Montana

The Session | The end approaches

Published

8 months ago

April 28, 2025

EPISODE DESCRIPTION

The 69th Legislature is starting week 17, it’s likely the last week of the session. Political tension are roiling as lawmakers narrow in on the final pieces of the state budget and property tax relief.

EPISODE TRANSCRIPT

Shaylee Ragar: The 69th legislature is starting Week 17. It’s likely the last week of the session. Political tensions are roiling as lawmakers narrow in on the final pieces of the state budget and property tax relief. We also wanna let you know about a live panel event that the session podcast is hosting on May 7th at 7:00 p.m. Put that on your calendars now.

This is The Session, a look at the policy and politics inside the Montana State House. I’m Shaylee Ragar with Montana Public Radio

Eric Dietrich: And I’m Eric Dietrich with Montana Free Press.

Shaylee Ragar: Okay, so let’s set the scene of where we’re at right now. Lawmakers are on track to hit Day 90, their constitutional deadline, a week from today on May 5th. They usually adjourn before that, and lots of legislators have been telling us that they want to be done this week. That means they must pass a state budget, and most lawmakers seem to be determined to pass a permanent property tax rate restructure before leaving Helena too.

So, Eric, before we dive into the policy. How would you describe the political vibes right now of the Capitol?

Eric Dietrich: I think the best way to put it is that it’s crunch time for the hard stuff. The stuff for the political coalitions just has not come together. You know, people are running outta patience, tensions are high.

Stuff is boiling over in dramatic ways on the House and Senate floor sometimes.

Shaylee Ragar: But there are some clear coalitions that have emerged on how the state should spend its money. Talk us through that.

Eric Dietrich: So folks who have been listening all session have heard us talk a lot about kind of the messy politics, particularly on the Senate side of the legislature this year.

There’s been a faction of Senate Republicans that have been basically feuding with Senate President Matt Regier and have been voting with Democrats to form a kind of effective majority coalition over there. That group, which folks call The Nine, that’s the coalition that’s passing most of the big tax and spending bills we’ve seen advance through the Senate side of the legislature the last few weeks.

Shaylee Ragar: The state budget is one important example.

Eric Dietrich: Yeah, like a very important example. House Bill 2, the state budget bill, funds agency budgets for two years. Big, huge spending bill, billions and billions of dollars, like probably the most important single bill the legislature passes each session, passed the House with kind of split caucuses, some Republicans for, some Republicans against.

Same with Democrats on the Senate side though, we saw a series of votes on amendments that all broke down on basically the same lines.

“Mr. Chairman, 23 Senators vote aye and 27 Senators, vote nay.”

We have nine Republicans, the 18 minority Democrats, and then other Republicans opposed.

“Mr. Chairman, 23 Senators vote aye and 27 Senators vote nay.”

“Mr. Chairman, 27 Senators vote aye and 23 Senators vote nay.”

It was kind of very perfunctory, almost like you know, the same vote, same vote, same vote. Crossed several amendments and by the end of the debate people who are on the losing side are getting up and, and saying, ‘Hey, the cake has been baked already. We don’t like this.’

Shaylee Ragar: You know, there’s the budget and then there’s the kind of companion bills to the budget that also includes spending that don’t show up in the line item of HB 2, but are in these policy bills that have appropriations attached to them. Senator Carl Glimm, who is chair of the Senate Finance and Claims Committee, got up on one of those spending bills and talked about how he felt like the legislature is passing too much spending. He’s one of the 23 Republicans who has been on the losing side of of these debates.

“And we all spent, like drunken sailors, we’re giving drunken sailors a bad name.”

And I do think it might be a little bit of political theater, what he said.

Eric Dietrich: But it’s entertaining political theater.

Shaylee Ragar: It’s for sure.

So Glimm is one of these 23 Republicans who are kind of in the minority now on these debates in the Senate. The tables seem to have turned this session a little bit, which has been super interesting. For example, last session, it was Democrats who were pushing back against a so-called ‘six pack of tax cut bills’ that were all tied together with coordinating language.

Democrats said it was too much spending in one package of bills moving too quickly. We are hearing very similar language from Republicans in the Senate this session about some of these big spending bills. They say there are too many proposals and too many concepts in one bill that they should be parsed and examined individually.

So it’s really interesting to watch that kind of role reversal happening.

Eric Dietrich:It is, yes. I think, to take one example, we heard a vigorous debate on the Senate floor this last week about what’s fairly described as a supplemental spending bill, so not the big state agency spending bill, but kind of a bill that is a container for other provisions.

And it came to the Senate, very simple bill, just about I think $100,000 for a trade commission between Montana and Ireland, but it had a kind of broad bill title, which means that they can add other things into it. And so that became kind of a place to stash other things that were spending proposals that some people at least thought were a good idea, but didn’t really have another place too late in the session to bring a standalone bill.

And so ended up with things like money for mental health evaluations and some language of changing how the board of investment operates and gosh, all sorts of other things too. And the rhetoric we often see play out in these debates is the folks that have the working majority, they say, ‘and it’s just by the means. It’s sausage-making, but you gotta get stuff done.’ Folks on the losing side said, ‘Hey, your, your sausage smells bad. I don’t like it. Let’s not do this, it isn’t the right way to do business.’ You know, that debate played out. Very much like that this year.

Shaylee Ragar: Right? And it’s not just about whether it is ethical or responsible to pass big spending bills with lots of amendments.

Lawmakers also have to consider whether they’re staying within the confines of the constitutional framework to pass bills.

Eric, talk us through those rules.

Eric Dietrich: The Montana Constitution has a single-subject requirement for bills and basically that’s, you know, each bill should express, do one thing that should be clearly expressed to the title, and don’t change that title and what the bill does halfway through the process.

The argument is that that makes it easier for lawmakers to have good standalone debates, makes it easier for the public to follow bills, that sort of thing. There are some exceptions to the Montana rule though, and legislators being legislators, they will take those exceptions and work them as hard as they can when that’s what they need to do to pass the things they want to pass.

And occasionally the things go to the point where somebody will bring a court case to challenge a bill and says, ‘Hey, this violates a single subject rule’ and occasionally bills do get thrown out as a result of that.

Shaylee Ragar: Yeah, Republican Senator Greg Hertz of Polson actually talked about how a couple of sessions ago, he had an election bill that was amended with some other language towards the end of the session, and that bill was struck down solely on the procedure of how that bill was put together and whether it fit the requirements for a bill.

And he pointed out that his bill had been struck down to say that, ‘Hey, Democrats and the nine Republicans who support some of these proposals, you could get your stuff struck down in court too.’

Eric Dietrich: Yeah, it’s gonna be fascinating to see whether some of the rhetoric we’re hearing on the Senate floor translates into actual court cases on notable bills that come out of the session this year.

Shaylee Ragar: Spending is causing a lot of tension. But property tax relief is also feeling pretty chaotic these last couple weeks of the session. There are some big bills that have been voted down and then resurrected. It’s also been hard to keep up with which bills are alive and dead. So, what do we still have on the table, Eric?

Eric Dietrich: Gosh, if I was following this from home, I think I’d be giving up on tracking individual bills and maybe tracking ideas instead. The big idea on the table still is the tax relief proposal that’s advanced by Governor Greg Gianforte. I’ve been calling it the second home tax ’cause what it would do is it would reduce taxes on primary residences, in part by raising them on second homes.

The idea being that if you just scale back taxes on residences and don’t do much else, that tax burden, a lot of it will flow elsewhere, so onto businesses. And so the governor’s proposal, what it does is it scales up taxes on second homes and Airbnbs in order to minimize how much extra tax burden goes on to businesses.

As of this recording, that idea is alive in two bills that are kind of redundant with each other. Those two bills are both moving forward. That idea seems like the one that’s likely to pass, but I may well eat my words on that.

Shaylee Ragar: We’ve been seeing lawmakers take this approach of having two bills with similar concepts in each moving at the same time.

The goal being to have one pass to keep the momentum moving in one of these vehicles. So we’ll see which one ends up making it across the finish line, if any. Eric, why is it so complicated for lawmakers to figure out property taxes?

Eric Dietrich: The real challenge with property taxes is that if you want somebody to pay less, somebody else has to pay more, or you have to cut local services.

Most people in the building aren’t pushing for major cuts to local services, and as a result, the money’s gotta come from somewhere. And so the challenge is where is it another part of the property tax system that’s not homes? Is it the state general fund, which is mostly income tax dollars? So that would be another approach, but the governor doesn’t like that and has threatened to veto bills that would do that.

Where’s the money gonna come from and if the money’s gonna come from somewhere, does that mean raising taxes on a class of people? Which is a tough thing politically for lawmakers to do.

Shaylee Ragar: I wanna talk about one other thing that was a top priority for Governor Greg Gianforte, which was cutting income taxes. A proposal to do that is headed to his desk.

Eric, talk us through that bill.

Eric Dietrich: Yeah, so the governor who proposed a cut to the state’s top bracket tax rate this year, he didn’t get it, at least not as much as he wanted. Instead, what lawmakers have passed is a smaller cut to the top bracket tax rate, and then also another provision that basically takes the state’s lower bracket tax rate and provides that to more taxpayers at more incomes.

Lawmakers who argued for that say that would target more relief towards middle income taxpayers. That bill will cost the state about a quarter of a billion dollars a year in revenue once it’s fully implemented.

And since we’re talking about divisions of the Republican Party, we should note that that one was essentially a party lines passage supported by Republicans, opposed by Democrats.

Shaylee Ragar: Thanks for breaking that down for us, Eric. I think we’ll cut ourselves off there for today, but please tell me what was your favorite moment last week?

Eric Dietrich: A lot of the tax and budget bills going through the legislature have been written by House Appropriations Chair Llew Jones of Conrad. He’s basically the legislature’s budget guru. Also kind of the guy who’s making deals behind the scenes and at this point in the session, he seems to be getting his way with a lot of stuff.

There’s some friction there in places. There’s a non-budget resolution that was going over the House floor this week coming from some folks who want to go back to the days when state legislators picked US Senators instead of having senators elected by a popular vote like we’ve been doing for the past century.

During that debate, John Fitzpatrick from Anaconda, got up and asked the supporters of the bill if they wanted Representative Jones to pick Montana’s next Senator.

“If the intent of this resolution was law today, our next US Senator would be picked by the representative from Conrad in Seat 91.”

He got a lot of laughs and perhaps killed that bill right there.

Shaylee Ragar: Yes, someone needs to write a biography of Representative Llew Jones. There would be lots and lots of material. He is very well known in this building.

Eric Dietrich: And perhaps not as well known as they should be by the broader public.

Shaylee Ragar: That’s so true.

We’ll leave it there for now, but I again wanna highlight, we are going to have a live panel discussion with all the reporters you’ve been hearing from on The Session on May 7th at 7:00 p.m. We want your questions, we want your comments.

You can find an online form to submit those at mtpr.org/session. Thank you so much for tuning in, and please join us on the 7th. This has been The Session, a look at the policy and politics inside the Montana State House. Thanks, Eric.

Eric Dietrich: Thanks.

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Cash crunch triggers lease hikes in Virginia City, Reeder’s Alley

Published

7 hours ago

December 23, 2025

Press Room

Cash crunch triggers lease hikes in Virginia City, Reeder’s Alley

Things are escalating into a standoff at Montana’s state-owned ghost towns, where rising rents and theme park ambitions, along with a case of embezzlement, are frustrating the owners of some of the state’s top tourist attractions in neighboring Virginia and Nevada cites in southwest Montana and Reeder’s Alley in Helena.

Operators of popular attractions like the Illustrious Virginia City Players, a beloved seasonal theater and vaudeville show, say new lease terms drafted by the Montana Department of Commerce are unaffordable. The state is asking for a standardized 15% of gross sales from Virginia City restaurants and the town theater troupe, this after years of collecting smaller and varying amounts from businesses. Vendors have been told to accept the new terms or clear out by the end of the month, said Errol Koch, whose family has performed at the Virginia City Opera House for decades.

“To say that we ever had a gross, like a net profit, is laughable,” Koch said, “because everything we ever made either went to stockpile for the next season, to pay employees or to, like, just survive the winter. The profit part is negligible at best.”

The commerce department estimates that, before expenses, the Opera House brought in $126,000 in 2025. Rent would be $19,000 under the new lease terms. That would leave $107,000 to cover four months of payroll for roughly 15 employees.

Actors spend the summer performing original plays and vaudeville acts in a small opera house anchoring the west end of the Wallace Street wooden boardwalk. The players are a main draw of the 1860s gold rush town that sprang up along the banks of Alder Creek and was the territorial capital until 1875.

The acting troupe lives in a collection of small cabins, also owned by the state. In addition to wanting a 15% cut in gross income, Koch said the state also wants rent for the cabins, and it wants the copyright for any material written by the performers, an ownership requirement Koch said is typically associated with major entertainment companies like Disney. The commerce department told Montana Free Press the copyright language has been in opera house contracts since 2009.

In a state budget committee hearing last week, commerce Deputy Director Mandy Rambo told legislators that Montana heritage properties in Virginia City, Nevada City and Helena’s Reeder’s Alley have fallen hundreds of thousands of dollars short of annual revenue expectations for several years. Tourist season revenues have been expected to exceed $1 million, but have mostly come in at $750,000 for the three locations.

Rambo cited mismanagement by the Montana Heritage Commission, a part of the commerce department that oversees the properties. Losses include a years-long embezzlement by a former executive director, Michael Elijah Allen, who earlier this month was sentenced to three years in prison and ordered to pay $280,000 in restitution. An accomplice, Casey Jack Steinke, was sentenced to one year in state custody and ordered to pay $100,000 in restitution.

“It is a mismanagement of funds through several scenarios, not charging rent to people, not charging market rents to people who are renting from the Heritage Commission, overspending funds that the commission did not have,” Rambo told lawmakers.

LUXURY LODGINGS?

The changes come as the state eyes 99-year leases for parties to invest a “substantial amount” in improving heritage property. The change in the law, passed by the Legislature earlier this year, preceded by several months an elaborate proposal by California-based developer Auric Road to transform Nevada City into “a living frontier village — a 21st-century homestead camp where guests can immerse themselves in Montana’s heritage while enjoying modern comforts.”

Nevada City is the site of several buildings and antiques relocated from various locations by the former Virginia City curator Charles Bovey, whose estate sold its heritage assets to the state of Montana in 1997 for $6.5 million. The location is a less robust attraction than Virginia City.

The commerce department said last week that Auric Road withdrew its plan sometime after presenting it to the Montana Heritage Commission in September.

The pitch was luxurious, especially when compared to current Nevada City conditions. The local hotel is closed for major repairs. The proposal included three-star accommodations at a restored 14-room Nevada City Hotel, guest cabins with multiple bedrooms and enough extras to transform Nevada City into a year-round destination, according to Auric Road. There were also wall tents and Conestoga wagons with full indoor bathrooms. There was to be candle making, gold panning and glamorous camping, or “glamping,” at an area dubbed the “River of Gold.” The plans also called for adding a speakeasy railcar where craft cocktails would be served.

Auric Road, which operates Lone Mountain Ranch, withdrew a proposal for luxury lodging options in Nevada City, including glamping and Conestoga wagons with full indoor bathrooms.
Credit: From the Auric Road proposal submitted to the Montana Heritage Commission

Rambo, testifying for the law change before the House Administration and Veterans Affairs Committee last February, specifically offered Nevada City Hotel renovations as an example of why the change in law was needed to attract companies with deep pockets, including a $1 million cost estimate for raising the two-story building to do foundation work.

Auric made inroads into Montana’s heritage properties this summer when it took over management under contract for Virginia City’s Bale of Hay Saloon, which touts itself as Montana’s oldest bar. State officials said the contract, awarded July 24, spanned the remainder of the 2025 season. A contract for 2026 hasn’t been created.

Like other Virginia City properties, the 1863 bar is a state-owned enterprise leased to private vendors. After the commerce department parted ways with the previous vendor, Marie Clark, Clark took to social media, accusing the state of driving her out to make room for what she called “Lone Mountain Ranch,” a Big Sky-area resort property also owned by Auric Road.

Auric Road did not respond to an interview request made through the company’s website for this article. Clark said in an email this week that she and the state have reached a settlement over her dismissal from the lease. The department confirmed last week that it had paid Clark $20,000. The agreement prevents her from further disparaging the department, Clark said, and she has removed her earlier criticisms of the commerce department from social media.

Auric Road’s now-withdrawn plans for Nevada City sound out of tune to Virginia City vendors, who say their combined community is a regional draw, attracting Montanans who want to see an intact territorial mining town.

“There’s nothing they want to do that matches us at all,” said Shauna Laszlo Belding, who operates Bob’s Place, a pizza and sandwich restaurant, with her husband, Kirk Belding. “I go to (Auric’s) website, and you’re not staying in a room for $300 a night. Lone Mountain is $800 a night. Our clientele is regional families. They can’t afford that.”

In Virginia City, a community with about 500 full-time residents, the reality of the frontier west is grittier than fiction. It’s a place where alleged outlaws led by a mining town sheriff were accused of robbing miners and hanged on “boot hill” by vigilantes who apprehended and killed more than 20 people. The deformed foot of one of those hanged, “Clubfoot” George Lane, was removed from his body and put on display in 1907. The foot didn’t stop being a tourist attraction for a century, but was cremated at the request of Lane’s family in 2017, when the community received a replica foot for display.

This photo of Virginia City was taken in 1866. Today the town is home to about 500 year-round residents and many more tourists in the summer sesaon. Credit: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) Collection

Rocky dredge piles churned by mining operations that sifted through Alder’s placer 160 years ago are still heaped along the waterways, aka “River of Gold,” trailing from this community.

Virginia City is changing, Koch said. There’s a seasonal housing shortage. Homes that once provided affordable shelter for seasonal workers are now vacation rentals. Virginia City is still the Madison County seat. Taxes are still paid and divorces are still filed in the historic brick courthouse. There’s a two-cell jail with bars down in the basement.

Still, one bald mountain pass to the east, Montana’s modern gold rush of real estate, fly fishing and cattle is spreading fast in Ennis, population 1,100. The runway at the county airport accommodates personal jets. There’s a private mountain backroad to the ski resorts of Big Sky, which otherwise takes an 87-mile trip around the Madison Range to access.

The Beldings were five years into a 20-year lease when the commerce department informed them that the state wanted 15% of their gross income and their old lease was void. The new lease, non-negotiable, was also subject to annual revisions by the state.

Explaining the new terms to legislators last week, Rambo said the 15% was standard for “turnkey businesses,” meaning businesses with landlord-provided equipment and branding, capable of operating without tenant investment.

REEDER’S ALLEY

Tenants say not all the properties are ready for business. In Helena’s Reeder’s Alley, it took the state 10 months to bring the stairway and deck leading to Chris Starr’s barbecue business into compliance with local regulations. The brick-paved alley is the oldest part of Helena, built in the 1870s alongside housing for miners.

Starr said he learned the stairs were out of compliance the hard way, on his second day of business in Reeder’s Alley operating RockStar BBQ. Helena safety inspectors told him the stairs would have to be roped off until they were repaired. He then learned that the same order about fixing the stairs had also been issued 10 years earlier. This time, the poor conditions of the deck and stairway resulted in a pause in his liquor license.

In the winter months, the icy walk to Rockstarr’s back entrance made the restaurant uninviting, Starr said. The business became fully accessible in August, about nine months after Starr moved in November 2024. Starr said the condition of the site during his first year as a tenant almost broke him financially.

Last week, the commerce department published a list of new lease terms for 24 historic properties in Virginia and Nevada cities and Reeder’s Alley. RockStarr’s rent was listed as $800 a month with utilities paid, a “partial kitchen and brand-new deck.”

One legislator from the Virginia City area bristled last week at the commerce department suggesting the Legislature mandated an increase in lease revenue by assuming that a percentage of the Heritage Commission Budget would come from leasing.

“I understand that, and appreciate [it], that you can’t spend money you don’t have, but I think the terminology is a little bit misleading that, you know, the Legislature demanded or mandated that you do that,” Rep. Ken Walsh, R-Twin Bridges, told Rambo in committee Dec. 17.

Walsh said he recently consulted with former vendors of seasonal businesses and learned that a revenue share of 6% to 12% to the state was more feasible. Rambo had said the 15% rate was similar to what county fairs charge concessioners.

Lawmakers representing the Virginia City area were instrumental in making changes to the law sought by the commerce department concerning the management of the state’s heritage properties. Walsh carried a bill to allow the state to issue leases of up to 99 years.

Republican Sen. Tony Tezak, R-Ennis, carried a bill giving the commerce department more supervisory control over the heritage properties, a move away from the loose management by the Montana Heritage Commission during the embezzlement scandal.

The state’s heritage properties number 250. There are also 1.3 million historic artifacts, according to testimony from commerce department officials to the Legislature in February.

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State judge allows 2025-2026 wolf hunting and trapping regulations to stand

The order, issued by district court Judge Christopher Abbott on Dec. 19, 2025, keeps the existing wolf hunting and trapping season in place, but nods to ongoing concerns regarding Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks’ population models and the possibility that driving down wolf numbers harms environmental groups’ Constitutional right to a “clean and healthful environment.”

Gianforte appoints Montana Department of Corrections deputy director to lead the agency

Gov. Greg Gianforte appointed Eric Strauss, who currently serves as the state Department of Corrections’ deputy director, to lead the agency. The announcement comes two months after President Donald Trump appointed the agency’s current director, Brian Gootkin, to become the U.S. Marshal for the District of Montana.

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Montana Lottery Powerball, Lucky For Life results for Dec. 22, 2025

Published

19 hours ago

December 23, 2025

Press Room

The Montana Lottery offers multiple draw games for those aiming to win big. Here’s a look at Dec. 22, 2025, results for each game:

Winning Powerball numbers from Dec. 22 drawing

03-18-36-41-54, Powerball: 07, Power Play: 2

Check Powerball payouts and previous drawings here.

Winning Lucky For Life numbers from Dec. 22 drawing

09-16-23-34-46, Lucky Ball: 07

Check Lucky For Life payouts and previous drawings here.

Winning Lotto America numbers from Dec. 22 drawing

01-09-18-19-44, Star Ball: 02, ASB: 05

Check Lotto America payouts and previous drawings here.

Winning Big Sky Bonus numbers from Dec. 22 drawing

10-11-16-19, Bonus: 08

Check Big Sky Bonus payouts and previous drawings here.

Winning Powerball Double Play numbers from Dec. 22 drawing

14-32-47-48-69, Powerball: 17

Check Powerball Double Play payouts and previous drawings here.

Feeling lucky? Explore the latest lottery news & results

When are the Montana Lottery drawings held?

Powerball: 8:59 p.m. MT on Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday.
Mega Millions: 9 p.m. MT on Tuesday and Friday.
Lucky For Life: 8:38 p.m. MT daily.
Lotto America: 9 p.m. MT on Monday, Wednesday and Saturday.
Big Sky Bonus: 7:30 p.m. MT daily.
Powerball Double Play: 8:59 p.m. MT on Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday.
Montana Cash: 8 p.m. MT on Wednesday and Saturday.

Missed a draw? Peek at the past week’s winning numbers.

Winning lottery numbers are sponsored by Jackpocket, the official digital lottery courier of the USA TODAY Network.

Where can you buy lottery tickets?

Tickets can be purchased in person at gas stations, convenience stores and grocery stores. Some airport terminals may also sell lottery tickets.

You can also order tickets online through Jackpocket, the official digital lottery courier of the USA TODAY Network, in these U.S. states and territories: Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Washington D.C., and West Virginia. The Jackpocket app allows you to pick your lottery game and numbers, place your order, see your ticket and collect your winnings all using your phone or home computer.

Jackpocket is the official digital lottery courier of the USA TODAY Network. Gannett may earn revenue for audience referrals to Jackpocket services. GAMBLING PROBLEM? CALL 1-800-GAMBLER, Call 877-8-HOPENY/text HOPENY (467369) (NY). 18+ (19+ in NE, 21+ in AZ). Physically present where Jackpocket operates. Jackpocket is not affiliated with any State Lottery. Eligibility Restrictions apply. Void where prohibited. Terms: jackpocket.com/tos.

This results page was generated automatically using information from TinBu and a template written and reviewed by a Great Falls Tribune editor. You can send feedback using this form.

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‘Layered, adaptive’ wildfire insurance approach needed in Montana

Published

1 day ago

December 22, 2025

Press Room

‘Layered, adaptive’ wildfire insurance approach needed in Montana

Jordan Hansen

(Daily Montanan) Calling rising wildfire insurance rates an “urgent challenge,” a Headwaters Economics and Columbia Climate School report released this month points to potential approaches to address the financial burden on Montana property owners.

Nationwide, property insurance rates are rising — but they’re doing so even faster in areas with “climate-related perils” according to a report published by the U.S. Treasury Department at the beginning of this year.

Non-renewal of policies is also an issue and that same Treasury report found that in areas with “the highest expected losses from climate-related perils,” non-renewals of property insurance coverage were more common.

The Headwaters report looks at five strategies that could be employed to help communities in high-risk areas find insurance. These approaches include community risk pooling, ideas pulled from agriculture insurance and large-scale state reform.

According to the state’s insurance commissioner, James Brown, the state could see the fifth-highest state increase in property insurance increases this year, citing a National Association of Realtors report. Montana policy holders paid a little more than $4 billion in premiums in 2013, that number in 2022 was almost $7.4 billion, according to the National Association of Insurance Commissioners.

He pointed to escalating fire risk in a May letter as part of the problem.

“First, wildfires have become more frequent and intense. Nearly 70% of all wildfires recorded in Montana have occurred since 2000,” Brown wrote. “These longer-lasting, more destructive fires dramatically increase the risk to homes, pushing insurance rates higher. Second, Montana’s scenic appeal and lifestyle continue to attract new residents, inflating property values and replacement costs — thereby driving up premiums.”

He went on to write that half of all properties in Montana are “at risk of catastrophic wildfire damage.”

‘Ability to financially rebound’

About 75,000 acres burned in Montana this year with one main residence, according to the state’s Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. Fires involving large numbers of structure losses — such as the Eaton and Palisades fires around Los Angeles earlier this year — have become more common and the economic losses are staggering.

Montana has seen some fires that have destroyed homes, including the 2021 fire in Denton and the Bridger Foothills Fire in 2020.

According to a 2023 Department of Interior report, the annual burden of wildfires on the U.S. Economy was between “$71 billion to $348 billion in 2016 dollars ($87 billion to $424 billion in 2022 dollars).” The same report said there are “huge” data gaps around “property damage, loss of life, and healthcare costs.”

Tens of millions are spent on fire suppression and mitigation in Montana each year and nationally, suppression costs consistently ring in at well over a billion dollars annually.

But even with the suppression and mitigation efforts, communities can struggle when faced with a fire disaster.

“As the protection gap expands between those with insured losses and those without, a community’s ability to financially rebound is weakened, municipal revenue flows including property taxes may be diminished, and significant federal investment may be needed to offset recovery and rebuilding costs,” the Headwaters report reads.

It also cautions that no single strategy will solve all problems and goes on to say a, “layered, adaptive, and equity-focused framework,” will be needed to address insurance issues caused by wildfires. Additionally, the report does not cover renters nor the “unique” experiences of Native Americans living on tribal reservations.

“Land inside reservations may have unique ownership structures and be subject to federal oversight in ways that interfere with private sector insurance coverage, and tribes have long contended with additional administrative barriers to public support systems,” the report reads.

‘Reducing their own risk’

The report suggests five “new pathways” for insurance in the state, which are: voluntary certification programs, community-based catastrophe insurance, parametric policies, FAIR state plans (insurance of last resort), and state regulatory reform.

The report discusses the benefits and drawbacks of each approach, as well as examples from other states that have utilized some of those ideas. FAIR plans have been implemented in Florida, for example, while parametric policies essentially model agricultural drought insurance.

Voluntary certification is the idea that’s gained the most traction, said Kimi Barrett, a lead wildfire research and policy analyst at Headwaters. Barrett, along with Columbia Climate School’s Lisa Dale, authored the report.

Voluntary certification, where citizens do specific things to reduce fire risk on their property in tandem with others in their community, leans into the idea of home and community hardening, an approach conservation groups applaud.

Some scientists have argued the root of the wildfire issue is actually a structural ignition problem and that losses could be lessened by better building codes and materials.

These types of policies have mostly been done in western parts of the country.

“It’s modeled off of what hurricane mitigation is required in places like Alabama and elsewhere, where it’s essentially a fortification of a home to that hazard,” Barrett said. “And in doing so, demonstrating to insurance providers that the risk has been reduced enough to meet criteria for insurance retainment moving forward.”

Colorado has modeled this policy, passing a statewide fire code this year that made a home-hardening inspection mandatory at point of sale. The report also found there are potentially psychological factors to consider within the voluntary certification program.

“Shifting residents’ current expectations of external support, including home protection from firefighters, disaster relief from FEMA, and insurance as a buffer from loss will take a concentrated effort,” the report reads. “When homeowners accept personal responsibility for reducing their own risk, they may find the costs associated with home hardening to be more acceptable. Fostering this mindset change will take significant public outreach.”

‘A house in the country’

However, population trends show that people keep moving to and building in fire-prone areas.

According to the Montana Environmental Information Center, the number of new homes built in wildfire-prone areas doubled between 1990 and 2020.

Areas like the Bitterroot and Flathead Valleys are particularly vulnerable, even as southwestern Montana has exploded in population. Grass fires in Montana are a concern too, as evidenced by the fire that swept through Denton in 2021.

“Everyone wants a house in the country, right? It’s beautiful, and yet we created the imperfect storm,” Dominick DellaSala, a conservation scientist, said to the Daily Montanan. “Because now the climate has shifted, the Forest Service can’t possibly put out all these fires that are increasing in speed, intensity and acres burning where all these houses were built. So what do we do about it?”

The state Legislature is looking at the broader issue of property insurance rates in an interim committee and there’s a wildfire study bill as well. Those discussions could end up becoming legislation during the 2027 Legislative session, and the hope from the Headwater Report’s authors is that it helps inform these discussions.

It’s also important to note what insurance companies are looking for, Barrett said.

“Insurance is spending money on homes getting damaged and destroyed by wildfire,” Barrett said. “What they need to see is risk reduction ahead of a wildfire to those homes and communities placed in high risk areas, and that forest treatments and fuels reduction of landscapes alone, will not get them there, nor will suppression and response. It requires addressing the built environment at the same level that we currently address suppression and forest treatments.”

Insurance advocates have pointed to low amounts of hazardous fuels work being done under the Trump Administration — possibly as much as a 38% drop in annual average of acres treated — and are looking to see more done.

“We’ve seen more evidence and more informative reports for policyholders and homeowners about what they need to do to help protect and defend their home and make sure that they’re safe,” said Jayson O’Neill, an insurance advocate. “We aren’t seeing this sort of same urgency from our regulators and our state insurance commissioner and our state legislators.”

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