tail, young Elton was about the size of a big lizard, according to Montana State University professor of paleontology David Varricchio. Had it lived to be full grown, Elton would have measured no longer than 3 feet, far smaller than most members of the Neosuchia clade to which it and its distant relatives belong.

The clade includes modern crocodilians and their closest extinct relatives, almost all of them semiaquatic or marine carnivores with simple, conical teeth.

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Elton, by contrast, lived on the land, probably feasting on both plants and insects or small animals with its assortment of differently shaped and specialized teeth. Its unique anatomy reveals that it was part of a new, previously unrecognized family of crocodyliforms endemic to the Cretaceous of North America.

If not for the sharp eye of Harrison Allen, a 2023 graduate of MSU’s Department of Earth Sciences in the College of Letters and Science, Elton’s ancient remains may never have been discovered. But during a dig in the summer of 2021 in the Blackleaf geological formation on U.S. Forest Service land near Dillon, Allen—then a student in Varricchio’s field paleontology course—noticed a fossil the size of the tip of his pinkie with a “weird texture on it.”

“I brought it to Dr. Varricchio and knew it must be something good, because he said, ‘Take me to where you found this,’” said Allen, who is now studying croc paleontology as a doctoral student at Stony Brook University in New York.

It was an exciting moment for Allen, originally from Kentucky, who chose MSU because it offers a paleontology track for undergraduates majoring in earth sciences.

Four years and hundreds of hours of study later, he is the lead author of a paper published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology that describes the morphology and scientific significance of the creature whose remains he found in the Blackleaf Formation.

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“After the dig, Dr. Varricchio told me why he was so excited the day I found the initial specimen. It had so much visible anatomy to explore, and he could see it was a tiny, tiny croc skull, fully articulated and preserved—it was a special thing,” Allen said.

“We have found dinosaurs (in the Blackleaf) before, but this was the second known vertebrate animal we’d ever found in this formation.”

The extinct animal, which Allen and the paper’s co-authors later named Thikarisuchus xenodentes for its strange, sheathed teeth, has provided new information about the paleoecology of the Blackleaf ecosystem and about patterns of evolution in the croc family tree.

It also provided the ultimate undergraduate research project for Allen, who delved into the painstaking process of excavating, sifting and reconstructing the Thikarisuchus remains with the help of some fellow students.

“As an undergraduate student new to research, I nervously went up to Dr. Varricchio and asked if I could study this specimen,” Allen said. “It led me down the rabbit hole into this amazing world of prehistoric, extinct crocs and their evolutionary niches.”

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The day after Allen recovered the first piece of skeleton, he and his classmates scooped up several bags of sediment from the mound where it was found.

Back in Bozeman, Allen and his friend Dane Johnson, who graduated in 2022 and is now a paleontology lab and field specialist at MSU’s Museum of the Rockies, spent between 10 and 20 hours sifting out fine particulate matter and dirt, eventually recovering dozens of tiny pieces of the Thikarisuchus skeleton that collectively fit into the palm of Allen’s hand.

As they worked, they listened to music, including Elton John’s 1970s hit “Crocodile Rock.” The nickname “Elton” stuck, long before the specimen was assigned the scientific name that reflects its physical traits.

Allen and Johnson recovered bits of bone from almost all areas of the animal’s body, including its limbs, vertebrae, jaw and 50-millimeter-long skull. Because the fragments were tiny and exceptionally fragile, the students didn’t attempt to physically reassemble them.

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Instead, they took them for a series of CT scans, including some at MSU’s Subzero Research Laboratory. Allen estimates that he spent well over 100 hours coloring the digital, 2D segment slices that the scans produced, a process necessary to visually distinguish the bones from the rocks they were embedded in.

“Harrison worked super hard to digitally reconstruct the animal, and it came out beautifully,” said Varricchio.

During the process, Allen discovered that the bones of Thikarisuchus were densely concentrated and organized in a manner consistent with fossils of organisms found in burrows in the Blackleaf Formation and the nearby Wayan Formation in Idaho.

He said this suggests that Thikarisuchus was likewise preserved within a burrow, further supporting the notion that fossils recovered from these formations are biased toward those that were preserved in burrows.

The specimen also presented clues about Thikarisuchus’ newly named family group Wannchampsidae and a similar group found in Eurasia known as Atopasauridae.

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Both groups were tiny and terrestrially adapted, and they shared certain cranial and dental features found in another more distantly related group from the Cretaceous of Africa and South America.

“It suggests that during the same time period, we’re seeing convergent evolution between two distantly related groups due to similar environmental conditions, prey availability and who-knows-what that prompted crocs on opposite sides of the planet to develop similar features,” Allen said.

As he works toward his Ph.D. and a career as a paleontology professor, Allen said his experiences with Elton cemented his research interest, which has since broadened to include extinct crocs from all over the world.

“The majority of diversity of crocodyliforms is in the past. There were fully marine crocs, fully terrestrial crocs, herbivorous crocs, omnivores and some that cracked shells,” he said. “That amazed me and made me want to get into this more specific realm of paleontology.”

Varricchio said he feels fortunate that students like Allen choose to study at MSU.

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“It was a true pleasure to have Harrison as a student here—so much positive enthusiasm, followed up with great research,” he said.

More information:
Harrison J. Allen et al, A new, diminutive, heterodont neosuchian from the Vaughn Member of the Blackleaf Formation (Cenomanian), southwest Montana, and implications for the paleoecology of heterodont neosuchians, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (2025). DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2025.2542185

Provided by
Montana State University

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Tiny extinct crocodyliform with unusual teeth discovered in Montana (2025, September 23)
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